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Objective: To identify the success and resilience factors of rural enterprises in Mexico in order to contribute to the theoretical and empirical differentiation of these concepts. Design/Methodology/Approach: We used the National Network for Sustainable Rural Development Companies as a case study to formulate key questions to identify their success and business resilience factors. Results: Permanent job creation turned out to be the main success factor, and timely delivery of the product was the main resilience factor. Study Limitations/Implications: Recognizing the difference between success and resilience factors can help rural enterprises, their leaders, and decision-makers in the rural sector to understand and adjust their operating strategies based on their objectives. Findings/Conclusions: A success factor is a way to stand out among similar rural enterprises, while a business resilience factor serves to face adversity and continue over time.

Abstrac Objective: The objective of the research was to study the technological features of allspice production, to show potential areas of intervention in the crop. Methodology: The study was carried out in five of 22 producing municipalities in the state of Veracruz selected by non-probabilistic sampling; 50 surveys were applied to producers selected by the snowball method. Were data collected on the profile of the production unit and knowledge - practice of innovations. Were applied descriptive statistics; besides were calculated rates of knowledge and practice and indexes of knowledge and practice; it was made a classification of opportunity areas based on innovation diffusion theory. Results: Allspice occupies small areas and continues in a complementary role; the rates of knowledge and practice show that the categories of marketing, organization, and nutrition are the lowest; in the opposite direction are the categories of harvest, sustainable management, and agronomic management. The categories show areas of opportunity for intervention in less known and practiced innovations; as well as an opportunity for reinvention in the best-known and most practiced categories. Limitations of the study: Due to the difficult access to producer databases, it was decided to carry out a snowball sampling. Conclusion: The increase in knowledge and practice rates are determined by areas of opportunity and the rethinking of the best-known innovations. The role played by allspice, the surface area occupied, and the presence of other commercial crops may be the explanation of the productive state.

—The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation withGlomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil.We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomussp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.

— In this study, we tested the growth of two varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) cultivated in two types of soils and the effects of the inoculation of seeds with cells of bacterial strains and vermicompost. (H. sabdariffa) are a member of the Malvaceae family and an important plant because its calyxes are used to produce beverages, prepare food, in the textile industry, cosmetology, perfumery, medicine, etc. This research was carried out at the Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Mexico. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with a factorial arrangement (4x3x2): four levels of organic matter factor, three levels of bacterial strains factor, and two levels of soil factor with three repetitions. The variables tested were: germination percentage (GP), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), the number of leaves (NL), foliar area (FA cm2), radical volume (RV cm3), dry aerial part biomass weight (DAPBW), dry root biomass weight (DRBW), dry calyx biomass weight (DCBW) and chlorophyll content (CC). The effects of soil and bacterial strains showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) on the agronomic characteristics of (H. sabdariffa) plants. The organic matter factor only presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the germination percentage and growth variables of the vegetative phase. To increase crop production, the use of wastewater and microorganisms is proposed. Vermicompost exploded the percentage of germination, height, the number of leaves and stem diameter during the first weeks of growth, presenting important results in Creole variety (farmers’ local variety). By inoculating seeds with cells of bacterial strains, A9m and A7 helped significantly to stimulate plant growth, finding a better response in A9m strain. The effects of soil factor showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in soil irrigated with residual water over agronomic characteristics satisfying the nutritional requirements of the crop.

espanolEn la agricultura mexicana las unidades de produccion que predominan son las familiares, lo cual hace que la transmision de la gestion y la propiedad de estas ponga en riesgo su continuidad y competitividad. Este estudio describe los escenarios de la sucesion en tres regiones contrastantes del centro de Mexico, a partir de encuestas a productores, y genera una tipologia de productores de acuerdo con sus modalidades y perspectivas de sucesion con base en metodos multivariados. Los resultados muestran que los escenarios de sucesion prevalecientes no son planeados, bajo la expectativa de que no habra conflictos en el proceso. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de sucesion basadas en la existencia o no de un plan de sucesion y en el interes o no de continuar en la actividad agricola. Las variables mas significativas que determinan los tipos identificados son edad del productor, destino de la produccion y costo de la tierra. El tema de sucesion es poco tratado en las familias y gobiernos, sin embargo, sus implicaciones son muy importantes para el patrimonio familiar y la actividad productiva. Por ello es necesario desarrollar programas de capacitacion y asesoria a los productores sobre esta tematica EnglishIn Mexican agriculture, family farms predominate and consequently the transmission of their management and ownership affects their continuity and competitiveness. This study describes the succession scenarios in three contrasting regions of central Mexico using surveys addressed to producers and generates a producers typology according to their modalities and prospects of succession through multivariate methods. The results show that succession is not planned because there is the expectation that the process will not have any conflict. Four types of successions were identified according to the existence of a succession plan and interest of continuing in the agricultural activity. The most significant variables that explain the succession types identified are the age of the farmer, the destination of production and the cost of land. Succession is not considered by families and governments, however, its implications are important for family heritage and agricultural activity. Therefore it is necessary to develop training and advising programs to producers on this subject

Technical and entrepreneurial training was provided for two groups of young adults to prepare them for commercial production of horticultural goods under greenhouse conditions. Most participants (90%) had only basic formal education and no experience in agriculture. Both teachings were done simultaneously. Thus, they learn how to produce based on market demands, and how to operate as a business. This educational experience resulted in a high satisfaction for the participants, and gave them the skills needed for commercial production because they were able to produce and market one harvest. Their main challenge is to develop an enterprise.

Lime trees develop as shrubs, with a dense canopy and small, abundant sharp spines on all their branches. If lime trees are allowed to grow freely in deep, sandy, loam soil, with ample nutrient availability, they can reach up to 8 m tall in 12 years. Lime trees are evergreen and have functional leaves all year round. The distance between two leaves is the internode. When there is strong branch growth, internodes tend to be longer. When a terminal bud appears on a branch, thus halting new leaf production and growth of any existing ones, internodes become shorter. These are fundamental concepts that aid differentiation of the kinds of lime branches. This chapter describes the Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia [C. aurantiifolia]) branches with different types of buds and leaves, as well as the tree phenology, focusing on vegetative sprouting, flower sprouting, fruit development and maturation, and flowering management.

Mexico produces the three most important types of lime: Mexican, Persian, andItalian. Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) is the second most important in planted area.Forty-six percent of the production is intended for export. The objective of thisresearch was to analyze the Persian lime value network of the packing andexporting companies. It was conducted at the main Persian lime producing area,located in the central coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico. As an average, thesampled companies were using 55% of their packing capacity. Most of them (83%)work all year long. They have been from 6 to 15 years in operation. Theyemployed a mean of 41 people, thus they are medium-size enterprises. Fourteenactors were complementing their business in production and marketing. Therelationship between packers and the small lime producing farmers was veryinequitable. Low prices were common for Persian lime producers.The fruits theywere packing came mainly from local producers (90%).Their main exportdestinations were: United States, Europe, Canada, and Japan. Other regions areincreasing Persian lime production, threatening the marketing of the farmers of thecentral coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

The objectives of this work were to characterize strawberry growers in Zamora, Michoacan, Mexico, and to identify factors limiting produc¬tion with the methodology of innovation networks. The state of Michoacan is the largest strawberry producer in Mexico, but production is extensive and disorganized. The productive system network of strawberry has a large number of nodes, but dispersion is high. This fact is reflected in the scarce number of links (265), a low density and an elevated standard deviation (12.47 %). The centralization index is 18.36 %, in part because decision-making and access to system information in the web are concentrated in only two actors; one of them is a final buyer and the other is a local lender. The strawberry agribusinessmen from Michoacan interviewed had a mean yield of 24.44 t•ha-1. Their per hectare income was $ 9,208 USCy, but with a cost of production of $11,867 USCy and an index of innovation adoption of 55.56 %. The adoption of organizational innovations is limited. All these factors originate low macro competitiveness. It is necessary to enhance innovation to increase the competitiveness.

La presente investigación analiza la influencia de las relaciones sociales existentes al interior de un grupo de 22 productores de rambután (Nephelium lappaceum) del Soconusco, Chiapas en 2014. Se analizaron las acciones conjuntas relacionadas con la mejora de la comercialización de su producto. Se empleó la escala de construcción de vínculos relacionales para el trabajo colectivo integrada por los niveles de identificación, aportación, colaboración, cooperación y asociación. A través del análisis de redes sociales (ARS) se identificaron el número de relaciones, y los indicadores de densidad e índice de centralización por cada nivel. Los resultados indican una disminución considerable en las relaciones presentes (47, 24, 11, 6, 3) en orden ascendente de los niveles evaluados; a mayor nivel de relación, menor número de éstas. Las densidades más bajas se reportaron en los niveles de colaboración (1.6%), cooperación (0.09%) y asociación (0.07%). Se observa una fuerte desarticulación social atribuible principalmente a experiencias organizativas previas, individualismo, y visiones diferentes de la actividad productiva. Se observa un escenario de desconf ianza y def iciente compromiso entre los miembros que influye negativamente en los emprendimientos colectivos. Se concluye que es necesario realizar acciones que promuevan una mayor articulación social, conf ianza y cultura organizacional entre los productores, previo o a la par de iniciativas de integación comercial.

Tesis (Maestría en Estrategia Agroempresarial) En el municipio de Tepetlaoxtoc de Hidalgo, Estado de México, la agricultura Protegida ha crecido de manera significativa. Las subvenciones del gobierno estatal (SEDAGRO), lo que representa el 70,5% de las unidades de producción (UP), y la inversión privada lo que representa el 29,5% de los 34 invernaderos ubicados en el municipio, han contribuido a este aumento. Este documento identifica los tipos de empresas rurales, y los desafíos y oportunidades que ofrece la agricultura protegida la región estudiada. Las encuestas y se realizaron entrevistas con actores clave para definir la estructura de la red de valor de las empresas situadas en el territorio municipal. El problema central se identificó utilizando la herramienta de árbol de problemas, donde se encontraron varios factores que dieron vulnerabilidad a esta actividad. Como resultado de este análisis, esta investigación propone una estrategia de mejora basada principalmente en tres propuestas de diseño de producción en el que los productores puedan trabajar. De esta forma pueden hacer más rentables sus invernaderos, mejorando su red de conocimiento a través de asesoramiento especializado y profesional técnica. Esta estrategia está dirigida principalmente dos tipos de empresas (productores no organizados y productores de HORTEX). Por lo tanto, se sugiere comenzar la estrategia en una superficie de 500 m2 y luego crecer poco a poco hasta que cubra un área de al menos 3000 m2 . En el futuro tienen que buscar la innovación organizativa y el diseño de una propuesta de modelo de negocio con el fin de desarrollar UP competitivas. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, CONACyT