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PremiseTrees in wet forests often have features that prevent water films from covering stomata and inhibiting gas exchange, while many trees in drier environments use foliar water uptake to reduce water stress. In forests with both wet and dry seasons, evergreen trees would benefit from producing leaves capable of balancing rainy-season photosynthesis with summertime water absorption.MethodsUsing samples collected from across the vertical gradient in tall redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) crowns, we estimated tree-level foliar water uptake and employed physics-based causative modeling to identify key functional traits that determine uptake potential by setting hydraulic resistance.ResultsWe showed that Sequoia has two functionally distinct shoot morphotypes. While most shoots specialize in photosynthesis, the axial shoot type is capable of much greater foliar water uptake, and its within-crown distribution varies with latitude. A suite of leaf surface traits cause hydraulic resistance, leading to variation in uptake capacity among samples.ConclusionsShoot dimorphism gives tall Sequoia trees the capacity to absorb up to 48 kg H2 O h-1 during the first hour of leaf wetting, ameliorating water stress while presumably maintaining high photosynthetic capacity year round. Geographic variation in shoot dimorphism suggests that plasticity in shoot-type distribution and leaf surface traits helps Sequoia maintain a dominate presence in both wet and dry forests.

Sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the 26.5 Gbp hexaploid genome of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) was completed leading toward discovery of genes related to climate adaptation and investigation of the origin of the hexaploid genome. Deep-coverage short-read Illumina sequencing data from haploid tissue from a single seed were combined with long-read Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing data from diploid needle tissue to create an initial assembly, which was then scaffolded using proximity ligation data to produce a highly contiguous final assembly, SESE 2.1, with a scaffold N50 size of 44.9 Mbp. The assembly included several scaffolds that span entire chromosome arms, confirmed by the presence of telomere and centromere sequences on the ends of the scaffolds. The structural annotation produced 118,906 genes with 113 containing introns that exceed 500 Kbp in length and one reaching 2 Mb. Nearly 19 Gbp of the genome represented repetitive content with the vast majority characterized as long terminal repeats, with a 2.9:1 ratio of Copia to Gypsy elements that may aid in gene expression control. Comparison of coast redwood to other conifers revealed species-specific expansions for a plethora of abiotic and biotic stress response genes, including those involved in fungal disease resistance, detoxification, and physical injury/structural remodeling and others supporting flavonoid biosynthesis. Analysis of multiple genes that exist in triplicate in coast redwood but only once in its diploid relative, giant sequoia, supports a previous hypothesis that the hexaploidy is the result of autopolyploidy rather than any hybridizations with separate but closely related conifer species.

Drought is a major limitation for survival and growth in plants. With more frequent and severe drought episodes occurring due to climate change, it is imperative to understand the genomic and physiological basis of drought tolerance to be able to predict how species will respond in the future. In this study, univariate and multitrait multivariate genome-wide association study methods were used to identify candidate genes in two iconic and ecosystem-dominating species of the western USA, coast redwood and giant sequoia, using 10 drought-related physiological and anatomical traits and genome-wide sequence-capture single nucleotide polymorphisms. Population-level phenotypic variation was found in carbon isotope discrimination, osmotic pressure at full turgor, xylem hydraulic diameter, and total area of transporting fibers in both species. Our study identified new 78 new marker × trait associations in coast redwood and six in giant sequoia, with genes involved in a range of metabolic, stress, and signaling pathways, among other functions. This study contributes to a better understanding of the genomic basis of drought tolerance in long-generation conifers and helps guide current and future conservation efforts in the species.

Zanubrutinib is a highly selective, next-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In the phase 3 SEQUOIA trial (NCT03336333), treatment with zanubrutinib resulted in significantly improved progression-free survival compared to bendamustine plus rituximab (BR) in adult patients with treatment-naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) without del(17p). The current analysis compared the effects of zanubrutinib versus BR on patients' health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL). In the SEQUOIA trial, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were assessed at baseline and every 12 weeks (3 cycles) using the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5L. Descriptive analyses were performed on all the questionnaires' scales and a mixed model for repeated measures was performed using the key QLQ-C30 endpoints of global health status/QoL (GHS/QoL), physical and role functioning, and symptoms of fatigue, pain, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting at weeks 12 and 24. Compared with BR-treated patients, those in the zanubrutinib arm experienced greater improvements in HRQoL outcomes at both weeks 12 and 24. By week 24, mean change differences (95% confidence interval) between the arms were significant for GHS/QoL (4.9 [0.9, 9.0]), physical functioning (3.8 [0.8, 6.7]), diarrhea (−6.2 [−10.0, −2.5]), fatigue (−4.5 [−8.9, −0.1]), and nausea/vomiting (−4.5 [−8.9, −0.1]); role functioning (4.8 [−0.2, 9.7]) was marginally better in the zanubrutinib arm and there were no differences in pain symptoms (−0.4 [−4.3, 5.1]) between the arms. During the first 24 weeks of treatment, zanubrutinib was associated with better HRQoL outcomes in patients with treatment-naive CLL/SLL without del(17p) compared to BR. The SEQUOIA trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov as SEQUOIA trial (NCT03336333). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedigrees are essential components in selective breeding programs to manage genetic diversity and obtain accurate genetic parameter estimates to ensure long-term response to selection in captive populations. High throughput and cost-effective sequencing technologies has offered opportunities of using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to resolve penaeid shrimp pedigrees from mass spawning cohorts and communal rearing. Effects of SNPs for sibship assignment were investigated on 546 shrimp using two software programs, Colony and Sequoia. Assignment rates and accuracies using SNP subsets with six different minor allele frequencies (MAFs), four sets of SNPs, and five genotyping error rates were compared to the microsatellite-based pedigree established in a previous study. High MAFs and numbers of SNPs contributed to significant increases in assignment rates and accuracies, whereas genotyping error rates showed negligible impacts on assignment results. Sibship assignments achieved rates and accuracies of 98% and 83%, respectively, with a minimum number of 91 SNPs (average MAF ≥ 0.14), and the two different programs exhibited similar resulting patterns for different SNP subsets. High consistencies between SNP-based and microsatellite-based pedigrees showed that accurate pedigrees could be achieved by using SNPs and thus contribute to the long-term response to selection in farmed banana shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Scientific & Technical Applications / Revista de Aplicación Científica & Técnica is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Absorption of water across the surfaces of leaves is an ecologically important aspect of tree physiology. Variation in foliar water uptake capacity depends on environmental conditions when traits associated with the uptake pathway respond to climatic signals. Using a series of experiments, we verify that water enters Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. leaves by crossing the cuticle, and show that surface-trait acclimation alters the kinetic parameters of foliar water uptake. Under our experimental conditions, the cuticle was the primary pathway for water entry into the leaf. Exposure to climatic variation may induce surface acclimations, such as increased waxiness, that reduce water-film formation over stomata at the expense of dry-season foliar uptake rates. We found that water uptake is negatively associated with the interaction of leaf-surface wax coverage and stomatal density, and provide an accessible protocol to measure these key traits in Sequoia. Linking absorptive pathways and trait acclimation to physiological performance can provide a foundation for range-wide or genomic investigations of forest interactions with water and a mechanism-centered means to monitor canopy hydraulic parameters over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As our planet gets hotter, California suffers the devastating effects of increasingly large annual wildfires. However, in honouring the wisdom of the trees, Berkeley architecture professor and writer Jill Stoner describes how, contrary to popular belief, such pyrotechnic events have many advantages for ecological diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracheid buckling may protect leaves in the dynamic environments of forest canopies, where rapid intensifications of evaporative demand, such as those brought on by changes in light availability, can result in sudden increases in transpiration rate. While treetop leaves function in reliably direct light, leaves below the upper crown must tolerate rapid, thermally driven increases in evaporative demand. Using synchrotron‐based X‐ray microtomography, we visualized impacts of experimentally induced water stress and subsequent fogging on living cells in redwood leaves, adding ecological and functional context through crown‐wide explorations of variation in leaf physiology and microclimate. Under drought, leaf transfusion tracheids buckle, releasing water that supplies sufficient temporal reserves for leaves to reduce stomatal conductance safely while stopping the further rise of tension. Tracheid buckling fraction decreases with height and is closely coordinated with transfusion tissue capacity and stomatal conductance to provide temporal reserves optimized for local variation in microclimate. Foliar water uptake fully restores collapsed and air‐filled transfusion tracheids in leaves on excised shoots, suggesting that trees may use aerial water sources for recovery. In the intensely variable deep‐crown environment, foliar water uptake can allow for repetitive cycles of tracheid buckling and unbuckling, protecting the tree from damaging levels of hydraulic tension and supporting leaf survival. If sudden changes in microclimate increase transpirational demand, tracheid buckling in the water‐filled transfusion tissue of Sequoia sempervirens leaves can release a quantity of water sufficient to briefly sustain increased transpiration, thereby providing time for stomatal adjustment. The temporal reserves supplied by tracheid buckling can be replenished through foliar water uptake, which allows collapsed tracheids to refill to their former volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedigrees are essential components in selective breeding programs to manage genetic diversity and obtain accurate genetic parameter estimates to ensure long-term response to selection in captive populations. High throughput and cost-effective sequencing technologies has offered opportunities of using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to resolve penaeid shrimp pedigrees from mass spawning cohorts and communal rearing. Effects of SNPs for sibship assignment were investigated on 546 shrimp using two software programs, Colony and Sequoia. Assignment rates and accuracies using SNP subsets with six different minor allele frequencies (MAFs), four sets of SNPs, and five genotyping error rates were compared to the microsatellite-based pedigree established in a previous study. High MAFs and numbers of SNPs contributed to significant increases in assignment rates and accuracies, whereas genotyping error rates showed negligible impacts on assignment results. Sibship assignments achieved rates and accuracies of 98% and 83%, respectively, with a minimum number of 91 SNPs (average MAF ≥ 0.14), and the two different programs exhibited similar resulting patterns for different SNP subsets. High consistencies between SNP-based and microsatellite-based pedigrees showed that accurate pedigrees could be achieved by using SNPs and thus contribute to the long-term response to selection in farmed banana shrimp.

Studies that model the effect of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems often use climate projections from downscaled global climate models (GCMs). These simulations are generally too coarse to capture patterns of fine-scale climate variation, such as the sharp coastal energy and moisture gradients associated with wind-driven upwelling of cold water. Coastal upwelling may limit future increases in coastal temperatures, compromising GCMs' ability to provide realistic scenarios of future climate in these coastal ecosystems. Taking advantage of naturally occurring variability in the high-resolution historic climatic record, we developed multiple fine-scale scenarios of California climate that maintain coherent relationships between regional climate and coastal upwelling. We compared these scenarios against coarse resolution GCM projections at a regional scale to evaluate their temporal equivalency. We used these historically based scenarios to estimate potential suitable habitat for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens D. Don) under 'normal' combinations of temperature and precipitation, and under anomalous combinations representative of potential future climates. We found that a scenario of warmer temperature with historically normal precipitation is equivalent to climate projected by GCMs for California by 2020-2030 and that under these conditions, climatically suitable habitat for coast redwood significantly contracts at the southern end of its current range. Our results suggest that historical climate data provide a high-resolution alternative to downscaled GCM outputs for near-term ecological forecasts. This method may be particularly useful in other regions where local climate is strongly influenced by ocean-atmosphere dynamics that are not represented by coarse-scale GCMs.

Abstract Climate change uncertainty poses serious challenges to conservation efforts. One emerging conservation strategy is to identify and conserve climate change refugia: areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change that enable persistence of valued resources. This management paradigm may be pursued at broad scales by leveraging existing resources and placing them into a tangible framework to stimulate further collaboration that fosters management decision‐making. Here, we describe a framework for moving toward operationalizing climate change refugia conservation at an ecoregion scale with an analysis for the Sierra Nevada ecoregion (CA, USA). Structured within the Climate Change Refugia Conservation Cycle, we identify a preliminary suite of conservation priorities for the ecoregion, and demonstrate how existing mapping, data, and applications could be used for identifying, prioritizing, managing, and monitoring refugia. We focus on six stakeholder‐identified conservation priorities, including two process‐based refugial priorities (snow and fire), and four ecosystem‐based refugial priorities (meadows, giant sequoia, old growth forests, and alpine communities). This pilot overview of concepts and resources provides a foundation for both near‐term implementation and further discussion in moving from science to conservation practice. Such an approach may provide new practical insights for ecosystem management at ecoregion scales in the face of climate change.

Climate change uncertainty poses serious challenges to conservation efforts. One emerging conservation strategy is to identify and conserve climate change refugia: areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change that enable persistence of valued resources. This management paradigm may be pursued at broad scales by leveraging existing resources and placing them into a tangible framework to stimulate further collaboration that fosters management decision‐making. Here, we describe a framework for moving toward operationalizing climate change refugia conservation at an ecoregion scale with an analysis for the Sierra Nevada ecoregion (CA, USA). Structured within the Climate Change Refugia Conservation Cycle, we identify a preliminary suite of conservation priorities for the ecoregion, and demonstrate how existing mapping, data, and applications could be used for identifying, prioritizing, managing, and monitoring refugia. We focus on six stakeholder‐identified conservation priorities, including two process‐based refugial priorities (snow and fire), and four ecosystem‐based refugial priorities (meadows, giant sequoia, old growth forests, and alpine communities). This pilot overview of concepts and resources provides a foundation for both near‐term implementation and further discussion in moving from science to conservation practice. Such an approach may provide new practical insights for ecosystem management at ecoregion scales in the face of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated photosynthesis of five plant species growing in the understory at three sites (1,170-, 1,600- and 2,100-mm annual moisture inputs), along the geographical range of coastal California redwood forest, to determine whether greater inputs of rain and fog at northern sites enhance photosynthetic utilization of fluctuating light. Measurements of understory light environment and gas exchange were carried out to determine steady state and dynamic photosynthetic responses to light. Leaf area index ranged from 4.84 at the 2,100-mm site to 5.98 at the 1,170-mm site. Maximum rates of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (g) did not vary appreciably within species across sites. Photosynthetic induction after a change from low to high light was significantly greater in plants growing in lower light conditions regardless of site. Photosynthetic induction also increased with the rate of g in diffuse light, prior to the increase to saturating light levels. Post-illumination CO2 assimilation was the largest factor contributing to variation in C gain during simulated lightflecks. The duration of post-illumination photosynthetic activity, total CO2 assimilation per light received, and light use efficiency during simulated lightflecks increased significantly with moisture inputs in four out of five species. Increasing leaf N concentration with increasing moisture inputs in three out of five species, coupled with changes in leaf N isotopic composition with the onset of the summer fog season suggest that natural N deposition increases with rain and fog inputs and contributes to greater utilization of fluctuating light availability in coastal California redwood forests.

The Prediction of the reservoir characteristics from seismic amplitude data is a main challenge. Especially in the Nile Delta Basin, where the subsurface geology is complex and the reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. Modern seismic reservoir characterization methodologies are spanning around attributes analysis, deterministic and stochastic inversion methods, Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) interpretations, and stack rotations. These methodologies proved good outcomes in detecting the gas sand reservoirs and quantifying the reservoir properties. However, when the pre-stack seismic data is not available, most of the AVO-related inversion methods cannot be implemented. Moreover, there is no direct link between the seismic amplitude data and most of the reservoir properties, such as hydrocarbon saturation, many assumptions are imbedded and the results are questionable. Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms to predict the reservoir characteristics is a new emerging trend. The main advantage of the ANN algorithm over the other seismic reservoir characterization methodologies is the ability to build nonlinear relationships between the petrophysical logs and seismic data. Hence, it can be used to predict various reservoir properties in a 3D space with a reasonable amount of accuracy. We implemented the ANN method on the Sequoia gas field, Offshore Nile Delta, to predict the reservoir petrophysical properties from the seismic amplitude data. The chosen algorithm was the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). One well was kept apart from the analysis and used later as blind quality control to test the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have quantified pathogen impacts to ecosystem processes, despite the fact that pathogens cause or contribute to regional-scale tree mortality. We measured litterfall mass, litterfall chemistry, and soil nitrogen (N) cycling associated with multiple hosts along a gradient of mortality caused by Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death. In redwood forests, the epidemiological and ecological characteristics of the major overstory species determine disease patterns and the magnitude and nature of ecosystem change. Bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) has high litterfall N (0.992%), greater soil extractable NO3 -N, and transmits infection without suffering mortality. Tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) has moderate litterfall N (0.723%) and transmits infection while suffering extensive mortality that leads to higher extractable soil NO3 -N. Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) has relatively low litterfall N (0.519%), does not suffer mortality or transmit the pathogen, but dominates forest biomass. The strongest impact of pathogen-caused mortality was the potential shift in species composition, which will alter litterfall chemistry, patterns and dynamics of litterfall mass, and increase soil NO3 -N availability. Patterns of P. ramorum spread and consequent mortality are closely associated with bay laurel abundances, suggesting this species will drive both disease emergence and subsequent ecosystem function.

The specimens (two pairs of part and counterpart) of coniferalean branched leafy shoots were collected from the Jiulongshan Formation (Middle Jurassic) at the village of Daohugou, Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China. The fossil material displays helical phyllotaxy, dorsiventrally flattened linear, sessile leaves with decurrent base and prominent and single mid-vein. The foliate shoots are assigned to Sequoia jeholensis by comparing those of the genera Yanliaoa, Sequoia, Metasequoia, Taxodium, and Glyptostrobus, the basal members of the Cupressaceae sensulato. Sequoiajeholensis is the oldest Sequoia species to date. It has coriaceous, dimorphic, helically arranged linear and scale leaves, with entire margins, attached obliquely to the axis by their decurrent bases. The leaf cuticle of S. jeholensis is described here for the first time. Leaves are hypostomatic, with stomata only on the abaxial surface. Anticlinal walls are straight, with single or more often paired pits. The epidermal structures of Sequoia are one of the key characters to distinguish it from similar genera, but they usually could not be used to distinguish the species within Sequoia. The Middle Jurassic of Daohugou represents a lacustrine environment with a warm and humid climate reflected by the species assemblage. So, the extinct Sequoia probably had similar climatic requirements to those of extant Sequoia sempervirens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of pollen cone teratologies in Sequoia sempervirens and Widdringtonia nodiflora were investigated. While wild type pollen cones are uniaxial and hyposporangiate, some teratological polyaxial pollen cones and also perisporangiate microsporangiophores were found. The teratological compound pollen cones in Sequoia seem to represent just random artifacts caused by a spitting of the pollen cone apex, maybe due to a pathogenic event in early developmental stages. In Widdringtonia it remains open, if the compound male reproductive units represent a dense distal cluster of pollen cones or a compound, polyaxial inflorescence comparable to other conifers, e.g. Cephalotaxus (Taxaceae). The perisporangiate microsporangiophores found in some of the teratological pollen cones in Widdringtonia are remarkable, because among extant conifers this type of microsporangiophores is developed only in Taxaceae. Previous studies showed that the perisporangiate type of microsporangiophores represents a radial synangium consisting of several fused hyposporangiate microsporangiophores. However, the perisporangiate microsporangiophores in Taxaceae and Widdringtonia show some distinct structural differences excluding the perisporangiate microsporangiophores in Widdringtonia as representing a radial synangium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, the oasis dwellers of the Algerian Sahara exploit the groundwater through the use of traditional techniques such as foggaras (traditional technique of irrigation in the Algerian southwest), and wells of chadouf (pendulum wells). In the oasis of Lahmar, in Southwest Algeria, the farmers use foggaras (known by the name of foggaras ain - foggaras of source) to irrigate their fields. Nowadays though, due to the indiscriminate use of modern systems (boreholes and pumps) to procure water for irrigation and urban consumption, over-exploitation and drying off of water sources have been one the rise while traditional techniques are becoming day by day out of service and, what is more, palm groves have almost completely disappeared.

Objectives: Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE) alias acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging is a well-established ultrasound-based technique for the non-invasive assessment of liver tissue stiffness. As cut-off values for liver cirrhosis cannot be transferred from one ultrasound system to another, this study aimed at determining cut-off values for the newly developed Siemens ACUSON Sequoia ultrasound system., Methods: In a pilot study phase, two independent examiners conducted 10 pSWE measurements in an elasticity phantom and 32 healthy individuals for the determination of inter-examiner agreement. Afterwards, 22 cirrhotic patients and 57 patients with chronic liver disease undergoing liver biopsy underwent pSWE. Patient characteristics and stiffness values were compared for individuals with and without liver cirrhosis. Diagnostic accuracies of cut-off values for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis were calculated using areas under the receiver operating characteristics analysis and Youden's index. In a subsequent validation study phase, these cut-off values were validated prospectively in 107 cirrhotic and 68 non-cirrhotic patients., Results: Inter-examiner agreement was excellent for measurements in the elasticity phantom (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.998; P  < 0.001), and good for measurements in patients (ICC = 0.844; P  < 0.001). The best cut-off value for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was 1.405 m/s with an AUC of 0.872, a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 88.2% ( P  < 0.001)., Conclusion: ARFI elastography using the Siemens ACUSON Sequoia showed a good inter-examiner agreement. The optimal cut-off value was lower than the cut-off values described for former generations of ultrasound devices. These preliminary results should be confirmed in larger patient collectives with histology as the reference standard., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) have increased risk of arrhythmia, stroke, heart failure, and sudden death. Contemporary management of oHCM has decreased annual hospitalization and mortality rates, yet patients have worsening health-related quality of life due to impaired exercise capacity and persistent residual symptoms. Here we consider the design of clinical trials evaluating potential oHCM therapies in the context of SEQUOIA-HCM (Safety, Efficacy, and Quantitative Understanding of Obstruction Impact of Aficamten in HCM). This large, phase 3 trial is now fully enrolled (N = 282). Baseline characteristics reflect an ethnically diverse population with characteristics typical of patients encountered clinically with substantial functional and symptom burden. The study will assess the effect of aficamten vs placebo, in addition to standard-of-care medications, on functional capacity and symptoms over 24 weeks. Future clinical trials could model the approach in SEQUOIA-HCM to evaluate the effect of potential therapies on the burden of oHCM. (Safety, Efficacy, and Quantitative Understanding of Obstruction Impact of Aficamten in HCM [SEQUOIA-HCM]; NCT05186818)., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures The SEQUOIA-HCM trial is funded by Cytokinetics, Incorporated. Representatives of Cytokinetics have been involved in the design and conduct of the study reported in this manuscript. Dr Coats has received speaker fees from Alnylam and Roche, and advisory fees from Cytokinetics. Dr Maron has received consultant/advisor fees from Imbria and Takeda, and Steering Committee fees for SEQUOIA-HCM from Cytokinetics, Incorporated. Dr Olivotto has received Speakers Bureau fees from Boston Scientific, Amicus, and Novartis; consultant/advisor fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Sanofi Genzyme, Amicus, Bayer, Tenaya, and Rocket Pharma; and research grant funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Sanofi Genzyme, Amicus, Bayer, Menarini International, and Boston Scientific. Dr Lee has received research grants to his institution from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim, and Clinical Endpoint Committee fees from Bayer. Dr Arad has received consultant and lecture fees from Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr Cardim is on the advisory boards for Bristol Myers Squibb and Cytokinetics. Dr Düngen has received grants from Novartis, CSL Behring, and Cytokinetics. Dr Garcia-Pavia has received Speakers Bureau fees from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, NovoNordisk, Bristol Myers Squibb, BridgeBio, Ionis, and Alnylam; consultant/advisor fees from Pfizer, Alnylam, MyoKardia/Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Neurimmune, BridgeBio, Attralus, Intellia, Rocket Pharma, Lexeo Therapeutics, and AstraZeneca; and research/educational grants to his institution from Pfizer, BridgeBio, NovoNordisk, AstraZeneca, and Alnylam. Dr Hagège has received consultant/advisor fees from Alnylam, Amicus Therapeutics, Bayer, MyoKardia/Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Sanofi Genzyme; and Steering Committee fees for SEQUOIA-HCM from Cytokinetics, Incorporated. Dr Lewis has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health (R01-HL 151841, R01-HL131029, and R01-HL159514), American Heart Association (15GPSGC-24800006), Amgen, Cytokinetics, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, and SoniVie; honoraria for advisory boards from Pfizer, Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, American Regent, Cyclerion, Cytokinetics, and Amgen; and royalties from UpToDate for scientific content authorship related to exercise physiology. Dr Michels’ institution has received a research grant from Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr Michels has received consultant/advisor fees from Cytokinetics and Bristol Myers Squibb/Myokardia; and Speakers Bureau fees from Bristol Myers Squibb and Pfizer. Dr Oreziak has received investigator fees from Bristol Myers Squibb/MyoKardia; consultant/advisor fees from Biotronik Polska, Abbott Polska; and traveling fees from Hammermed. Dr Owens has received consultant/advisor fees from Cytokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb/MyoKardia, and Pfizer. Dr Tfelt-Hansen is a consultant for Leo Pharma, MicroPort, and Johnson and Johnson. Dr Watkins has received consultant/advisor fees from Cytokinetics, BioMarin, and BridgeBio. Dr Heitner, Dr Jacoby, Dr Kupfer, Dr Malik, Dr Meng, and Ms Wohltman are employees of Cytokinetics, Incorporated and hold stock in Cytokinetics, Incorporated. Dr Masri has received consultant/advisor fees from Tenaya, Attralus, Cytokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eidos, Pfizer, Lexicon, Alnylam, Haya, Intellia, and Ionis; and research grants from Ionis, Akcea, Pfizer, Cytokinetics, Ultromics, and the Wheeler Foundation. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

For long-lived organisms, investment in insurance strategies such as reserve energy storage can enable resilience to resource deficits, stress or catastrophic disturbance. Recent fire in California damaged coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) groves, consuming all foliage on some of the tallest and oldest trees on Earth. Burned trees recovered through resprouting from roots, trunk and branches, necessarily supported by nonstructural carbon reserves. Nonstructural carbon reserves can be many years old, but direct use of old carbon has rarely been documented and never in such large, old trees. We found some sprouts contained the oldest carbon ever observed to be remobilized for growth. For certain trees, simulations estimate up to half of sprout carbon was acquired in photosynthesis more than 57 years prior, and direct observations in sapwood show trees can access reserves at least as old. Sprouts also emerged from ancient buds-dormant under bark for centuries. For organisms with millennial lifespans, traits enabling survival of infrequent but catastrophic events may represent an important energy sink. Remobilization of decades-old photosynthate after disturbance demonstrates substantial amounts of nonstructural carbon within ancient trees cycles on slow, multidecadal timescales., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Copyright of Sistemas & Telemática is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two distinct microwave power levels and techniques have been studied in two cases: low-power microwave (LPM) irradiation on in vitro Sequoia plants and high-power microwave (HPM) exposure on recovery rates of cryostored (−196°C) Sequoia shoot apices. Experimental variants for LPM exposure included: (a) in vitro plants grown in regular conditions (at 24 ± 1°C during a 16-h light photoperiod with a light intensity of 39.06 μEm s photosynthetically active radiation), (b) in vitro plants grown in the anechoic chamber with controlled environment without microwave irradiation, and (c) in vitro plants grown in the anechoic chamber with LPM irradiation for various times (5, 15, 30, 40 days). In comparison to control plants, significant differences in shoot multiplication and growth parameters (length of shoots and roots) were observed after 40 days of LPM exposure. An opposite effect was achieved regarding the content of total soluble proteins, which decreased with increasing exposure time to LPM. HPM irradiation was tested as a novel rewarming method following storage in liquid nitrogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report using this type of rewarming method. Although, shoot tips subjected to HPM exposure showed 28% recovery following cryostorage compared to 44% for shoot tips rewarmed in liquid medium at 22 ± 1 °C, we consider that the method represent a basis and can be further improved. The results lead to the overall conclusion that LPM had a stimulating effect on growth and multiplication of in vitro Sequoia plants, while the HPM used for rewarming of cryopreserved apices was not effective to achieve high rates of regrowth after liquid nitrogen exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on hundreds or thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provide detailed information about the relationships between individuals, but currently few tools can turn this information into a multigenerational pedigree. I present the r package sequoia, which assigns parents, clusters half-siblings sharing an unsampled parent and assigns grandparents to half-sibships. Assignments are made after consideration of the likelihoods of all possible first-, second- and third-degree relationships between the focal individuals, as well as the traditional alternative of being unrelated. This careful exploration of the local likelihood surface is implemented in a fast, heuristic hill-climbing algorithm. Distinction between the various categories of second-degree relatives is possible when likelihoods are calculated conditional on at least one parent of each focal individual. Performance was tested on simulated data sets with realistic genotyping error rate and missingness, based on three different large pedigrees ( N = 1000-2000). This included a complex pedigree with overlapping generations, occasional close inbreeding and some unknown birth years. Parentage assignment was highly accurate down to about 100 independent SNPs (error rate <0.1%) and fast (<1 min) as most pairs can be excluded from being parent-offspring based on opposite homozygosity. For full pedigree reconstruction, 40% of parents were assumed nongenotyped. Reconstruction resulted in low error rates (<0.3%), high assignment rates (>99%) in limited computation time (typically <1 h) when at least 200 independent SNPs were used. In three empirical data sets, relatedness estimated from the inferred pedigree was strongly correlated to genomic relatedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tortricid moth genus Syndemis has ten described species, with two polyphagous species in Europe and North America respectively. We sequenced five nuclear and four mitochondrial genes for Syndemis samples across both continents and discovered unexpected, extensive diversification restricted to California. DNA evidence supports five new, undescribed, species endemic to California, while the rest of North America and Europe have only one species each. Further, the nuclear genes are less variable and yield contrasting phylogenetic signal compared to mitochondrial DNA for basal relationships between taxa across the genus. Such conflict strongly suggests that male and female moths exhibit radically different levels of philopatry. Our results highlight the importance of sex-specific behavior, and the need for inclusion of multiple genes to fully understand species boundaries, their causes, and the process of speciation. While mtDNA introgression often is invoked to explain incongruous haplotype distributions, our study shows that nuclear DNA selective sweeps, or swamping, can occur while mtDNA and ecology preserve an ancient divergence that is not discernable in nuclear DNA. This study further demonstrates that diversification of herbivores may occur on relictual, declining hostplants, which contrasts with the dominant co-speciation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large and severe wildfires, exacerbated by climate change and human behavior, are occurring more frequently in many forests across the western United States. While wildfire is a natural part of most terrestrial ecosystems, rapidly changing fire regimes have the potential to alter habitat beyond the adaptive capabilities of species. Spatial assessments of wildfire risks to species habitat may allow managers to pinpoint locations for management activities. To illustrate this, we spatially assessed wildfire risk within habitat that supports the nesting activity of the federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) in the California redwood coast ecoregion. To accomplish this, we built a scale-optimized ensemble nesting habitat suitability model and identified habitat with the highest wildfire hazard potential. Percent canopy cover at 100-m scale, slope at 400-m scale, and January precipitation at 800-m scale were the most influential environmental covariates for predicting northern spotted owl nesting habitat. Nearly 60% of nesting habitat was predicted to be at high or very high (>1986 index value) wildfire risks. We identified three areas in the Maple Creek Area of Humboldt County, Jackson State Demonstration Forest in Mendocino County, and Point Reyes National Seashore in Marin County, California with a high concentration of nesting habitat that are at a very high risk of experiencing high severity wildfires. We recommend these areas be targeted for future research to understand the impact of wildfire on northern spotted owl as well as management attention., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)