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The article is devoted to the migration of Udmurts from the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the Kazakh SSR in the 1960s. from the perspective of the frontier concept. The Udmurts are one of the Finno-Ugric peoples, who are also quite large. For a long time, the Udmurts lived relatively compactly, located mainly on the territory of several subjects. The largest part was in Udmurtia, where even in 1959 76.2% of all Udmurts of the Union lived. However, already in 1970 the share had dropped to 68.7%, which was undoubtedly caused by migration. One of the main flows of migrants went to the Kazakh SSR, where virgin lands were actively being developed during this period. In just one intercensus period (from 1959 to 1970), the number of Udmurts in Kazakhstan increased fourfold. Obviously, such an increase in such a short time was ensured by migration. The purpose of the study is to consider the migration of Udmurts from the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to Kazakhstan in the 1960s. The sources of the research were mainly statistical materials: population censuses and current accounting materials. Since 1960, mechanical movement materials began to be compiled also for rural areas, which makes it possible to obtain and use more complete information about migrations. Office documentation was also used.

The article offers the previously unpublished memoirs of eleven Leningrad residents who were children during the German blockade of the city. All of them were collected in 1998-1999 by Nina Aleksandrovna Koroleva, and are today kept in her collection in the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic. After the war, Nina Aleksandrovna came to live in Udmurtia, where she started to record memories about wartime. Conventionally, her documents can be divided into two groups. The first includes the memories of those who were evacuated to Udmurtia during the Great Patriotic War. The second group consists of memories of those who ended up in the republic after the end of the war. All documents are preserved in the author's edition. The memoirs reflect childhood impressions of the siege period. Their authors share their feelings from the beginning of the blockade, and report details of their daily life during the siege; they also reveal the coping strategies of the respective families. Descriptions of the labor conducted by children invite for conclusions about their contribution to the Soviet victory. Very emotional are the reports about the lifting of the blockade. Some memoirs contain details of the evacuation from Leningrad to the mainland. From the perspective of the history of everyday life, the publication of these memoirs expands our knowledge about the Great Patriotic War and, in particular, about the blockade of Leningrad.

The article deals with the transformation of the marriage and family structures of the population of Udmurtia in the period between 1939 to 1959. Attention is paid to the study of the infl uence of the Great Patriotic War on the family and marriage in the republic. Sources used include census materials from 1939 and 1959 and statistical records from the period in question. With the beginning of the war, the number of marriages in Udmurtia sharply decreased. The smallest number of marriages was observed in 1942. In the countryside, this was a reduction of more than three times, indicating a unusually great shortage of men. A direct consequence of the war was a reduction in the average family size as well as an increase in families headed by women. By 1959, 38.5 % of families in the countryside were led by women. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, remarriages became more frequent in Udmurtia. Between 1944 and 1951 they were mostly concluded by women who presumably had lost their husbands in the fi ghting. The extramarital birth rate also sharply increased. In the post-war period, particularly in the rural areas many children were born out of wedlock. The extramarital birth rate reached its peak in 1950, when every third child in Udmurtia was born out of wedlock.