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Objective: Juvenile delinquency (JD) is increasing day by day and it is more common in males. Many risk factors for JD have been identified. The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of male JDs and to determine potential predictive effects of sociodemographic factors on JD. Method: Juvenile delinquents (JDs) consisted of 138 boys and sociodemographic data of them were obtained retrospectively. The control group (CG) consisted of 133 boys of similar age to JDs, and the participants were asked to fill out sociodemographic data. The potential predictive effect of sociodemographic factors were evaluated by linear logistic regression analysis. Results: The families of the 94 JDs had low socioeconomic level, and the families of the103 control cases had medium-high socioeconomic level. It was determined that 46% of the mothers of JDs and 18% of their fathers were illiterate, while in CG, these rates were 6% and 0.8%, respectively. The school dropout rate was 0% in CG and 32% in JDs. In addition, 26% of the JDs were found to have another individual committed crime in family. This rate was 3% in CG. It was showed that school dropout, low school achievement, taking disciplinary punishment, low family income and the presence of an individual committed crime in family had potential predictive effect on JD. Conclusions: The results of the study have showed that there is an association between JD and sociodemographic characteristics. These results may be useful in the development of prevention and intervention programs for JD.

Offending and incarceration are important societal problems that might be reduced by improving early intervention. Most prior work identifying risk factors has focussed on early oppositional or aggressive behaviours and environmental problems. Among adults, it is well recognised that offenders have much poorer health than the wider population. This raises questions about whether behaviours that put health at risk while a teenager may also be good markers of subsequent offending.To examine the relationship between risky health behaviours and delinquency by comparing male teenage offenders with a history of incarceration and male teenagers with no criminal involvement.In this cross-sectional study, 66 male 12-18-year-old offenders with an incarceration history who were referred for evaluation to the Forensic Medicine Polyclinic in 2021 were compared with 74 similar aged adolescents without a criminal record but attending another clinic in the same hospital, using the Risky Health Behaviour Scale (RHBS). This covers dietary, road safety and sexual behaviours as well as exercise, substance use and violent behaviours. Negative items were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated more pro-health activities.Total RHBS scores were significantly lower among the offender-group than the comparison teenagers (Means 93.19 ± 17.00: 107.20 ± 10.83; p ≤ 0.001). This reflected significant differences in each of the subscale scores except dietary and risky sexual behaviour. Only substance use behaviours, however, were independently related to offender group membership, as was family socio-economic status.Our findings add indications of risky health-related behaviours to the already extensive literature on risky social behaviours in the history of young offenders. It is possible that focussing on young offenders referred to a health service, albeit one primarily directed at mental health, has exaggerated such differences, but if substantiated in larger and more diverse samples, these findings may open new avenues for early identification of young people at risk of offending and commensurate early interventions. Focus on substance use by young people seems especially important, but low family socio-economic status needs remedies too.

Objective Substance use disorder (SUD) is a serious public health problem affecting both the individual and the society, and substance use-related deaths and disability have been shown to increase gradually. Recent etiologic studies have reported that there is a relation between inflammatory parameters and psychiatric disorders. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) used as an indicator of inflammation have been shown to be increased in various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the NLR and PLR in adolescents with SUD. Methods This study was conducted by retrospectively examining the records of 55 male adolescents who were followed up with SUD in a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic between November 2019-June 2020. Patients who had comorbid psychiatric disorder were included, and those who received any psychotropic medication were excluded. A total of 61 healthy male adolescents in the same age range without any psychiatric disorders were recruited as a control group. Neutrophil-lymphocyte-platelet counts were noted retrospectively from complete blood tests, and NLR-PLR were calculated. Results The NLR and PLR of adolescents with SUD were significantly higher than the healthy adolescents (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). In addition, conduct disorder, depression, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which were determined as the most common comorbid psychiatric disorders had no effects on NLR (p = 0.513, p = 0.584, p = 0.394, respectively) and PLR (p = 0.210, p = 0.346, p = 0.359, respectively). Conclusion The results of current study indicate that inflammatory processes may have a key role in the pathophysiology of SUD.

Objectives:In psychiatry, the inpatient observational follow-up model is important in the treatment of children and adolescents. The length of stay may vary depending on demographic and clinical features. In this study, it was aimed to share data on the relationship between the duration of hospitalization and clinical and demographic characteristics of a child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient clinic.Materials and Methods:The records of the patients who were followed up and treated after being hospitalized at İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Clinic were examined. The demographic and clinical features (psychiatric diagnoses, psychotherapy and psychopharmacological treatment, hospitalization features, psychometric scale scores) of 379 patients who were hospitalized and discharged from late 2013 to mid-2017 were recorded. The effects of all variables on the length of stay were evaluated. The Mann-Whitney U test, which is a non-parametric test, was used for the comparison of length of stay. The relationship of the applied psychometric tests with the length of stay was evaluated by the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results:The average length of stay was 20.05±19.69 days. The shortest hospital stay was 1 day, while the longest hospital stay was 135 days. The length of stay was significantly longer in adolescents, in those continuing education, in those having schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, feeding and eating disorders, trauma and stressor related disorders, and in those taking cognitive behavioral therapy and psychopharmacological treatment (antipsychotic, antidepressant, anxiolytic). The length of stay was shorter in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disability. Children’s Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventories And Scores Of Post- Traumatic Stress Reaction Index were found to be positively correlated with length of stay.Conclusion:Psychiatric diagnoses and treatment modalities can be decisive in the length of stay. In our country, inpatient psychiatric clinics in children and adolescents are very limited. More studies are needed to examine the relationship between the duration of hospitalization and demographic and clinical features.

Objectives:Substance abuse is a serious public health problem affecting both individual and community. Drug use-related deaths and disability have been shown to increase steadily. Due to the high novelty-seeking behavior and frequency of engaging in risky behavior, adolescents are more risky in terms of substance abuse. However, in our country, the data on the sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents receiving treatment due to substance abuse are limited. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adolescents who received treatment in the Child and Adolescent Substance Treatment Unit inpatient service.Materials and Methods:The records of 54 male patients who received treatment between November-2017 and January-2020 in a Regional Mental Health Hospital Child and Adolescent Substance Treatment Inpatient Center were evaluated retrospectively. The sociodemographic and clinical findings were recorded in the sociodemographic data form prepared by the researchers. Mean and standard deviation values of the normally distributed data, and the median, 25%-75% values of the data that were non-normally distributed were given. Categorical data were defined with % and n.Results:The median age of the patients was 17 (25%=16.4; 75%=17.4) years, and the median age of onset of substance use was 14 (25%=13; 75%=15) years. It was determined that 77.8% of the cases used more than one substance, and the most frequently used substances were cannabis (77.8%), ecstasy (50%), volatile substance (31.5%), respectively. It was found that 80% of cases had at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. In addition, it was determined that 48.1% (n=26) of the cases had a delinquency-history and 16.7% (n=9) had a prison-history.Conclusion:Adolescents are more prone to substance abuse due to the developmental characteristics of the period which they are in and they are more likely to suffer from the negative effects of substances. Therefore, we think that the data obtained from our study will be useful in determining substance abuse prevention and treatment protocols.

Working memory (WM) is assumed as the limited cognitive skill that enables the preference of proper actions for coding stimuli from the environment, stores them for a limited periods and helps us use them purposefully in daily life. WM assists human thinking continuum by supplying an interface among sensation, long-term memory and behavior. The current WM includes a a central executive and three storage systems: the phonological loop, the episodic buffer and the visuospatial sketchpad. The literature has inclined to show that WM is a robust predictor of fundamental academic skills such as language, reading and writing, and mathematics. From this point of view, the active role of WM deficits in the etiopathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, specific learning disabilities, and communication disorder is understood. In this paper, researches about WM and neurodevelopmental disorders were scanned from online search engines such as PubMed, Turkish Psychiatry Index, Google Schoolar and the data obtained were combined with the information in the basic books. Each subgroup of neurodevelopmental disorders was mentioned in a separate subtitle and it was aimed to review the role of WM in etiopathogenesis.

Magnesium biotinate (MgB) is a novel biotin complex with superior absorption and anti-inflammatory effects in the brain than D-Biotin. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different doses of MgB on social behavior deficits, learning and memory alteration, and inflammatory markers in propionic acid (PPA)-exposed rats. In this case, 35 Wistar rats (3 weeks old) were distributed into five groups: 1, Control; 2, PPA treated group; 3, PPA+MgBI (10 mg, HED); 4, PPA+MgBII (100 mg, HED); 5, PPA+MgBIII (500 mg, HED). PPA was given subcutaneously at 500 mg/kg/day for five days, followed by MgB for two weeks. PPA-exposed rats showed poor sociability and a high level of anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairments (p < 0.001). In a dose-dependent manner, behavioral and learning-memory disorders were significantly improved by MgB supplementation (p < 0.05). PPA decreased both the numbers and the sizes of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. However, MgB administration increased the sizes and the densities of Purkinje cells. MgB improved the brain and serum Mg, biotin, serotonin, and dopamine concentrations, as well as antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH) (p < 0.05). In addition, MgB treatment significantly regulated the neurotoxicity-related cytokines and neurotransmission-related markers. For instance, MgB significantly decreased the expression level of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, CCL-3, CCL-5, and CXCL-16 in the brain, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that MgB may ameliorate dysfunctions in social behavior, learning and memory and reduce the oxidative stress and inflammation indexes of the brain in a rat model.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents. Methylphenidate (MPH) is one of the most widely used drugs in the treatment of ADHD. Enuresis can occur comorbidly with ADHD. However, enuresis is sometimes seen in patients with ADHD as an adverse effect of MPH treatment. In contrast, in some cases, MPH reportedly improves enuresis in patients with ADHD comorbid with enuresis. The literature is contradictory with regard to the relationship between MPH and enuresis. This report presents the cases of 3 children with ADHD who displayed enuresis during MPH treatment.

Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic commonly used in the treatment of childhood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, psychosis, and irritability associated with autism spectrum disorder. Common side effects of its use include extrapyramidal side effects, somnolence, tremor, fatigue, nausea, and akathisia. Enuresis is an additional and rare side effect of aripiprazole use. There is limited data on the subject of enuresis induced as a result of treatment with aripiprazole. To our knowledge, there are no reports in the literature on aripiprazole-induced enuresis continuum in children. In this report, we present the case of a 9-year-old boy who developed enuresis continuum after the initiation of a low dose of aripiprazole and describe his rapid improvement when administration of the drug was ended.

Incest is specific type of sexual abuse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic data and examination findings of cases referred to our hospital as forensic court cases of incest, and to measure the effect on mental health disorders of the nature of the sexual abuse. Retrospective examination was made of the records of 40 cases of incest victims. Evaluation was made of the age, gender, incident suffered, the perpetrator, form of abuse, examination findings, and mental status. The cases comprised 36 girls and 4 boys. Without penetration sexual abuse was determined in 25 cases and with penetration sexual abuse in 15 cases. At least one mental health disorder was determined in 20 of the cases of simple sexual abuse and in 11 of the major sexual abuse type cases. The most frequently seen mental health disorder was post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 21 cases. Mental health disorders were determined in 77.5% of the incest cases in this study, at a greater rate 80% in cases of "without penetration sexual abuse" than in cases of "with penetration sexual abuse" 74.33%. Therefore, all cases of incest must be followed up carefully without differentiation of without or with penetration abuse.

Aim: Continual attendance at clinical follow-ups of children and adolescents after inpatient psychiatric treatment is an important problem affecting morbidity and mortality. In this study we aimed to research the follow-up attendance rates after hospital discharge and influencing factors in a child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient clinic.Material and Methods: Patient data between 2013 and 2016 were retrospectively investigated and cases with at least 3 months of history after discharge were included in the study. After discharge, cases who attended the following first 2 consecutive clinic appointments were accepted as attending follow-up. Variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnosis, applied treatment, kind of admission and discharge, duration of stay, applied psychometric scale scores were also recorded. Results: Two-hundred and fourty-one cases (65.7%) attended the first two consecutive appointments, while 126 cases (34.3%) did not attend a total of 367 cases. Low socioeconomic level and alcohol use were found to be associated independently with lower attendance rates while pharmacotherapy, admission from outpatient clinic and those with first-degree relatives who had mental disorders associated independently with higher attendance rates.Conclusion: Regular and consistent follow-up after discharge from children and adolescents may be an important indicator of compliance with treatment. Studies have reported that repeated psychiatric admissions to hospital are lower among patients who are compliant with treatment compared to those who do not comply. We believe our study will contribute to the literature on understanding the attendance rates and effective factors for clinical check-ups after discharge.

Aim: Internet addiction (IA) has become an increasing problem in adolescents. However, there are few studies conducted in clinical samples and examined comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescents with IA. The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescents with IA and to compare them according to gender.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 80 adolescents aged 12-18 years. Participants with a Young Internet Addiction Scale score ≥ 50 were considered as internet addicts and were included in the study. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version was used to evaluate psychiatric disorders.Results: The study was completed with 40 male and 40 female adolescents with IA. The mean age of the participants was 14.7. 83.3% of participants use the internet every day and 46.7% of participants use the internet more than six hours a day. The mean YIAS score of the participants was 63.0. All participants met criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder. The most common comorbid psychiatric disorders were depressive disorder (37.5%), ADHD (26.2%) and anxiety disorders (23.8%). When comorbid psychiatric disorders were compared according to gender, it was found that ADHD was significantly higher in boys and depressive disorder was significantly higher in girls.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that adolescents with IA had a high rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Coexistence of addiction and psychiatric disorders has negative effects on the treatment of both addictions and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, all adolescents with IA should be evaluated for comorbid psychiatric disorders. Further studies are needed to explain the causal relationship between IA and psychiatric disorders.

Objective: Traditional peer bullying (TPB) is a worldwide problem and 20-56% of adolescents are thought to be affected. Some studies suggest that internet addiction may be related to negative behaviors such as bullying. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TPB in the clinical psychiatric sample of adolescents and to investigate the predictive effect of age, gender, psychiatric diseases and (internet addiction) IA on roles in TPB. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted with 214 adolescents in the age range of 12-16 years. Schedule for Affective Disor-ders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version were used for psychiatric evaluations of the participants. Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and Young Internet Addiction Scale were carried out to all participants. The predictive effect of age, gender, IA and psychiatric disorders on roles in TPB was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 14.5 years. According to the results of the OBVQ, 49% of the participants were involved in TPB (victims: 35%, bullies: 14%). Regression analysis revealed that age and gender had no effect on roles in TPB, but IA had a predictive effect on both victi-mization (p