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How should consumers sequence the different stimuli they consume: cluster each stimulus together, or intermix them to break things up? Surprisingly, prior literature has provided little insight into this question, even though consumers face it on a regular basis. We propose that clustering each stimulus type together can prolong enjoyment (vs. intermixing the types). Six studies confirm that clustering slows hedonic decline, and process evidence shows this happens because clustering leads people to attend more to the different details offered by a stimulus during repeated exposures. We also establish two boundary conditions for this effect: clustering does not slow hedonic decline in the presence of regular intervening distractions, or for impoverished stimuli lacking rich details. The present work is among the first to examine the interplay of consumption sequence and hedonic decline, and the findings provide consumers and firms with practical guidance on how to consider sequencing experiences to enjoy them longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The potential influence of surgical sequence of elective hip-and-knee reconstructive surgery in relation to an infection-related procedure on postoperative infection rates is not clearly understood. Therefore, we aimed to examine the impact of surgical sequence on the incidence of postoperative infections within one-year and the longest available follow-up period in patients undergoing hip-and-knee reconstructive surgery. Methods: A case-control study with propensity matching was utilized to examine elective surgeries conducted at Sunnybrook Holland Orthopaedic & Arthritic centre, Toronto, Canada between 2015 and 2018. We determined and categorized them based on their operating room (OR) sequence in relation to an infected case; the cases were those performed right after (post-infection cohort), and the controls were those performed before an infection-related procedure in the same OR (pre-infection cohort). We employed survival analysis to compare the infection incidence within one year and at the longest available follow-up among the propensity-matched cohort. Results: A total of 13,651 cases were identified during the four year period. We successfully matched 153 cases (21 post-infection and 132 pre-infection) using propensity scores. Demographic and clinical characteristics were balanced through matching. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no significant difference in infection-free survival within one year and at a median follow-up of 2.2 years [interquartile range 0.9-5.0] between surgeries conducted before and after infected cases (both log-rank p-values = 0.4). The hazard ratios for infection within one year and the longest follow-up period were both 0.37 [95%Confidence Interval 0.03–4.09, p = 0.418], as no more events occurred after one year. Conclusion: The sequence of surgical procedures, whether or not an elective arthroplasty or lower limb reconstructive procedure occurs before or after an infection-related case in the same OR, does not significantly affect postoperative infection rates. This finding supports the efficacy of the current infection control measures and suggests a reconsideration of surgical scheduling standards. Take home message: The sequence of surgical procedures, whether performed after an infected case or not, might not affect the rate of postoperative infections within the first year and until the median follow-up time of 2.2 years after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To memorize a sequence, one must serially bind each item to its rank order. How the brain controls a given input to bind its associated order in sequence working memory (SWM) remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the neural representations underlying SWM control using electrophysiological recordings in the frontal cortex of macaque monkeys performing forward and backward SWM tasks. Separate and generalizable low-dimensional subspaces for sensory and memory information were found within the same frontal circuitry, and SWM control was reflected in these neural subspaces' organized dynamics. Each item at each rank was sequentially entered into a common sensory subspace and, depending on forward or backward task requirement, flexibly and timely sent into rank-selective SWM subspaces. Neural activity in these SWM subspaces faithfully predicted the recalled item and order information in single error trials. Thus, compositional neural population codes with well-orchestrated dynamics in frontal cortex support the flexible control of SWM. [Display omitted] • Separate low-dimensional sensory and memory subspaces are found in the frontal cortex • Spatial items enter a shared sensory subspace and then move into memory subspaces • Neural dynamics in forward and backward tasks reflect flexible control • Neural activities in memory subspaces predict monkeys' behavior Chen et al. discovered the separable and generalizable subspaces for sensory and sequence working memory in macaque frontal neural states. The neural activities and their dynamics within these subspaces reflected the flexible control of sequence working memory in various sequence sorting tasks, predicting monkeys' behavior in single trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T lymphocytes play a vital role in the immune‐inflammatory response following a stroke. However, the specific mechanisms behind the contrasting functions of T cells in the brain and peripheral tissues after a stroke remain unclear and require further investigation. T‐cell receptors (TCRs) are essential in controlling how T lymphocytes develop and become active. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the biological function of T lymphocytes by analyzing the TCR repertoire in patients who have experienced an acute ischemic stroke (AIS). High‐throughput TCR sequencing was conducted on peripheral blood samples from 25 AIS patients and 10 healthy controls. We compared the percentage of T cells and the characteristics of the TCR repertoire, specifically focusing on the recombination of V(D)J gene fragments and the diversity of the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of the Vβ gene. Additionally, this study analyzed the potential biological significance of the skewed TCR repertoire in AIS patients. In patients with AIS, the proportion of circulating lymphocytes (LY%) decreased while the systemic immune‐inflammatory index (SII) increased compared to healthy controls. The average number of TCR read pairs decreased, corresponding with the presence of lymphopenia. However, the recombination of V(D)J gene fragments, the number of CDR3 clonotypes, and the diversity of CDR3 was elevated in the peripheral blood of AIS patients. Furthermore, the increased number of CDR3 amino acid or nucleotide clonotypes was negatively correlated with neurologic deficits but positively correlated with AIS patients' systemic immune condition and functional outcomes. Our findings suggest that both immunosuppression and enhanced antigen‐specific T‐cell response may exist in the periphery of the AIS patients. Further investigation into the mechanisms underlying these opposing changes may lead to the discovery of novel targets to reverse immunosuppression or mitigate the detrimental effects of T cells in the lesioned brain of AIS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors globally, posing a severe threat to human life and health. Chemotherapy, a cornerstone in the treatment of breast cancer, often overlooks the sequence of drug administration within single-day regimens. This study aims to explore the impact of drug administration order on the efficacy and toxicity of combination chemotherapy protocols for breast cancer. Methods: Through a comprehensive review and analysis based on current evidence from evidence-based medicine, we delved into how the order of drug administration affects both efficacy and toxicity. We systematically classified and analyzed commonly used combination drug regimens, providing graded recommendations and a reasoned analysis to offer valuable references for clinical decision-making. Results: Our findings indicate that the sequence of drug administration in complex combination chemotherapy protocols is not arbitrary but necessitates multifaceted considerations. Rational drug sequencing can maximize synergistic effects between drugs, thereby augmenting therapeutic efficacy while effectively mitigating drugrelated adverse effects. Additionally, some drug labels and clinical trials have explicitly highlighted the therapeutic benefits of specific drug sequences. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of considering the sequence of drug administration in clinical practice. It is recommended to prioritize the sequential drug administration according to official drug product labeling, while also considering factors such as the administration sequence from large randomized controlled trials, cell proliferation kinetics specific to cancer types, drug interactions, chronopharmacology, drug irritability, clinical experiences, and patient preferences. By taking these factors into account, the goal is to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize the occurrence of adverse reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to study how historical documentaries handle the development of a tale. The initial premise is that documentaries are not a mere compilation and recounting of data but rather a narration constructed based on the perspective of the audiovisual language. To understand how filmmakers create the story, we studied documentary feature-length films on the Spanish Civil War between 2000 and 2014. The sequence has been taken as the unit of analysis, and a breakdown has been made of the types of images and sounds used according to duration, order, and predominance of plot or characters. The research bears on the concept of narrative strategy, which helps to understand the format's internal mechanism, considering three issues: the production approach, the visual solution, and the narrative decision. The study of the selected corpus detected eleven narrative strategies-eleven ways to portray the same event from the past, with different purposes and intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of different examination sequences of painless gastroscopy in patients with difficult airway risk was explored in this study. A total of 45 patients undergoing painless gastroscopy with Mallampati airway score of III-IV were randomly assigned into two groups (A group and B group) according to the sequence of colonoscopy and gastroscopy. Group A was first examined by gastroscopy after anesthesia, and then by colonoscopy. Group B was examined in the opposite order, first by colonoscopy, and then by gastroscopy. Ramsay Sedation scores were evaluated every five minutes when gastroscopy was performed in the two groups. The dosage of propofol, blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, recovery time, hospital leaving time, and adverse reactions after induction and endoscopy were recorded. The dosage of propofol and change of vital signs in B group was less than that in A group. Operation time, recovery time, hospital leaving time and postoperative adverse reactions have no significant difference between two groups. For patients at risk of difficult airway, colonoscopy followed by gastroscopy has more stable intraoperative vital signs and less propofol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present sequence of time-aligned edge plots (STEP) : a sequence- and edge-scalable visualization of dynamic networks and, more broadly, graph ensembles. We construct the graph sequence by ordering the individual graphs based on specific criteria, such as time for dynamic networks. To achieve scalability with respect to long sequences, we partition the sequence into equal-sized subsequences. Each subsequence is represented by a horizontal axis placed between two vertical axes. The horizontal axis depicts the order within the subsequence, while the two vertical axes depict the source and destination vertices. Edges within each subsequence are depicted as segmented lines extending from the source vertices on the left to the destination vertices on the right throughout the entire subsequence, and only the segments corresponding to the sequence members where the edges occur are drawn. By partitioning the sequence, STEP provides an overview of the graphs' structural changes and avoids aspect ratio distortion. We showcase the utility of STEP for two realistic datasets. Additionally, we evaluate our approach by qualitatively comparing it against three state-of-the-art techniques using synthetic graphs with varying complexities. Furthermore, we evaluate the generalizability of STEP by applying it to a graph ensemble dataset from the architecture domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two modal verbs of German are regularly used to express deontic possibility: können (‘can’) and dürfen (‘may’). We examine how speakers select between them, focusing on modal inquiries for permission to carry out some action (darf/kann ich das machen, ‘may/can I do this’). Our data are video-recordings of everyday face-to-face interaction, which we analyze sequentially, drawing on interactional-linguistic methods. We find that local sequential context and aspects of visible turn-design systematically enter into the accomplishment of deontic meaning. (1) Position of the modal inquiry within a course of action informs verb selection: speakers select kann to nominate an action as coming “out of the blue” and initiating a new course of action; darf to nominate an action as sequentially occasioned: a solution to an already known-in-common problem. (2) Bodily behavior (gaze, body posture) guides the interpretation of modal flavor, moving a kann-inquiry towards a deontic or a circumstantial interpretation, and moving a darf-inquiry towards a deontic or a bouletic interpretation. Overall, the study demonstrates the systematic contributions of sequential position and body behavior in the accomplishment of modal meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the distribution, linear ordering and functions of sequences of linguistic elements occurring at the left and right peripheries of discourse units across three genres of written English discourse. Based on a corpus of news reports, commentaries and personal narratives, the paper aims to account for discourse-genre-specific preferences in the use of peripheral two-part sequences such as and so, but I think or now though. The data show considerable variation across genres in terms of (i) which formal types of sequences occur at the peripheries, (ii) how peripheral elements are sequentially ordered, and (iii) which discourse-pragmatic functions left- and right-peripheral sequences fulfil in written English discourse. The observed variation in the use of peripheral sequences across news reports, commentaries and personal narratives can be explained by discourse-related factors as well as the specific communicative purposes of each genre. The present article argues for a prototype-anchored conceptualization of the internal structure of discourse units: On the one hand, the left and right peripheries are conceptualized as containing a wide range of – more and less prototypical – linguistic elements (i.e. extra-clausal constituents and adjuncts); on the other hand, the boundary between core and periphery is conceptualized as fuzzy and gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococci, common hospital-acquired infections in immunocompromised patients, have garnered attention in clinical microbiology. To determine the clinical relevance of enterococci as food-borne pathogens, 116 fish, 90 vegetables, and 120 human diarrheal samples were tested for E. faecalis and E. faecium pathogenicity. Conventionally, 69 of 326 (21.17%) samples were positive for Enterococcus species, 52 (15.95%) of which were molecularly classified as E. faecalis and 13 (3.99%) as E. faecium. The E. faecalis contamination percentage of fresh fish (19.70%) was higher than frozen fish (4%). Cauliflower had the highest E. faecalis percentage (16.67%) when fish and vegetable samples didn't harbor the E. faecium atpA gene. 23.33% and 10.83% of participants' samples were molecularly confirmed as E. faecalis and E. faecium positive, respectively. E. faecalis isolates had all virulence genes, with gels being the most common (65.38%), while cylA and asa1 genes couldn't be detected in E. faecium isolates. E. faecalis showed the highest resistance against vancomycin and tetracycline (69.23%), whereas E. faecium extremely resisted tetracycline (76.92%) and erythromycin (69.23%) with the recognition of MDR among 44.2% of E. faecalis and 38.5% of E. faecium isolates. The great similarity of our isolates showed the clinical importance of food-borne antibiotic-resistant enterococci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of black pepper virus F (BPVF) was identified for the first time from India, and its complete genome sequence was determined using overlapping fragments obtained through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The RNA 1 and RNA 2 of the Indian isolate of BPVF (BPVF‐IND) contained 6376 and 3340 nucleotides potentially coding for proteins of 230.7 kDa and 114 kDa respectively. Comparison of the RNA 1 sequence of BPVF‐IND with that of BPVF from Brazil (BPVF‐ BR‐PA) and China (BPVF‐ ZYP‐1) revealed an identity of 95% and 90%, respectively, while RNA 2 showed an identity of 96% and 90%. The phylogenetic analysis of the Pro‐Pol region of RNA 1 and coat protein region of RNA 2 revealed close clustering of all three BPVF isolates well separated from other species of the genus, Fabavirus. Diagnostics assays based on the RT‐PCR and RT‐recombinase polymerase amplification (RT‐RPA) were developed for the sensitive detection of the virus that will help in the identification and propagation of virus‐free black pepper plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In severe osteoporosis, the optimal approach for sequential treatment between denosumab and romosozumab is unclear. We utilised a novel overlapping strategy in three patients with very-high fracture risk despite long-term denosumab which led to greater bone density improvements than previously reported with standard approaches. Larger confirmatory prospective studies are needed. Purpose/introduction: In patients with severe osteoporosis, the optimal approach for sequential treatment between denosumab and romosozumab has not been established. The ideal strategy would maximise gains in bone mineral density (BMD) with romosozumab and effectively mitigate the risk of rebound increased bone turnover when sequencing from denosumab. Limited studies exploring the sequence from denosumab to romosozumab report only modest-to-no improvement in BMD and inadequate suppression of rebound bone turnover. Methods: We describe three patients with severe osteoporosis and multiple fragility fractures despite long-term denosumab. A novel overlapping sequential treatment approach was utilised to maximise therapeutic benefit given these patients had a very high fracture risk. Romosozumab was commenced 3 months after the last denosumab dose. Instead of waiting until completion of romosozumab, denosumab was recommenced 6 months after commencing romosozumab in response to rising bone turnover markers. Results: Patients experienced a ~ 5–22% increase in lumbar spine BMD, and one patient had an 8% increase in total hip BMD after 12 months romosozumab. Serum bone turnover markers demonstrated an anabolic effect of romosozumab occurred despite overlapping treatment with denosumab. Recommencement of denosumab suppressed an increase in bone resorption in all cases. No new vertebral fractures occurred during this treatment. Conclusions: A novel overlapping sequential treatment approach between denosumab and romosozumab produced greater improvements in lumbar spine and hip BMD than previously reported with standard approaches. Larger prospective controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish the optimal use of romosozumab in patients pre-treated with denosumab to maximise BMD gains and minimise fracture risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Pallas, 1781) is a zoonotic acanthocephalan that parasitizes the small intestine of wild boars. It is a pathogenic that causes economic losses, and poses a public health threat due to increased emergence. Purpose: The aims of this study is describes histopathologically the damage caused by M. hirudinaceus in the small intestine of wild boar Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, and molecularly characterize this parasite (sequences, haplotypes, phylogeny) for the first time in Elazig city, Türkiye. Results: A high prevalence of infection was obtained. Upon separating the worms, it was discovered that there were ulcers resembling craters in the center, of the small intestine mucosa, surrounded by edema. The intestine wall where the parasite attached was damaged, with the villi epithelium and lamina propria in the mucosa being destroyed. The genomic DNA was isolated from all M. hirudinaceus samples, and PCR amplified the 489 bp gene fragments were sequenced and confirmed that all 21 sequences were M. hirudinaceus. The haplotype analysis of the sequences revealed the presence of a central star-shaped haplotype, in addition to four other haplotypes. Conclusion: After conducting sequence analysis, the genetic differences between the M. hirudinaceus sequences obtained in this study and those reported from Europe and Japan suggest that this parasite is endemic to Türkiye's local wild boar population. Also, four haplotypes were identified, distinguishing it from other haplotypes by 1–5 mutation steps. It is essential to consider the worm's sequences and the formation of haplotypes, since these intrinsic characteristics may impact in the epidemiology and pathology of the worm in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified 3 clades of dengue virus serotype 3 belonging to genotype III isolated during 2019–2020 in Jamaica by using whole-genome sequencing and phylogenomic and phylogeographic analyses. The viruses likely originated from Asia in 2014. Newly expanded molecular surveillance efforts in Jamaica will guide appropriate public health responses.

Abstract Enterococci, common hospital-acquired infections in immunocompromised patients, have garnered attention in clinical microbiology. To determine the clinical relevance of enterococci as food-borne pathogens, 116 fish, 90 vegetables, and 120 human diarrheal samples were tested for E. faecalis and E. faecium pathogenicity. Conventionally, 69 of 326 (21.17%) samples were positive for Enterococcus species, 52 (15.95%) of which were molecularly classified as E. faecalis and 13 (3.99%) as E. faecium. The E. faecalis contamination percentage of fresh fish (19.70%) was higher than frozen fish (4%). Cauliflower had the highest E. faecalis percentage (16.67%) when fish and vegetable samples didn’t harbor the E. faecium atpA gene. 23.33% and 10.83% of participants’ samples were molecularly confirmed as E. faecalis and E. faecium positive, respectively. E. faecalis isolates had all virulence genes, with gels being the most common (65.38%), while cylA and asa1 genes couldn’t be detected in E. faecium isolates. E. faecalis showed the highest resistance against vancomycin and tetracycline (69.23%), whereas E. faecium extremely resisted tetracycline (76.92%) and erythromycin (69.23%) with the recognition of MDR among 44.2% of E. faecalis and 38.5% of E. faecium isolates. The great similarity of our isolates showed the clinical importance of food-borne antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

This paper focuses on the narrativity in wordless comics, that is, in comics that do not use words or use them only scarcely. The verbalvisual duality of comics is always semiotically challenging. The absence of words in wordless comics foregrounds their visual component which carries additional narrative or aesthetic meaning for the comic as a whole. First, several contemporary narratological models are considered. Most often narratives are considered as a description of a series of situations and events, independently of the medium in which they occur. Among scholars of comic studies, the author presents Eisner and McCloud’s concept of sequence as a focal point of plotting in comics, which has similar characteristics to narrating and storytelling in literature. The author also explores several models of medium-specific modifications such as comic focalization markers, monstration, and graphic enunciation with special attention paid to wordless comics. Finally, the author demonstrates the proposed analytical model through two examples: Mirko Ilić’s Horizontal and Vertical (1978) and Ileana Surducan’s The Quest (2014).

The study presents the data on organization of laboratory testing of clinical and environmental samples within the framework of establishing the etiology of the acute intestinal infections outbreak, performed by the specialists of the joint SAET of the Rospotrebnadzor in Dolisie (Republic of the Congo) in the period of 07–24 July, 2023.Materials and methods. In order to identify the causative agents of cholera and other acute intestinal infections of bacterial and viral nature, 177 clinical and environmental samples were tested, as well as cultures on solid nutrient media and bacterial suspensions. A total of 1023 tests were carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 305 – using bacteriological method.Results and discussion. The causative agent of cholera has not been detected in any of the samples tested. Using the PCR method, markers of acute intestinal diseases agents (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Rotavirus A) have been identified in 23 clinical samples and 1 sample of bacterial suspension. No DNA/RNA of pathogens has been detected in environmental samples. During culture studies, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi have been isolated from 8 clinical samples, and their antibiotic sensitivity has been determined. Applying whole-genome nanopore sequencing, using the MinIon platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK), nucleotide sequences of 4 S. Typhi isolates have been investigated and deposited in the international database NCBI GenBank (No. CP141260, CP141193, CP141194, CP141195). Additionally, the analysis of initially sterile samples (blood, peritoneal fluid, intraoperational samples) from the patients of General and Reference hospitals of Dolisie has resulted in the identification of 5 cultures of non-fermenting bacteria, and their antibiotic sensitivity has been determined.

Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) is one of healthy products for fermented or functional food in Korea and is widely distributed and cultivated worldwide. During August 2022, Jack bean plants showing symptoms of yellow flecks, chlorosis, necrotic spots and mosaic were observed in Jangheung-gun, South Korea. By transmission electron microscopy, flexuous filamentous virus particles of approximately 750×13 nm in size were observed in the symptomatic leaf samples. The infection of a Korean isolate of clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV-Ce-JH) was confirmed using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked sorbent assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing. The complete genome sequence of ClYVV-Ce-JH consists of 9,549 nucleotides (nt) excluding the poly (A) tail and encodes 3,072 amino acids (aa), with an AUG start and UAG stop codon, containing one open reading frame that is typical of a potyvirus polyprotein. The polyprotein of ClYVV-Ce-JH was divided into ten proteins and each protein's cleavage sites were determined. The coat protein (CP) and polyprotein of ClYVV-Ce-JH were compared at the nt and aa levels with those of the previously reported 14 ClYVV isolates. ClYVV-Ce-JH shared 92.62% to 99.63% and 93.39% to 98.05% at the CP and polyprotein homology. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Korean isolate of ClYVV from Jack bean plants and the complete genome sequence of a ClYVV Jack bean isolate in the world.

Nowadays, fiber stacks are extensively used in the aircraft and structural component manufacturing industries. It is mainly due to their excellent mechanical and physiochemical performances. The different stacking sequences of fiber materials expand the structural properties due to high-strength carbon fiber and low-cost glass fiber. The fragile and anisotropic conduct of Carbon (Cf) and Glass (Gf) laminates generates different types of complex machining issues. This article focuses on the Drilling test of Carbon/glass fiber hybrid composites using different stacking sequences. The effect of varying stacking orders is explored in this study to identify a feasible composite. The control of varying constraints, namely, spindle speed (N), feed rate (f ), and stacking sequence (SS) of carbon (Cf) and glass fiber (Gf) reinforcement, is performed to achieve the optimal parametric condition. The finding reveals that sample A (C4G4) stacking sequence provides an acceptable value for thrust force 59.05 N and delamination 1.0001 for high drilling efficiency. The stacking technique of carbon/glass layers can be endorsed to the manufacturing sector for cost-effective composite development and a defect-free machining environment.

Linear complexity is an important pseudo-random measure of the key stream sequence in a stream cipher system. The 1-error linear complexity is used to measure the stability of the linear complexity, which means the minimal linear complexity of the new sequence by changing one bit of the original key stream sequence. This paper contributes to calculating the exact values of the linear complexity and 1-error linear complexity of the binary key stream sequence with two prime periods defined by Ding–Helleseth generalized cyclotomy. We provide a novel method to solve such problems by employing the discrete Fourier transform and the M–S polynomial of the sequence. Our results show that, by choosing appropriate parameters p and q, the linear complexity and 1-error linear complexity can be no less than half period, which shows that the linear complexity of this sequence not only meets the requirements of cryptography but also has good stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive and systematic examination of dengue virus (DENV) evolution is essential in Pakistan, where the virus poses a significant public health challenge due to its ability to adapt and evolve. To shed light on the intricate evolutionary patterns of all four DENV serotypes, we analyzed complete genome sequences (n = 43) and Envelope (E) gene sequences (n = 44) of all four DENV serotypes collected in Pakistan from 1994 to 2023, providing a holistic view of their genetic evolution. Our findings revealed that all four serotypes of DENV co-circulate in Pakistan with a close evolutionary relationship between DENV-1 and DENV-3. Among the genetically distinct serotypes DENV-2 and DENV-4, DENV-4 stands out as the most genetically different, while DENV-2 exhibits greater complexity due to the presence of multiple genotypes and the possibility of temporal fluctuations in genotype prevalence. Selective pressure analysis of the Envelope (E) gene revealed heterogeneity among sequences (n = 44), highlighting 46 codons in the genome experiencing selective pressure, characterized by a bias toward balancing selection, indicating genetic stability of the virus. Furthermore, our study suggested an intriguing evolutionary shift of DENV-4 toward the DENV-2 clade, potentially influenced by antibodies with cross-reactivity to multiple serotypes, providing a critical insight into the complex factors, shaping DENV evolution and contributing to the emergence of new serotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequences formed by symbols are found in diverse fields, including genome sequences, written texts and computer codes. An interesting question is whether a sequence of symbols contains correlated structures. Existing methods to characterize correlations require a numerical representation of the sequence. In this regard, mapping a sequence of text into a sequence of numerical values is a key step for assessing correlation analysis. This work proposes a methodology to study correlations in a sequence of symbols. In the first step, the sequence of symbols is mapped in a multivariate numerical sequence formed by unit vectors in a vectorial space. The main feature of such mapping is that symbols are equally weighted, thus avoiding the numerical overrepresentation of symbols. In the second step, a multivariate version of the detrended fluctuation analysis is used to quantify correlations in the numerical sequence. Genome sequences (first COVID-19), written English texts and comovements between Bitcoin and gold markets were used to illustrate the proposed methodology's performance. The results showed that the balanced numerical mapping of symbolic sequences and the multivariate DFA provides valuable insights into the correlations in a sequence of symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing SNP density by incorporating sequence information only marginally increases prediction accuracies of breeding values in livestock. To find out why, we used statistical models and simulations to investigate the shape of distribution of estimated SNP effects (a profile) around quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) in populations with a small effective population size (Ne). A QTN profile created by averaging SNP effects around each QTN was similar to the shape of expected pairwise linkage disequilibrium (PLD) based on Ne and genetic distance between SNP, with a distinct peak for the QTN. Populations with smaller Ne showed lower but wider QTN profiles. However, adding more genotyped individuals with phenotypes dragged the profile closer to the QTN. The QTN profile was higher and narrower for populations with larger compared to smaller Ne. Assuming the PLD curve for the QTN profile, 80% of the additive genetic variance explained by each QTN was contained in ± 1/Ne Morgan interval around the QTN, corresponding to 2 Mb in cattle and 5 Mb in pigs and chickens. With such large intervals, identifying QTN is difficult even if all of them are in the data and the assumed genetic architecture is simplistic. Additional complexity in QTN detection arises from confounding of QTN profiles with signals due to relationships, overlapping profiles with closely spaced QTN, and spurious signals. However, small Ne allows for accurate predictions with large data even without QTN identification because QTNs are accounted for by QTN profiles if SNP density is sufficient to saturate the segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and genotypes in archived serum samples that were collected during the 2014–2016 and 2021 dengue outbreaks in Dire Dawa City and the Somali region in Ethiopia. DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) was predominant followed by DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2). Thirteen of the DENV-1 strains were assigned to Genotype-I, while the remaining two were found to be Genotype-III. All three DENV-2 strains were assigned the Cosmopolitan Genotype. The DENV strains responsible for the outbreaks are genetically closely related to the DENV strains that circulated in neighboring and Asian countries. The findings also showed continued local transmission of a monophyletic lineage and a co-circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 during the outbreaks. There is a need to strengthen DENV genomic surveillance capacity for the early detection of circulating serotypes, and prevent devastating consequences of future outbreaks due to the co-circulation of different serotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melioidosis is a potentially severe disease caused by the gram-negative soil-dwelling bacterium called Burkholderia pseudomallei. The true breadth of the distribution of this tropical pathogen is starting to emerge with environmental and clinical isolates frequently characterized in new countries and regions. Even so, isolates, clinical cases, and genetic data from the continent of Africa remain scant. We previously confirmed the presence of B. pseudomallei in the environment of Ghana, unmasking a new area of endemicity for this pathogen. Here, we describe the genetic characteristics of isolates obtained from that environmental survey. Twenty-one isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing and found to represent three discrete sequence types (ST), one of which was novel, and designated ST2058. Phylogenetic analysis places this novel isolate within a B. pseudomallei clade that includes genomes derived from the Americas, although it is closely related to a sub-clade that includes isolates from Africa. Importantly, phenotypic characterization demonstrates common features including API 20NE profiles and B. pseudomallei CPS to support existing diagnostics, and susceptibility to standard of care antibiotics often used in the clinical management of melioidosis. These findings add to our knowledge about the presence and distribution of B. pseudomallei in Africa and represent the first published genomes out of Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne transboundary zoonosis, was first confirmed in Rwanda's livestock in 2012 and since then sporadic cases have been reported almost every year. In 2018, the country experienced its first large outbreak, which was followed by a second one in 2022. To determine the circulating virus lineages and their ancestral origin, two genome sequences from the 2018 outbreak, and thirty-six, forty-one, and thirty-eight sequences of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) genome segments, respectively, from the 2022 outbreak were generated. All of the samples from the 2022 outbreak were collected from slaughterhouses. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian-based phylogenetic analyses were performed. The findings showed that RVF viruses belonging to a single lineage, C, were circulating during the two outbreaks, and shared a recent common ancestor with RVF viruses isolated in Uganda between 2016 and 2019, and were also linked to the 2006/2007 largest East Africa RVF outbreak reported in Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia. Alongside the wild-type viruses, genetic evidence of the RVFV Clone 13 vaccine strain was found in slaughterhouse animals, demonstrating a possible occupational risk of exposure with unknown outcome for people working in meat-related industry. These results provide additional evidence of the ongoing wide spread of RVFV lineage C in Africa and emphasize the need for an effective national and international One Health-based collaborative approach in responding to RVF emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given experience in cluttered but stable visual environments, our eye‐movements form stereotyped routines that sample task‐relevant locations, while not mixing‐up routines between similar task‐settings. Both dopamine signaling and mindfulness have been posited as factors that influence the formation of such routines, yet quantification of their impact remains to be tested in healthy humans. Over two sessions, participants searched through grids of doors to find hidden targets, using a gaze‐contingent display. Within each session, door scenes appeared in either one of two colors, with each color signaling a differing set of likely target locations. We derived measures for how well target locations were learned (target‐accuracy), how routine were sets of eye‐movements (stereotypy), and the extent of interference between the two scenes (setting‐accuracy). Participants completed two sessions, where they were administered either levodopa (dopamine precursor) or placebo (vitamin C), under double‐blind counterbalanced conditions. Dopamine and trait mindfulness (assessed by questionnaire) interacted to influence both target‐accuracy and stereotypy. Increasing dopamine improved accuracy and reduced stereotypy for high mindfulness scorers, but induced the opposite pattern for low mindfulness scorers. Dopamine also disrupted setting‐accuracy invariant to mindfulness. Our findings show that mindfulness modulates the impact of dopamine on the target‐accuracy and stereotypy of eye‐movement routines, whereas increasing dopamine promotes interference between task‐settings, regardless of mindfulness. These findings provide a link between non‐human and human models regarding the influence of dopamine on the formation of task‐relevant eye‐movement routines and provide novel insights into behavior‐trait factors that modulate the use of experience when building adaptive repertoires. Using a double‐blind L‐Dopa intervention with healthy participants, we show that dopamine interacts with an individual's level of mindfulness to influence routine formation and cognitive control. These findings are the first empirical test of the theoretical suggestion that mindfulness and dopamine operate on the same underlying mechanisms that support task learning and habit formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sex determination by DNA-based molecular techniques in Sumatran tigers needs to be investigated and developed for forensic and population genetic purposes. The amelogenin gene is a marker commonly used for sex determination. In some species, the difference between the AMELX and AMELY sequences has been reported to be in the intron region. However, the difference between the AMELX and AMELY sequences in the Sumatran tiger is unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the sequence differences in introns between AMELX and AMELY Sumatran tigers to determine the specific differences between male and female samples. This study aimed to analyse the sequence of nucleotide bases in the Sumatran tiger amelogenin gene introns based on the nucleotide base sequences in the amelogenin gene introns. The method in this research is descriptive, with a molecular observation of the AMELX and AMELY Sumatran tiger sequences. The amplified samples were sequenced, and it was found that the lengths of the AMELX and AMELY Sumatran tiger sequences were 215 bp and 194 bp, respectively, with a 21 bp deletion in the AMELY sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Holy Qurʾān, while being a guiding and illuminating book on the path to human happiness and felicity, contains various kinds of stories throughout its text. To convey a crucial ethical point, warn servants of God, deter them from wrongdoings, encourage the Prophet (SAW) and believers, and so on, this book sometimes presents a narrative in the most concise manner possible, using the fewest words. Given the extensive use of narratives in the Qurʾānic ayahs, understanding this type of speech and its characteristics is particularly vital in order to better comprehend the ayahs and the reasons behind their varied and multiple uses. One way to achieve this goal is to examine and analyze the Qurʾān from a narratological perspective. Based on the literary theory of Roland Barthes, the present study analyzes the narrative structure of Surah Al-Qasas on two levels of story and discourse, and by delving into the details of this theory, which offers a fresh perspective among literary analysis methods, it tries to discover and examine layers of concepts in Surah Al-Qasas that may have gone unnoticed. The narratology of the stories in Surah Al-Qasas revealed that marginal episodes and the shortest indices and catalysts play a significant role in comprehending the story's purpose and the meaning of a given ayah. It also demonstrated that the Qurʾān's unique storytelling style, sometimes using the fewest words and the shortest text, purposefully guides the audience towards the main goal of the narrative, which is the divine guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sequence pairs of length 2 m projected from Type-II and Type-III/II complementary array pairs of size 2 × 2 × ⋯ × 2 (m-times) form Type-II and Type-III complementary sequence pairs, respectively. An exhaustive search for binary Type-II and Type-III complementary sequence pairs of small lengths 2 m ( m = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) shows that they are all projected from the aforementioned complementary array pairs, whose algebraic normal forms satisfy specified expressions. It's natural to ask whether the conclusion holds for all m. In this paper, we proved that these expressions of algebraic normal forms determine all the binary Type-II and Type-III/II complementary array pairs of size 2 × 2 × ⋯ × 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic flow on highways is a dynamic process in which characteristics of road segments vary in time and space. Traffic congestion is the adverse effect caused dby an increase in travel time which is unprecedented by time and space. Temporal and spatial information of traffic flow is an integral component in the assessment of highway traffic flow. The spatial–temporal traffic flow dependency on highways can be well assessed when temporal traffic information in preceding time instances is sequenced. Thus, the SCAE-LSTM network is proposed considering time and space. This study investigates the estimation of traffic flow on highways based on spatial and temporal traffic sequences. Sequencing highway traffic information has motivated the authors to propose the method. The performance of the method is experimented on State Highways SH 49 and SH 49-A of Chennai Metropolitan City, Tamil Nadu, India. The computational complexity of the method is analyzed empirically. The significant outcome of the proposed method is reported in the experimental study. The traffic flow estimated using the proposed method has shown reduced complexity compared to other baseline methods. Finally, research directions to work in future are presented towards the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane brown rust (SCBR), caused by Puccinia melanocephala, is a destructive fungal disease that has extensively spread in the sugarcane-cultivating regions across the world. Early monitoring plays an important role in predicting the P. melanocephala epidemic and managing SCBR. However, accurately identifying SCBR based on symptoms and urediniospore morphology at the initial stage is a challenge. Further, it is tedious, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and requires expensive equipment to detect P. melanocephala using PCR-based methods. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology is renowned for its speed, simplicity, and low equipment requirements for specifically and sensitively identifying many pathogens. Therefore, in this study, a novel and highly sensitive LAMP assay was developed for the specific detection of P. melanocephala in sugarcane. Here, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of P. melanocephala was selected as the target gene for LAMP primer design. Based on the color change of SYBR Green I and gel electrophoresis, specific LAMP primers were screened. Further, the optimal reaction conditions for the LAMP assay were determined at 63 °C for 60 min. The LAMP assay showed a high degree of specificity for the detection of P. melanocephala in sugarcane, with no cross-reactivity with other fungal pathogens. The established LAMP protocol was highly sensitive and can be used to detect as low as 1 pg/μL of P. melanocephala plasmid DNA, which is comparable to that of nested PCR and ~100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. Finally, the detection rate of the LAMP method was higher than that of conventional and nested PCR in field samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Cretaceous Yamama Formation of X oilfield, deposited in a semi-restricted setting, holds considerable oil reserves. However, the reservoir is extremely heterogeneous and is poorly studied. Integrating outcrops, cores, cast thin sections, regular or special core analysis, wireline logging data from six wells, and seismic data, this study provides an improved understanding of reservoir petrophysical characteristics and geological controlling factors including sedimentation, diagenesis, and sequence. The results showed that eight lithologies are developed in the Yamama Formation, of which packstone and wackstone are dominant. The physical properties span a wide range, with porosity mainly distributed between 10% and 25%, and the permeability mainly distributed between 0.1 mD and 1 mD. Nine types of pores are developed, with moldic pores, micropores, and skeletal pores being the most developed. The reservoir has six types of microstructures, of which the poorly sorted with mega-throat represent the best reservoir. The Yamama Formation was mainly deposited in a lagoon, along with five other facies, such as supratidal flat, patchy reef, back shoal, shoal, and open shelf. Six types of diageneses are developed, with dissolution during the penecontemporaneous stage being the most beneficial to the reservoir and cementation being the most destructive. Three sequences were recognized in the Yamama Formation. It concluded that the hydrodynamics in semi-restricted depositional setting is weak overall and does not have the potential to develop large-scale high-quality reservoirs. A wide range of bioclasts were selectively dissolved to form a large number of secondary pores. Sediments rich in Algae, Bacinella, and peloids tend to form moldic pores, skeletal pores, and intergranular pores, respectively, which are prone to be favorable reservoirs. Controlled by the coupling of sedimentation and diagenesis driven by sequence, the reservoir is extremely heterogenous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents the results of two empirical studies that address the interplay of ad exposure sequence (before vs. after) and scarcity appeal (limited-time vs. limited-recipient) on consumer responses. Using a 2 × 2 in-between subjects factorial design, the results demonstrated that the effect of scarcity appeals can be optimized based on the before and after placing of an item in the online shopping cart. When an ad promotion appears after the consumer adds an item to the shopping cart, a time-limited ad message is more effective than a recipient-limited ad message. Also, when an advertisement is shown independently before the consumer reaches the main website, a recipient-limited ad message produces a more favorable brand attitude than a time-limited ad message. The implications and limitations of these results were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization has had a segmented effect on the ecological land and natural environment in cities. Constructing an ecological network is of vital importance to protect ecological resources and maintain regional ecological security. However, ecological spaces at different administrative scales have their own ecological functions and elemental characteristics. Therefore, we formed the ecological network sequence to present the integrative connection of multi-scale with municipal area (MA), main urban area (MUA) and central urban area (CUA) in Nanjing. Ecological sources were identified through “landscape—function—structure” framework, and ecosystem services value (ESV) was used as an auxiliary method to identify supplementary sources. Ecological corridors and some key points were identified through circuit theory. The results show that the area of ecological sources in MA, MUA and CUA was 427.3 km2, 62.5 km2 and 16.2 km2, respectively. By integrating sources of three scales, we got 14 sources (442.7 km2) in the first sequence and 10 sources (7.7 km2) in the second sequence. Apart from that, we also got 4 new supplementary sources with area of 13.5 km2. The length of ecological corridors in MA, MUA and CUA was 252.5 km, 263.9 km and 22.7 km, respectively. By integrating corridors of three scales, we found that the western corridors between the ecological sources had a higher gravitation. The ecological nodes are generally distributed in the landscape heterogeneity transition zone, ecological resource fringe zone and ecological spatial contiguous zone. The ecological pinch points are generally distributed along the water system. The ecological barrier points are generally distributed in the combination area among the urban block, village and road. In conclusion, this study made up for the research gap of finding the nesting and integration relationship among ecological networks at multi-scale.

The genomic diversity across strains of a species forms the genetic basis for differences in their behavior. A large-scale assessment of sequence variation has been made possible by the growing availability of strain-specific whole-genome sequences (WGS) and with the advent of large-scale databases of laboratory-acquired mutations. We define the Escherichia coli "alleleome" through a genome-scale assessment of amino acid (AA) sequence diversity in open reading frames across 2,661 WGS from wild-type strains. We observe a highly conserved alleleome enriched in mutations unlikely to affect protein function. In contrast, 33,000 mutations acquired in laboratory evolution experiments result in more severe AA substitutions that are rarely achieved by natural selection. Large-scale assessment of the alleleome establishes a method for the quantification of bacterial allelic diversity, reveals opportunities for synthetic biology to explore novel sequence space, and offers insights into the constraints governing evolution.

Converging evidence from studies of human and nonhuman animals suggests that the hippocampus contributes to sequence learning by using temporal context to bind sequentially occurring items. The fornix is a white matter pathway containing the major input and output pathways of the hippocampus, including projections from medial septum and to diencephalon, striatum, lateral septum and prefrontal cortex. If the fornix meaningfully contributes to hippocampal function, then individual differences in fornix microstructure might predict sequence memory. Here, we tested this prediction by performing tractography in 51 healthy adults who had undertaken a sequence memory task. Microstructure properties of the fornix were compared with those of tracts connecting medial temporal lobe regions but not predominantly the hippocampus: the Parahippocampal Cingulum bundle (PHC) (conveying retrosplenial projections to parahippocampal cortex) and the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus (ILF) (conveying occipital projections to perirhinal cortex). Using principal components analysis, we combined Free-Water Elimination Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging measures obtained from multi-shell diffusion MRI into two informative indices: the first (PC1) capturing axonal packing/myelin and the second (PC2) capturing microstructural complexity. We found a significant correlation between fornix PC2 and implicit reaction-time indices of sequence memory, indicating that greater fornix microstructural complexity is associated with better sequence memory. No such relationship was found with measures from the PHC and ILF. This study highlights the importance of the fornix in aiding memory for objects within a temporal context, potentially reflecting a role in mediating inter-regional communication within an extended hippocampal system.

Abstract Background In this study, we investigated the prevalence of respiratory viruses in four Hybrid Converter Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) farms in Egypt. The infected birds displayed severe respiratory signs, accompanied by high mortality rates, suggesting viral infections. Five representative samples from each farm were pooled and tested for H5 & H9 subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1), and turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) using real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR. Representative tissue samples from positive cases were subjected to histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The PCR techniques confirmed the presence of AOAV-1 and H5 AIV genes, while none of the tested samples were positive for H9 or TRT. Microscopic examination of tissue samples revealed congestion and hemorrhage in the lungs, liver, and intestines with leukocytic infiltration. IHC revealed viral antigens in the lungs, liver, and intestines. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H5 HA belonged to 2.3.4.4b H5 sublineage and AOAV-1 belonged to VII 1.1 genotype. Conclusions The study highlights the need for proper monitoring of hybrid converter breeds for viral diseases, and the importance of vaccination programs to prevent unnecessary losses. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the isolation of AOAV-1 and H5Nx viruses from Hybrid Converter Turkeys in Egypt.

The utilization of distillation stands as a predominant separation method within the chemical and petroleum industries, prominently influencing operational costs and environmental impact due to energy consumption. Enhancing energy efficiency holds paramount significance in elevating the sustainability and overall efficacy of distillation operations. Within this study, we introduce an innovative approach termed “marginal vapor flow (MVF)” to optimize the distillation column sequence for crude oil processing, focusing on the third distillation unit at the Basra Refinery. This research evaluates diverse column designs through streamlined simulations using Aspen HYSYS V11 software. The study determines total energy consumption as a benchmark, comparing it against the optimal sequence recommended by the MVF methodology. A novel application of the downward reduction equation to crude oil guides the selection of light and heavy components. Key findings from this comprehensive analysis showcase the potency of combining MVF with Aspen HYSYS for optimizing crude oil distillation column sequences. Aspen HYSYS, a widely recognized process simulation tool, accurately represents distillation processes. Simultaneously, MVF facilitates the determination of optimal column sequences based on marginal vapor flow rates. Notably, the results reveal that within the studied sequences, sequence 9 exhibits the lowest total MVF of (1393.4 kmol/h), signifying its optimality, while sequence 2 displays the highest total MVF of (4827.3 kmol/h), representing the least favorable scenario. Simulation of the optimal sequence derived through the MVF approach exhibits a remarkable 35% reduction in energy consumption compared to real-life operations. Conversely, simulating the least favorable sequence demonstrates a substantial 32% increase in energy consumption compared to actual operations. This study underscores the pivotal role of MVF methodology in optimizing distillation sequences for enhanced energy efficiency, providing actionable insights for refining operations to significantly reduce energy consumption and operational costs while advancing sustainability goals.

Synonymous variants, traditionally regarded as silent mutations due to their lack of impact on protein sequence, structure and function, have been the subject of increasing scrutiny. This commentary explores the emerging evidence challenging the notion of synonymous variants as functionally inert. Analysis of the activity of 70 synonymous variants in the HIV Tat transcription factor revealed that 50% of the variants exhibited significant deviations from wild-type activity. Our analysis supports previous work and raises important questions about the broader impact of non-silent synonymous variants in human genes. Considering the potential functional implications, the authors propose classifying such variants as "synonymous variants of uncertain silence" (sVUS), highlighting the need for cautious interpretation and further investigations in clinical and genetic testing settings.

Genetic analysis of intra-host viral populations provides unique insight into pre-emergent mutations that may contribute to the genotype of future variants. Clinical samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 collected in California during the first months of the pandemic were sequenced to define the dynamics of mutation emergence as the virus became established in the state. Deep sequencing of 90 nasopharyngeal samples showed that many mutations associated with the establishment of SARS-CoV-2 globally were present at varying frequencies in a majority of the samples, even those collected as the virus was first detected in the US. A subset of mutations that emerged months later in consensus sequences were detected as subconsensus members of intra-host populations. Spike mutations P681H, H655Y, and V1104L were detected prior to emergence in variant genotypes, mutations were detected at multiple positions within the furin cleavage site, and pre-emergent mutations were identified in the nucleocapsid and the envelope genes. Because many of the samples had a very high depth of coverage, a bioinformatics pipeline, "Mappgene", was established that uses both iVar and LoFreq variant calling to enable identification of very low-frequency variants. This enabled detection of a spike protein deletion present in many samples at low frequency and associated with a variant of concern.

Background: In this study, we investigated the prevalence of respiratory viruses in four Hybrid Converter Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) farms in Egypt. The infected birds displayed severe respiratory signs, accompanied by high mortality rates, suggesting viral infections. Five representative samples from each farm were pooled and tested for H5 & H9 subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), Avian Orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1), and turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) using real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR. Representative tissue samples from positive cases were subjected to histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The PCR techniques confirmed the presence of AOAV-1 and H5 AIV genes, while none of the tested samples were positive for H9 or TRT. Microscopic examination of tissue samples revealed congestion and hemorrhage in the lungs, liver, and intestines with leukocytic infiltration. IHC revealed viral antigens in the lungs, liver, and intestines. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H5 HA belonged to 2.3.4.4b H5 sublineage and AOAV-1 belonged to VII 1.1 genotype. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for proper monitoring of hybrid converter breeds for viral diseases, and the importance of vaccination programs to prevent unnecessary losses. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the isolation of AOAV-1 and H5Nx viruses from Hybrid Converter Turkeys in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]