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Annually, lots of useless black tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] residue is produced in Iranian factories; nonetheless, their bioactive compounds can be extracted and used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The investigation, which looked at the extraction of all compounds from tea residue, was conducted from 2006 to 2008 to solve environmental problems related to the disposal of tea residues. Extracting one compound to build a lateral products factory is unprofitable, but extracting all bioactive compounds can increase productivity. Four bioactive substances (caffeine, polyphenol, protein, and fiber) were extraction from four tea residues types (dust, fluff, footstalk, and stalk) that nine tea companies generated in the spring, summer, and autumn, assessed in this study. Caffeine was measured by spectrophotometer, followed by cellulose and polyphenol by weight technique, and protein by micro-Kjeldal. Statistical analysis was done on a split plot in randomized complete blocks with three replications (sampling places were randomly selected, and treatments were fixed). The triple effect of residue types, harvest seasons, and factories were significant at a 0.01 level on the levels of caffeine, protein, and fiber, according to the variance analysis findings. The highest amount of caffeine in the dustx summer x Moein factory, followed by protein in the dust x spring x Poltan factory, and fiber in the stalk x autumn x Tohied and Setareh Shomal factories, was observed. Finally, the result demonstrated that consideration must be given to the types of residue, harvest seasons, and factories when using tea factory residues for industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Tea is a source of natural color. Extraction of colored as a byproduct will make tea more remunerative. This study suggested the optimal conditions for natural color extraction from black tea waste. Tea manufacture waste was used in different concentration of solvent ethanol: water (50:50, 30:70, 10:90, and 0:100), time (30, 60, and 90 min) and temperature (20, 50, and 80°C). Factorial experiment with three factors (solvent, time and temperature) was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Extracted color was used in jelly compared to commercial color. According to the results, the total color extracted from 50:50 ethanol: water at 80°C was more than the other conditions (p =0.01). In 80°C, time has no significant effect on color extraction in different solvent ratios. Extracted color had antioxidant activity in compared to commercial color. The taste of jelly colored by extracted color was no significant difference in compared with the jelly colored by commercial color (p=0.05). Although the difference in outward appearance was easily detected by panelists, they preferred tea extracted color jelly in compared to commercial colored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Every year lots of black tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) residue will produce in the factories. These residue are unusable whereas the bio active compounds can be extracted and used in the drag and food industries. Due to mentioned problems, this project was conducted years 2011 - 2012 with the aim to make a study on consecutive isolation of all bio active compounds from tea residue, that extraction of one compound won't benefite to build a lateral products factory but isolation of all bio active compounds can increase productivity. In this survey, four compounds of caffeine, catechin, fiber and protein were be separated and measured from residue mixture in three steps from three sequential models. The isolation of caffeine and catechin were placed together in one step because the extraction condition was similar. Experiments was conducted with four replications and data was analyzed. The results indicated that effect of three sequence models was significant on extraction yield of caffeine, catechin, protein, and fiber (P<0/01). Comparison of yields indicated that the maximum amount of caffeine and protein was obtained from second sequence, also the maximum amount of catechin and fiber from third sequence. The economic comparison results among sequences indicated that the all sequences were economical however third sequence was introduced as the most economical model in terms ratio of benefit to cost due to high price of catechin and maximum rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Toxicity and physiological alterations were determined in Pseudococcus viburni nymphs treated with Artemisia annua methanolic extract. The leaf dipping bioassay showed LC50 values of 0.287% and 0.194% 24 and 48 hours post-exposure. Activities of general esterases were significantly higher in the control nymphs than in those which had been treated except for the 48 h time interval using α-naphtyl acetate. The activity of glutathione S-transferase using CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) in the control nymphs, was significantly higher than in the control at both time intervals while no significant difference was observed after 24 h in addition to the higher enzymatic activity in the treated nymphs after 48 h. All three aminotransferases were significantly more active in the control nymphs except for time intervals of 24 h for γ-glutamyl transferase and 48 h for alanine aminotransferase. Higher activities of lactate dehydrogenase, acid- and alkaline phosphatase were found in the control nymphs than in treated nymphs for all time intervals. Activities of the enzymes involved in the antioxidant system including catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased in the treated nymphs compared to the control. Results of the current study demonstrated toxic effects of A. annua methanolic extract on P. viburni nymphs causing mortality and physiological turbulences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A combination of bioassay and biochemical approaches were used to determine toxicity ofArtemisia annuaessential oil (AaEO)Pseudococcus viburni. AaEO via leaf dipping bioassay showed LC50values of 0.693 and 0.419% after two time exposures. Different concentrations of AaEO caused deterrence index between 28.58 to 86.26% by the calculated ED50of 0.4%. Although, α-esterase activity using α-naphtyl acetate increased in the treated nymphs by AaEO after 24 hours but it showed the lower activity in the treated nymphs using β-naphtyl acetate. GlutathioneS-transferase assayed by CDNB showed the higher activity in the treated nymphs than control after 24 hours while the adverse results gained not only after 48 hours but also after 24 hours by using DCNB. No significant differences were found in the activity of alanine aminotransferase versus control, but aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase showed the statistically higher activities in the treated nymphs in comparison with control. Activities of aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly lower than those of control. Only acid phosphatase showed the significantly altered activity in the treated nymphs in comparison with control after 24 hours. Results of our study indicated significant toxicity, deterrence and physiological effects of AaEO onP. viburni. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] more...

Background: Anti-HLA-antibodies are known to affect the allograft survival in transplant recipient patients., Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between anti-HLA antibodies and kidney allograft outcomes, particularly in recipients with concurrent donor bone marrow cell infusion (DBMI)., Methods: Between June 2006 and May 2007, forty living unrelated donor kidney transplants consisting of 20 recipients with DBMI and 20 without infusion entered into the study and were monitored prospectively for one year. Pre- and post-transplant (days 14, 30, and 90) sera were screened for the presence of anti-HLA class-I and II antibodies, and subsequently positive sera retested with ELISA specific panel for antibody specification., Results: Of 40 patients, 9 (22.5%) experienced acute rejection episodes (ARE) (6/20 cases in non-infused versus 3/20 in DBMI patients). The prevalence of anti-HLA antibodies before and after transplantation were higher in patients with ARE compared to non-rejecting ones (88.8% vs. 38.7%, p=0.01 and 66.6% vs. 25.8%, p=0.04, respectively). A total of 10% (4/40) of patients developed donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) and in this regard 2 patients from the control group experienced ARE. All 3 rejecting patients in DBMI group were negative for DSA and positive for non-DSA. The lower titer of post-transplant anti-HLA antibodies were shown in DBMI patients compared to pre-transplantation titer. Additionally, the average serum creatinine levels during one year follow up and even in those patients with ARE were lower compared to controls., Conclusion: Our findings reveal an association between pre- and post-transplant anti-HLA antibodies, and ARE and also early allograft dysfunction. It suggests that lower incidence of ARE, undetectable DSA, lower titer of antibodies concomitant with a decrease in serum creatinine level, better allograft function and lower percentages of PRA in DBMI patients, could be the probable manifestations of partial hypo-responsiveness against allografts. more...