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This deliverable describes the efforts done in Task 4.1 in order to define well-oriented use cases, useful to validate the proposed HYBRIS concept, specifying all the elements needed to carry out proper simulation activities in WP 4 and field deployment and validation in WPs 5 and 6. Realistic use cases have been defined starting from the project ambitions and key performance indicators in WP1 and the battery design specifications defined in WP2. Main objectives of the demonstration & validation activities are: 1) validate all HESS and power and energy applications; 2) assess the benefits of the HESS system in the microgrid context; 3) assess the real-time operation of HESS system with respect to the power and energy applications enabled by the new hybrid solution. HYBRIS will demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HESS system through a wide set of validation activities involving 3 pilot sites (two real and one virtual) and globally covering a wide range of energy services. After an introduction of the possible energy services allowed in modern smart grids, the services chosen for each of the three pilot cases are described. The selected services explore possible point of views, covering Prosumer, Aggregator, ESCO and Energy markets perspectives. In particular, considering the HYBRIS project goal in demonstrating the added value of the proposed HESS to smart grids, the selected services will try to obtain and evidence: • an increasing use of green energy on site, with higher efficiency thanks to the energy and power managed by BESS components, • the possibility of maximization of cost for energy users and revenue for prosumers, • an important improvement in preventing occurrence of congestions or interruptions in local grid, thus increasing its reliability, • an overall increased benefit for grid capability and transmission and distribution reliability without the need for costly infrastructure investments (deferral). Finally, in order to help the possible integration of the HYBRIS HESS into a modern smart grid, a part of this Task 4.1 involves the fine tuning and final definition of the system model, used to benchmark and assess the system performance in a virtual environment. This work is done to create a digital twin HiL tool necessary to simulate and integrate the HESS in a modern smart grid in a fast and efficient way. The purpose of this deliverable in short is to: i) Define the use cases to be considered for the final deployment of the project ii) Present services to be explored in the different pilot sites, with a description of their implementation iii) Describe the developed and validated battery models with the use of digital twin approaches.

To respond to the need of flexible energy storage systems, able to provideboth power and energy services, Hybris project proposes theintegration of an organic redox flow (ORFB) battery with a lithium titanate oxide (LTO) one. Before starting with the design development (WP2), a clear picture of the current available technologies is necessary to address the integration process towards the most appropriate and feasible way. In this document, the requirements and specifications of both LTO and ORFB batteries are analysed, in terms of electrical, electronics, communication, and mechanical characteristics. Moreover, since the hybrid system will perform not only services from the owner point of view, but it will be designed to provide energy services to external requests (DSO), following the paradigm of “Energy as a Service” (EaaS), particular attention will be paid to the requirements for the interoperability. Finally, first assumptions on the technical hybridization and of the overall performance of the hybrid are part of this report.

Equilibrium Models in Economics addresses the limitations of “equilibrium models”, i.e. economics models, in which “equilibrium is a central organising idea” (the quote is from Frank Hahn; 1). Lawrence Boland’s discussion of equilibrium models focuses on the “attainment” of equilibrium: How does a model move from out-of-equilibrium (or “disequilibrium”) positions toward equilibrium? The book starts with an assessment of the “standard textbook equilibrium model” (which is presented by Boland i...