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This systematic literature review examines the effectiveness of automated test case generation, optimization, and prioritization methods based on Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. The review summarizes the methods, main contributions, and limitations, and suggests areas for future research. This paper examines various optimization algorithms, model-based testing methods, and UML diagram validation methods to determine how well they perform. The review highlights some issues with the current situation, such as the fact that it only examines a few types of UML diagrams and does not go into great detail about how they work or compare to other diagrams. However, it also suggests ways in which these issues could be addressed in future research. Some of the suggested directions include researching different modeling languages and devising solutions to handle the complexity of system models. Model-based testing should also be combined with optimization and prioritization methods to increase the flexibility and usefulness of research in this field. This article makes no direct comparisons to UML diagrams, but it does provide a thorough discussion of the current state of the art and a list of strategic priorities to advance the field of automated test case generation, optimization, and prioritization. These reviews are useful for both researchers and practitioners because they demonstrate how things are currently done and how they should be done in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral diagrams in Unified Modeling Language reflect the interaction between system components and give a comprehensive description and visualization of the system during the design phase. One of the most important behavioral diagrams is the sequence diagram which describes the chronological sequence of events between the components of the system. The process of extracting information and metrics from a sequence diagram is time-consuming so creating a special tool to help developers obtain information from the sequence diagram has become necessary because of the great advantages and ease it provides. This paper aims to build a tool that extracts information from the sequence diagram, creates a table that includes this information, and then calculates three categories of metrics related to the sequence diagram which are size, complexity, and level of detail. These categories include 15 metrics to give quantitative values that indicate software quality which is used to estimate the schedule, cost, effort, and other resources in the software development process. As a case study, the hotel reservation system is adopted and constructed as two versions of sequence diagrams for comparison purposes. The results showed a quantitative measurement of small and unnoticeable differences between the two diagrams.

Software testing is an important phase as it ensures the software quality. The software testing process comprises of three steps: generation, execution, and evaluation of test cases. Literature claims the usage of single and multiple 'Unified Modeling Language' (UML) diagrams to generate test cases. Using multiple UML diagrams increases test case coverage. However, the existing approaches show limitations in test case generation from UML diagrams. Therefore, in this research study, we propose an approach to generate the test cases using UML State Chart Diagram (SCD), Activity Diagram (AD), and Sequence Diagram (SD). The proposed approach transforms UML diagrams into intermediate forms: SCD Graph, AD Graph, and SD Graph respectively. Furthermore, by integrating these three graphs, a System Testing Graph (STG) is formed. Finally, test cases are identified from STG by using a traversal algorithm such as Depth First Search (DFS) that is an optimization method. The results show that the proposed approach is better compared to existing approaches in terms of coverage and performance. Moreover, the generated test cases have the ability to detect faults at the unit level, integration, and system level testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Education & Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Automated test case generation is important in software testing to evaluate developed software. The testing process requires test cases that can be based on Software Requirements Specification (SRS) and Software Design Document (SDD). One of UML diagrams included in the previous documentations is sequence diagram. This research proposed a modified pre-order algorithm that can generate test cases automatically from sequence diagrams. Our manual cyclomatic complexity evaluation showed that our method produced accurate test cases based on the sequence of messages in the sequence diagram. This result justifies that the generated test cases match the relevant sequence diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UML designs represent sequential and concurrent behaviors of the systems in terms of activity, sequence, and state machine diagrams. Concurrent systems are non-deterministic in nature. Therefore, test case generation and coverage criterion definitions are challenging for a concurrent system using UML designs. Concurrent system testing is exponential due to the execution of parallel constructs and interleavings of messages inside parallel constructs. Hence, there is a necessity for appropriate concurrency coverage criteria to work with a finite number of test scenarios. This research explores relevant concurrency coverage criteria for UML sequence diagrams and their definitions to work in real-life usages. This paper proposes a message control flow graph (MCFG), a richer form of a control flow graph, as an intermediate representation for UML sequence diagrams. The proposed MCFG facilitates defining new coverage criteria for message interleaving inside concurrency constructs, like parallel and critical region combined fragments and general ordering. We define new coverage criteria, namely interleaving message path coverage, synchronization coverage, and essential concurrent message path coverage. The empirical results show that the proposed scheme provides a good trade-off between cost and defect exposing capability of the concurrent design modeled by UML sequence diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current railroad customs clearance systems are problematic in that the movement of trains is occasionally restricted for extended periods during inspections to verify cargo integrity at customs clearance. Consequently, significant human and material resources are consumed to obtain customs clearance to the destination, considering different processes exist for cross-border trade. Therefore, we developed a cross-border blockchain-based non-stop customs clearance (NSCC) system to address these delays and reduce resource consumption for cross-border trains. The integrity, stability, and traceability of blockchain technology are used to construct a stable and reliable customs clearance system to address these problems. The proposed method connects diverse trade and customs clearance agreements in a single blockchain network, which ensures integrity and minimal resource consumption, and includes railroads, freight vehicles, and transit stations in addition to the current customs clearance system. The integrity and confidentiality of customs clearance data are protected using sequence diagrams and the blockchain to strengthen the resilience of the NSCC process against attacks; the blockchain-based NSCC system structurally verifies the attack resilience based on matching sequences. The results confirm that the blockchain-based NSCC system is time- and cost-efficient compared with the current customs clearance system and offers improved attack resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we propose a new test case generation approach that can cover behavioural scenarios individually in a multi-agent system. The purpose is to identify, in the case of the detection of an error, the scenario that caused the detected error, among the scenarios running in parallel. For this, the approach used, in the first stage, the technique of mutation analysis and parallel genetic algorithms to identify the situations in which the agents perform the interactions, presented in the sequence diagram, of the scenario under test only; these situations will be considered as inputs of the test case. In the second stage, the approach used the activities presented in the activity diagram to identify the outputs of the test case expected for its inputs. Subsequently, the generated test cases will be used for the detection of possible errors. The proposed approach is supported by a formal framework in order to automate its phases, and it is applied to a concrete case study to illustrate and demonstrate its usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combinatorial Testing plays an essential role in generating optimized test cases to detect defects that occurred by interactions among input parameters of the systems. To generate combinatorial test cases, information about parameters, values and constraints is essential. This information is given to the system manually in the current practice, making it difficult to test software systems. UML Sequence Diagram describes the dynamic behaviour of the software system. The authors presented a novel approach to generate combinatorial test cases from UML Sequence Diagram in this paper. The Combinatorial Test Design Model (CTDM) is used to get information like input parameters, values, and constraints for generating combinatorial test cases. Extracting this information from UML Sequence Diagrams and identifying interactions among the input parameters is a challenging task. A rule-based approach is used to extract the information related to CTDM from UML Sequence Diagram. Once this information is extracted, combinatorial test cases are generated using Optimization algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing. This presented work is a study to generate various combinatorial test cases through optimisation algorithms which will aid in the management of Indian Railways. The significant contributions of this research are (1) Extraction of parameters, values and constraints from UML Sequence Diagram by using the rule-based algorithm. (2) Generation of combinatorial test cases from that extracted information using optimization algorithms. A case study of the Concession Management Subsystem of Indian Railways is presented to demonstrate the proposed research work. The authors recommend that All Combination testing, Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and Simulated Annealing algorithm be used for simple, moderate, and complex UML Sequence Diagrams to generate a minimum number of combinatorial test cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current railroad customs clearance systems are problematic in that the movement of trains is occasionally restricted for extended periods during inspections to verify cargo integrity at customs clearance. Consequently, significant human and material resources are consumed to obtain customs clearance to the destination, considering different processes exist for cross-border trade. Therefore, we developed a cross-border blockchain-based non-stop customs clearance (NSCC) system to address these delays and reduce resource consumption for cross-border trains. The integrity, stability, and traceability of blockchain technology are used to construct a stable and reliable customs clearance system to address these problems. The proposed method connects diverse trade and customs clearance agreements in a single blockchain network, which ensures integrity and minimal resource consumption, and includes railroads, freight vehicles, and transit stations in addition to the current customs clearance system. The integrity and confidentiality of customs clearance data are protected using sequence diagrams and the blockchain to strengthen the resilience of the NSCC process against attacks; the blockchain-based NSCC system structurally verifies the attack resilience based on matching sequences. The results confirm that the blockchain-based NSCC system is time- and cost-efficient compared with the current customs clearance system and offers improved attack resilience.

The effectiveness of model-based testing (MBT) is mainly due to its potential for automation. If the model is formal and machine-readable, test cases can be derived automatically. One of the most used formal modeling techniques is the interpretation of a system as an extended finite state machine (EFSM). However, formal models are not a common practice in the industry. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has become the de facto standard for software modeling. Nevertheless, due to the lack of formal semantics, its diagrams can be given ambiguous interpretations and are not suitable for testing automation. This article introduces a systematic procedure for the generation of tests from UML models that uses concepts of model-driven engineering (MDE) for formalizing UML sequence diagrams into extended finite state machines and providing a precise semantics for them. It also applies ModelJUnit and JUnit libraries for an automatic generation of test cases. A case study was conducted in a real software towards the evaluation of its applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]