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Urea has been the most useful N-source, due to lower cost per unit of N. But nitrogen use efficiency of urea may be reduced because of losses from agricultural system by volatilization of ammonia to atmosphere. This study was conducted to evaluate the nitrogen efficiency and growth of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by mixed treatment with nitrogen and zeolite. They were treated with N 161 kg ha -1 , N 230 kg ha -1 , nitrogenzeolite mixture (NZM) 161 kg ha -1 , NZM 230 kg ha -1 and N 0 kg ha-1, respectively. In the soil chemical properties after experiment, soil pH decreased but available P₂O 5 , EC and total nitrogen increased in nitrogen-zeolite mixture treatment. NO₃-N content in the soil showed the highest level in NZM 230 kg ha-1. NZM 161 kg ha-1 treatment increased growth and yield of hot pepper compared to urea alone. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of hot pepper plant was 47.15% at the treatment of NZM 161 kg ha -1 , while 36.74% at N 230 kg ha -1 . These results showed that application of mixture of nitrogen and zeolite had positive influence to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and increase of red pepper yield.

Ammonia loss from urea significantly hinders efficient use of urea in agriculture. The level of nitrous oxide (N₂O) a long-lived greenhouse gas in atmosphere has increased mainly due to anthropogenic source, especially application of nitrogen fertilizers. There are reports in the literature showing that the addition of zeolite to N sources can improve the nitrogen use efficiency. This study was conducted to evaluate nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ammonia (NH₃) emission by mixed treatment of urea and zeolite in upland crop field. Urea fertilizer and zeolite were applied at different rates to study their effect on N₂O emission during red pepper cultivation in upland soils. The N₂O gas was collected by static closed chamber method and measured by gas chromatography. Ammonia concentration was analyzed by closed-dynamic air flow system method. The total N₂O flux increased in proportion to the level of N application. Emission of N₂O from the field increased from the plots applied with urea-zeolite mixture compared to urea alone. But urea-zeolite mixture treatment reduced about 30% of NH₃-N volatilization amounts. These results showed that the application of urea and zeolite mixture had a positive influence on reduction of NH3 volatilization, but led to the increase in N₂O emission in upland soils.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) of sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, on oriental melon. In greenhouse, seedlings of oriental melon were transplanted at June 8, 2010 and we inoculated adult B. tabaci with the density of 0, 1, 5, 10, or 20 per ten leaves at July 14. Adult of B. tabaci increased approximately twenty five-fold at 60 days after inoculation in the plot of 20 adults per ten leaves. The damages on leaves and fruits by B. tabaci were started to appear at 20 days after inoculation, and the damage rates of leaves or fruits were 28.5 or 31.5 percent at 60 days after inoculation, respectively, in the plot of inoculation with 20 adults per ten leaves. The yield of oriental melon was reduced as the inoculation density of B. tabaci increased, and the relationship between inoculation density of B. tabaci and the rate of damaged fruit could be described by a linear regression Y

This study was carried out to develop the new mushroom cultivation medium for Pleurotus ostreatus using by EFB. Two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus were used for this study and the difference in productivity was observed in each strain. There was not confirmed a mycelial growth inhibition by addition of Empty Fruit Bunch which is palm tree waste. In the productivity test of the mixed medium, In Suhan 1ho, yield of T2 treatment was highest as 90.6 g per bottle, It was 14.9% higher than control. In Kimje variety which is Chunchu strain, Yield of T2 treatment was highest as 139.8 g per bottle. It was 25.2% higher than control. In Kimje variety, as amount of 6mm diameter PEFB pellet is increased in medium, yield of mushroom was decreased. When 8mm diameter EFB was used for 532 medium, yield of both 50% EFB(T3) and 100% EFB (T5) treatment was better than other treatments. Therefore, it is suggested that 8 mm diameter EFB pellet is good material for mushroom cultivation medium and T5 treatment was showed a potential possibility as an alternative medium.

This study investigated the effects of the steeping condition and salinity stress on the quality properties of germinated black soybean. The absorbed water content increased drastically in six hours with the increase in the steeping time and the temperature. The pH decreased as the steeping temperature increased. A gradual increase in the dissolution of the anthocyanin was observed with the steeping time. The adequate steeping conditions were found to have been six hours at 25ºC, which showed the needed absorbed water content within a short time. The germination percentage of the black soybeans decreased with the increase in the NaCl concentration. The pinitol and total phenolics contents showed the highest values under the concentrations of 0.7% and 0.3-0.5% NaCl, respectively. The flavonoid content was highest at the 0.1% NaCl concentration. Consequently, the salinity stress during the germination of the black soybeans enhanced the pinitol content and lowered the blood sugar, which gives it an advantage as a functional food material.

Vacant technology forecasting (VTF) is a technology forecasting approach to find technological needs for given industrial field in the future. It is important to know the future trend of developing technology for the R&D planning of a company and a country. In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian model for patent clustering. This is a VTF methodology based on patent data analysis. Our method is composed of Bayesian learning and ensemble method to construct the VTF model. To illustrate the practical way of the proposed methodology, we perform a case study of given technology domain using retrieved patent documents from patent databases in the world.

Fertigation with drip irrigation provides effective and cost-efficient way to supply both nutrient and water to crop. However, inappropriate management of fertigation systems may cause inefficient nutrient and water use, thereby diminishing expected yield benefits as well as contributing to deterioration of soil properties. In this study, greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the optimal concentration of N, P and K fertigation solution for maximum production of oriental melon (Cucumis melo L.) using a response surface methodology, to evaluate an efficiency of nutrients uptake and an effect on soil chemical properties. Canonical analysis of response surface and contour plot interpretation revealed that of nitrogen (N), of phosphorous (P) and of potassium (K) resulted in maximim yield of oriental melon (). Compared to conventional practice, fertigation increased fruit yield up to 23.0% (p

Anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in flooded rice fields produces methane () gas, which escapes to the atmosphere primarily by transport through organs of the rice plants such as arenchyma etc., Although the annual amount of methane emitted from a given area is influenced by cultivation periods of rice and organic/inorganic amendments etc., soil type also affects methane emission from paddy soil during a rice cultivation. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of soil type on emission in two paddy soils. One is a red-yellow soil classified as a Hwadong series (fine, mixed, mesic family of Aquic Hapludalfs), and the other is a gley soil classified as a Shinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts). During a flooded periods, redox potentials of red-yellow soil were significantly higher than gley soil. emission in red-yellow soil () was lower than that in gley soil (). In the condition of different soil types, emissions were mainly influenced by the content of total free metal oxides in paddy soil. The results strongly imply that iron- or manganese-oxides of well ordered crystalline forms in soil such as goethite and hematite influenced on a emission, which is crucial role as a oxidizers in paddy soil during a rice cultivation.

This study was conducted to obtain the information about injury caused by continuous cropping of peony (Paeonia lactiflora). Soil physico-chemical properties, characteristics of microbial distribution and diversities in the continuous cropped field with peony were analyzed. As the results, pH and organic matter content were higher in the continuous cropping soil than those in the first cropping soil. Bulk density was decreased but porosity was increased in the continuous cropping soil. As the cultivation period was lengthened in years, the populations of bacteria and actinomyces were gradually decreased, whereas fungal population was increased. It was shown that the metabolic diversity patterns of the microbial communities in the continuous cropping soil differed from that of the first cropping soil. These results indicate that deterioration of soil quality such as physico-chemical properties including a soil depth, bulk density, porosity and soil pH is related with a continuous cultivation periods, and also affect a microbial population, especially fungi.

Tip burn has been reported as one of the most serious physiological disorder in Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Rottl.) cultivated in plastic film house. In this study, a physiography and chemical properties of 132 plastic film house soils were investigated to elucidate factors affecting tip burn symptom. Also influence of soil properties on tip burn was statistically determined by path analysis and association analysis including a chi-square test or logistics analysis. Probability distribution of inorganic aqueous species, such as ammonia (g) was calculated using MINTEQ program. Soil order and chemical properties, especially pH, exchangeable calcium and inorganic nitrogen, showed a significant relationship with tip burn of Chinese chives. Tip burn symptoms occur mainly in an alkaline soil classified as Alfisols. Result of linear regression and path analysis exhibited that formation of ammonia (g) from soil solution depend upon soil pH and were associated with ammonium resulting from soil organic matter or nitrate. These results indicate that tip burn symptom of Chinese chives is directly affected by ammonia gas originated from alkaline soil condition.

The measurements of Ditylenchus acutus is similar to Fortuner & Maggenti’s 1987 D. acutus (Khan, 1965) except the body length was much longer (L=0.65-0.71 mm vs. L=0.39-0.50 mm) and body width was thinner (a=40-49.2 vs. a=22-28). In addition, Ditylenchus myceliophagus was recorded for the first time in Korea. Thus, both species were described in this paper.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the growth inhibition effects caused by continuous cropping soil in peony(Paeonia lactiflora Pallas). The effect of extracts from continuous cropping soil of peony was tested with bio-assay method using callus cells induced from peony filament tissues and seedlings derived from peony zygotic embryos. The cell viability and seedling growth were significantly inhibited by methanol extract in continuous cropping soil. Methanol extract from continuous cropping soil was successively fractionated with solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The seedling growth was inhibited by ethyl acetate fraction obtained in methanol extract.

It is more important to analysis of huge gemonics data in Bioinformatics. Here we present a novel datamining approach to predict structure and function using protein`s primnary structure only. We propose not also to develope n-Block substring search algorithm in reducing enormous search space effectively in relation to feature selection, but to formulate weighted linear algorithm in a prediction of structure and function of a protein using primary structure. And we show efficient in protein domain characterization and classification by calculation weight value in determining domain association in each selected substring, and also reveal that more efficient results are acquired through claculated model score result in an inference about degree of association with each CDS(coding sequence) in domain.

What are important in wireless sensor networks are reliable data transmission, energy efficiency of each node, and the maximization of network life through the distribution of load among the nodes. The present study proposed DSPR, a dynamic unique path routing machanism that considered these requirements in wireless sensor networks. In DSPR, data is transmitted through a dynamic unique path, which has the least cost calculated with the number of hops from each node to the sink, and the average remaining energy. At that time, each node monitors its transmission process and if a node detects route damage it changes the route dynamically, referring to the cost table, and by doing so, it enhances the reliability of the network and distributes energy consumption evenly among the nodes. In addition, when the network topology is changed, only the part related to the change is restructured dynamically instead of restructuring the entire network, and the life of the network is extended by inhibiting unnecessary energy consumption in each node as much as possible. In the results of our experiment, the proposed DSPR increased network life by minimizing energy consumption of the nodes and improved the reliability and energy efficiency of the network.

The previous key management methods are not appropriate for secure data communication in cluster-based routing scheme. Because cluster heads are elected in every round and communicate with the member nodes for authentication and share-key establishment phase in the cluster. In addition, there are not considered to mobility of nodes in previous key management mechanisms. In this paper, we propose the secure and effective key management mechanisim in the cluster-based routing scheme that if there are no share keys between cluster head and its nodes, we create the cluster key using authentication with base station or trust autentication and exchange the their information for a round.

Traditional cluster-based routing method is a representative method for increasing the energy efficiencies. In these cluster-based routing methods, the selected cluster head collect/aggregate the information and send the aggregated information to the base station. But they have to solve the unnecessary energy dissipation of frequent information exchange between the cluster head and whole member nodes in cluster. In this paper, we minimize the frequency of the information exchange for reducing the unnecessary transmit/receive frequencies as calculate the overlapped area or number of overlapped member nodes between the selected cluster head and previous cluster head in the setup phase. So, we propose the modified cluster selection protocol method that optimizes the energy dissipation in the setup phase and reuses the saved energy in the steady-state phase efficiently that prolongs the whole wireless sensor network lifetime by uniformly selecting the cluster head.

Beta tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) has been developed as one of the carriers of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP). However, it is not known whether the particle size of beta-TCP is related to its resorption rate and the degree of bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of using beta-TCP with different particle sizes on the ability of rhBMP-4 to enhance bone formation in the rat calvarial defect model.Calvarial, 8-mm-diameter, critical-size defects were created in 100 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Five groups of 20 animals each received either rhBMP-4 (2.5 microg) using beta-TCP with a particle size of 50 to 150 microm, rhBMP-4 (2.5 microg) using beta-TCP with a particle size of 150 to 500 microm, a beta-TCP control with a particle size of 50 to 150 microm, a beta-TCP control with a particle size of 150 to 500 microm, or a sham-surgery control, respectively, and were evaluated by measuring their histologic and histometric parameters following a 2- and 8-week healing interval.There were no significant differences in the defect closure, new bone area, or augmented area between either the two rhBMP-4/beta-TCP groups or between the two beta-TCP control groups at 2 and 8 weeks.rhBMP-4 combined with either small- or large-particle beta-TCP had a significant effect on the induction of bone formation compared to either a small- or large-particle beta-TCP control or a sham-surgery control. Within the parameters of this study, varying the particle size of beta-TCP did not seem to have a significant effect on bone formation.

Occurrence and soil fumigation effect on black root rot of peony was investigated. Peony was severely infected to black root rot caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans in continuous cropping field, but in first cropping field was less infected. To control black root rot, soil improvement, soil fumigation and the root dipping in chemicals were trialed in peony continuous cropping field. Black root rot was not decreased by soil improvement, but incidence of black root rot of peony cultivated in continuous croping field of peony was decreased by soil fumigation with Dazomet GR. and dipping of peony root in chemicals.

Occurrence and epidemiology of crown gall caused by A. tumefaciens in persimmon tree was investigated. Persimmon tree was more sensitive to crown gall disease than peach and jujube tree. Over 80% persimmon trees were infected to crown gall in all investigated region with no relation to planted years. Yield of infected tree was severely decreased to 54%. Incidence of crown gall in nursery field of persimmon tree was also severe and the infection rate of persimmon seedlings collected from market was 34%. It was guessed that the primary inoculum of crown gall caused by A. tumefaciens is infected persimmon seedlings.

This study were carried out to identify pathogens and determine the seasonal occurrence and chemical control of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) diseases from 2000 to 2002 in Gyengbuk province, Korea. Major diseases of safflower were, anthracnose caused by Colletotricum acutatum in open field, and gray mold by Botrytis cinerea in rain sheltered plastic house. Other diseases occurred were powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea, collar rot by Sclerotium rolfsii, leaf spot by Alternaria carthami and A. alternata, rust by Puccinia carthami, root-rot and stem-rot by Phytophthora cactorum, root-rot and wilt by Fusarium oxysporum and damping-off by Pythium ultimum. Seasonal occurrence of anthracnose on safflower has begun from late April, and increased until harvesting, especially rapid increased after rainfall during stem elongation season that is from May to June. In open fields, maximum incidence of anthracnose was 67 ％ in late July. But in rain-sheltered plastic house, it was very low, about 5％ in July. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea was most important disease in rain-sheltered plastic house cultivation. Maximum incidence of gray mold on floral head was 27.4％, whereas other diseases occurred below 1 ％. In the test of the chemical control of the safflower anthracnose, metiram WP, carbendazimkasugamycin WP and iminoctadintristhiram WP were the highest controlling chemicals. In chemical control of gray mold, iminoctadintristhiram WP, fluazinam WP and iprodion WP showed highest controlling effects.

– The maintenance of healthy periodontal ligament cells in the donor tooth is one of the most important factors for successful tooth transplantation. This is achieved by minimizing the extra-oral time during the surgical procedure. If a duplicate form of donor tooth could be obtained before extraction, it would be possible to precontour the recipient alveolar bone compatible with the donor tooth, and thereby reduce the extra-oral time of the donor tooth. We obtained a three-dimensional image with the real dimensions of the donor tooth from a CT Highspeed AdvantageTM, allowing a life-sized resin model of the tooth to be fabricated. From 22 clinical cases, we achieved an average total transplantation time of 7.7 min. The average distance between the transplanted root surface and the alveolar bone from 12 available cases was 0.87 mm at the mesial cervix, 0.91 mm at the mesial apex, 0.98 mm at the distal cervix and 1.16 mm at the distal apex on the postoperative radiographs. Clinical data indicate that computer-aided rapid prototyping may be of value in minimizing the extra-oral time and possible injury to transplanted tooth during the process of autotransplantation.

Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea(Received June 11, 2010. Accepted June 21, 2010)ABSTRACT: Auricularia auricula-judae is an edible mushroom, which is known as wood ear, free ear, black ear mush-room, and free jelly fish. Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of artificial cultivation withoak sawdust of A. auricula-judae. The duration of mycelial growth and days of pinhead formation on oak sawdust bag(1.4 kg) were 29~32 days and 13~17 days, respectively. The yield of fresh fruit-body was 275~350 g.KEYWORDS : Auricularia auricula-judae, Fruit-body Production, Sawdust cultivation

Coriolus versicolor, is one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms due its various biologically active components. This study was conducted to obtain basic information regarding the mycelial culture conditions of C. versicolor. Based on the culture, and MCM media were suitable for the mycelial growth of the mushroom. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were dextrin and yeast extract, respectively, and the optimum C/N ratio was 10 to 2 when 2% glucose was used. Other minor components required for optimal growth included thiamine-HCl and biotin as vitamins, succinic acid, lactic acid and citric acid as organic acids, as well as MgSO4·7H2O as mineral salts.

Because the nodes of a sensor network have limited node resources and are easily exposed to harsh external environment, they should be able to use energy efficiently, send data reliably, and cope with changes in external environment properly. Furthermore, the lifetime of networks adopting the multi hop routing is shortened by the energy hole, which is the rapid decrease of energy in the nodes surrounding the sink. This study proposes Dynamic Routing that solves the above-mentioned conditions at the same time by using a dynamic single path, monitoring its own transmission process, and moving the sink heuristically in response to change in surrounding environment. According to the results of our experiment, the proposed method increased network lifetime, and mitigated the energy hole and enhanced its adaptability to topological changes.

As a sensor network has a limited node resources and unexpected changes of external environment, its nodes should show energy efficiency, reliable data transmission, and topological adaptation to the change of external environment. However, it is not easy to satisfy these requirements at the same time. This study proposes Robust and Energy efficient Dynamic Single path routing (REDS), a routing mechanism that satisfies the above-mentioned conditions at the same time using a dynamic single path in a multi hop sensor network. In REDS, each node transmits data through the optimal single path using hop count to the sink and average residual energy according to the change of external environment. For reliable data transmission, each node monitors its own transmission process. In case of a topological change, only the changed part is reconstructed instead of the whole network, and this enhances the energy efficiency of the network. The results of experiment showed that REDS proposed in this study is superior in energy efficiency and provide its adaptability to topological changes.

In a wireless sensor network, a large number of small-size cheap sensor nodes are scattered, and have limited resources such as battery power, data processing capability and memory capacity. They should show fault-tolerance, energy efficiency, and topological adaptation to the change of external environment, therefore, an effective routing algorithm is essential. In general, if a network is large in scale, multi-hop transmission is more energy efficient than direct transmission. In case a large number of nodes are deployed densely within a fixed 1-hop communication range, however, many nodes participate in data transmission, multi-hop transmission consumes much more energy in such a case. Thus, this study proposes a routing algorithm that solves above problems at the same time in a dense and large scale sensor network. The result of experiment showed that routing algorithm proposed in this study has reasonable fault-tolerance, energy efficiency, and offers its adaptability to topological changes in a dense and large scale sensor network.

An energy efficient multi hop sensor network cannot avoid the energy hole problem, which is the rapid decrease in the energy of nodes around the sink. Also as a sensor network has a limited node resources and unexpected changes of external environment, its nodes should show energy efficiency, reliable data transmission, and topological adaptation to the change of external environment. This study proposes Robust and Energy efficient Dynamic routing for a Mobile sink (REDM), a routing mechanism that satisfies the above-mentioned conditions at the same time using a dynamic single path and sink mobility in a multi hop sensor network. And we also suggest power aware heuristic (PAH) algorithm in which the sink determines its move by itself in consideration of the energy of nodes within a specific number of hops from the sink. According to the result of simulation, compared to the algorithms with other multi hop routing, REDM proposed in this study extended network lifetime by improving the energy efficiency of the nodes while maintaining the same reliability, and REDM based on the PAH algorithm showed a longer network lifetime than stationary REDM and random REDM.

The traditional cluster routing method is a typical method for enhancing an energy efficiency, which selects cluster head in order to send the aggregated data arriving from the nodes in cluster to a base station. However the major challenges are the equal distribution of each cluster over the whole sensor network and the energy dissipation caused by the frequent information exchange between selected cluster head and nodes in the cluster in every setup phase of cluster formation.In this study, in order to configure the optimum distribution of cluster throughout the sensor network, cluster head is alternatively selected using the information such as direction information obtained from upper level cluster head, distance among nodes in the cluster, residual energy and density. In addition, this study suggests the modified cluster head selection scheme which uses the conserved energy in the steady-state phase by reducing unnecessary communications of unchanged nodes between selected cluster head and previous cluster head in the setup phase, and thus prolongs the network lifetime and provides equal opportunity for being cluster head.

What are important in wireless sensor networks are energy efficiency, reliable data transmission, and topological adaptation to the change of external environment. This study proposes dynamic routing algorithm that satisfies the above-mentioned conditions at the same time using a dynamic single path in wireless sensor networks. In our proposed algorithm, each node transmits data through the optimal single path using hop count to the sink and node average energy according to the change of external environment. For reliable data transmission, each node monitors its own transmission process. If a node detects a damaged path, it switches from the damaged path to the optimal path and, by doing so, enhances network reliability. In case of a topological change, only the changed part is reconstructed instead of the whole network, and this enhances the energy efficiency of the network.

The previous key management methods are inadequate for secure data communication in cluster-based routing scheme. Because the cluster head is changed at each round, it has to take the step of authentication or shared key setting with neighbor nodes. In addition, there happens a large overhead for secure communication if the mobility of nodes is considered. Accordingly, this study proposes a secure and efficient key management mechanism suitable for cluster-based routing protocol even when the nodes are moveable and new nodes are inserted frequently.

The definition of multicast routing was already described more than 20 years ago. Many routing algorithms and the evaluation of these algorithms based on software techniques have been proposed since the year 2000. Multicast is required in various environments with consideration of transportation quality and different requirements. This means the requirements of multicast service increase steadily and it's the time to meet economic and time-to-market with quality of service. In this paper, we describe the process of analysis, design and implementation of applying overlay multicast protocol (OMP) to application software according to the arrangement with a client that wanted to apply specific requirements. In perspectives of software engineering, we share our experiences and development process for applying OMP.