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Introduction. This article considers the issue of improving the requirements for the operational condition of public highways and streets (hereinafter referred to as highways) and railway and tram crossings based on the analysis of current legal acts, regulatory documents, technical literature, which refers to the objects of standardization, taking into account the requirements for safety and environmental protection at all stages of the road life cycle, in particular operational maintenance. Problem Statement. A significant number of traffic accidents that occurred due to defects in the components of highways require improvement in the organization and conduct of inspections and surveys of highways with the establishment of compliance of a certain number of indicators with regulatory requirements. In addition, the resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly dated 31.08.2020 No. 74/299 «Improving road safety around the world» states that deaths and serious injuries as a result of road traffic accidents can in most cases be prevented on the basis of creating a safer highway infrastructure, which also contributes to the development of regulatory documents that establish modern technical requirements for the operational condition of highways Purpose. Ensuring safety and comfortable conditions for road users, increasing the durability of highways and establishing clear and unambiguous requirements for the operational maintenance of highways.

Extraordinary threats of the large-scale stage of the Russian-Ukrainian war challenged the resilience and capability of all higher education institutions. However, their influence varied with location, infrastructure damage, internal capacity for changes and academic community resilience, external support, and solidarity initiatives. The purpose of this study is to assess the implementation of crisis management decisions and the formation of a crisis response strategy for a university in wartime (on the example of Kherson State University). The assessment draws on thematic analysis, the case method, statistical data analysis, and a survey of academic community members in 2023 (664 students and 150 staff), which focused on identifying a vision of the university’s values and strategic priorities. It showed the priorities of ensuring education quality and research, expanding international cooperation, diversifying funding, and strengthening cooperation with external stakeholders, including employers. The analysis of the university management’s actions in 2022–2024 demonstrated that the university transitioned from a resistance strategy (2022) as the first situational response to the large-scale invasion and occupation to a resilience strategy and the return to progressive development in the years ahead. The paper concludes that successful crisis management follows the key principles: flexibility, value orientation, and scaling up. It offers management guidance for developing a crisis response strategy that can be adapted to the unique needs of other universities: a comprehensive analysis of the crisis situation, crisis communication, planning of resource maintenance, and transparent and participatory decision-making for crisis management based on values and ethical implications. AcknowledgmentThis study is part of project No.101129236+DigiUni-ERASMUS-EDU-2023-CBHE). The research was partly supported by the 2024 BridgeUSA Ukrainian Academic Fellows Program, funded by the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA), with additional funding provided by Harvard University and administered by the American Councils for International Education. The opinions expressed herein are the authors’ own and do not necessarily express the views of either the Bridge USA or American Councils.The authors express their gratitude to the vice-presidents, deans of faculties, and academic and non-academic staff of Kherson State University who participated in the development of institutional documents that implement crisis management decisions presented in this paper and form a crisis response strategy for the university during martial law.

Preventing the development of immunodeficiencies in piglets after weaning is achievable through the parenteral administration of fat-soluble vitamins, macroand microelements, and by analysing their effects on the dynamics of changes in the number and functional activity of T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a complex liposomal preparation on the cellular and humoral components of the piglet immune system after weaning. A standardised methodology was used to determine the number of different populations and subpopulations of T-lymphocytes in piglet blood samples collected before and at specific intervals after weaning. The analysis of the quantitative composition of T- and B-lymphocytes and the functional activity of T lymphocytes in the blast transformation reaction was conducted using immersion microscopy of smears. The statistical processing of results was carried out through variational nonparametric analysis using biometric methods. The findings revealed that weaning from sows caused a reduction in the number of T-cells of varying degrees of avidity, a decrease in the relative number of T-suppressors in piglets’ blood, and an increase in the number of certain subpopulations of T-helper cells. Conversely, the administration of the liposomal preparation to piglets enhanced the number of various subpopulations of total and active T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in their blood after weaning and increased the activity of lymphoid cells in the blast transformation reaction with phytohaemagglutinin. The observed immunomodulatory effect of the tested drug is attributed to the synergistic combination of fat-soluble vitamins, mineral elements, and arginine in its composition, which effectively prevented the development of stress-induced immunodeficiency in piglets following weaning

The study aims to assess the role of educational institutions in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) during wartime in Ukraine. The focus is on the education sector, namely, adapting educational strategies to contemporary challenges. The paper employs a content analysis of information published by ten leading pedagogical universities in Ukraine to assess their success in implementing sustainable development goals. Special attention is given to such sustainable development goals as quality education (SDG 4), gender equality (SDG 5), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), peace and justice (SDG 16), and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17). University strategies and publication activity on addressing global sustainable development challenges in the Scopus database were analyzed. The research results demonstrate the variability of university development strategies, which determines their uneven focus on certain aspects of sustainable development. The results highlight the need to improve management strategies, integrate sustainable development principles into educational programs, and strengthen international partnerships. Finally, the study offers recommendations for further adaptation of educational institutions to changing conditions to ensure the sustainable development of Ukrainian society.

The article typifies the fiscal directions of public debt management in Ukraine in the conditions of the new economic normality and financial uncertainty caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war and other macroeconomic shocks. The accelerators of these shocks were the Ukrainian peace formula, the policy of adapting the national economic system to wartime conditions, and the triggers of post-war recovery, including those announced by the President of Ukraine, such as humanitarian demining, the reconstruction of energy facilities, and financial inclusion. The study is based on the author's adjustment model for assessing debt dynamics, which is widely used by the IMF, taking into account national specificities. The purpose of the work is to provide a long-term assessment (up to 2029) of fiscal stability, taking into account the invariance of macroeconomic factors and forecasts - GDP growth rates, inflation, exchange rate and debt structure. To this end, two target levels of public debt have been used in the study: 82% of GDP (according to IMF forecasts) and 60% of GDP (according to the Maastricht Treaty). The research methodology is based on the application of two empirical methods to assess debt dynamics: through debt issuance and financing needs. A ten-year statistical series (2015-2024) was used to construct scenarios for the evolution of debt dynamics, taking into account likely macroeconomic shocks. The modelling was grounded in the following variables: primary budget balance, effective interest rate, economic growth rate and exchange rate. Fan charts were employed to illustrate the risks and demonstrate the probability of reaching certain debt levels, depending on the invariance of the level of macroeconomic uncertainty. The findings of the study suggest that in order to attain the targeted public debt level of 82% of GDP, it is imperative to ensure an annual primary budget surplus amounting to 1.38% of GDP during the 2025–2029 period. To achieve a more ambitious goal involving a 60% of GDP target, it is necessary to establish conditions conducive to an annual surplus amounting to 2.43% of GDP. Utilising the aforementioned scenarios and macroeconomic shocks as a foundation, the article demonstrates that in the absence of fiscal correction measures, the public debt will surpass 100% of GDP by 2029. The principal risk factors identified in the study are as follows: low rates of economic growth, a high level of dependence on foreign aid, demographic challenges and high costs for meeting the needs of the security and defence forces. Empirical evidence has demonstrated that the exchange rate and the real interest rate are the predominant factors influencing debt dynamics, thereby exacerbating the debt burden. The conclusions emphasise the necessity to approximate the optimal practices of fiscal consolidation and to implement measures, including those envisaged by the National Revenue Strategy until 2030, in order to increase the revenues of the state budget of Ukraine. In addition, the introduction of a progressive scale of taxation on high incomes is justified and recommended, as are increased tax rates on real estate, rent, and natural resources, as well as increased excise taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and fuel. Furthermore, it emphasises the necessity of a gradual reduction in public expenditures, particularly in the post-war period. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic overview of the international experience of countries recovering from conflicts. It is argued that in order to ensure the stability of public finances, it is necessary to reduce expenditure on security and defence forces, and on the public sector of the economy. In this context, it is assumed that one of the conditions for the successful implementation of the fiscal correction is the completion of the active phase of the war by the end of 2025 and the consideration of additional caveats regarding the maintenance of a high debt burden in the short, medium and probably the long term perspective due to significant budgetary costs for reconstruction of infrastructure, social protection and economic development. Taking into account the new economic normality and the likely risks (threats), the authors propose to revise the macroeconomic forecasts and to develop additional scenarios for fiscal risk management, including during the preparation of public debt management programmes for 2025-2029.

The third year of the full-scale war in Ukraine has given rise to a number of new challenges for the entrepreneurial activity of the industrial sector at the regional level. The issue of economic security has become paramount for business entities, its relevance being of the utmost importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors and mechanisms that facilitate the transformation of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of Ukraine at the regional level. The subject of the present study is the theoretical foundations, modern trends and transformation factors for the mechanisms of strengthening the economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of the Ukrainian regions. The research methodology is founded on the concept of Industry 5.0 development, which involves a shift of priorities from purely economic to social values and the welfare of society. The implementation of this concept should be a goal for each region separately and the country as a whole. In order to achieve the goal, the following methods were used: analysis of theoretical sources (to determine the essence of the concept of economic security and the mechanism of its formation at the regional level, taking into account the existing ones), comparison and generalisation (to analyse the latest publications of Ukrainian scientists), graphic and statistical analysis (to determine modern trends in the development of entrepreneurship in the industrial sector of Ukraine), analysis of strategic programme documents (to identify modern strategic favourable and unfavourable factors for strengthening the economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector at the regional level). Results of the study: it is determined that the formation of economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of Ukraine at the regional level is carried out by increasing the volume of sales of products/services against the background of ensuring the resource, production, scientific, technical, human resources potential, provided that the welfare of employees and the absence of inflation; an instrumentarium for assessing the status of economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector at the regional level has been defined, which provides for the analysis of individual coefficients with a threshold value, as well as the calculation of an integral indicator of the status of economic security of entrepreneurial activity in the industrial sector of the region; the article characterises modern factors of formation of economic security of entrepreneurial activity at the level of regions of Ukraine, in particular, the most promising branches of the industrial sector for a particular region of Ukraine and the standard of living of the economically active population with the status of internally displaced persons. Conclusion. It is evident that the most promising industrial sectors for enhancing the economic security of entrepreneurial activity at the regional level are energy, agri-food, extraction of critical minerals, processing industry, and IT sphere. It is important to note that these sectors are set to develop in parallel with the support for entrepreneurial initiatives and the implementation of the "green transition" in industry. However, it is crucial to ensure that the development of these industries is accompanied by balanced support for the most vulnerable categories of the population. This support should extend beyond professional reorientation, encompassing social and everyday support to ensure the proper quality of life for these individuals.

The ongoing instability of Ukraine within the global political and economic arenas has resulted in an escalation of criminal activity within the nation. The aim of this research is to study economic crime under martial law in Ukraine and to develop effective ways of preventing it. The paper presents a systematic analysis of the state of research on economic crime under martial law in Ukraine, topical issues of economic crime prevention and its methodological tools. The dearth of research into the challenges of preventing economic crime under martial law in Ukraine, coupled with the absence of efficacious measures to address these issues, underscores the imperative for a comprehensive enhancement of the legislative framework for preventing economic crime. Consequently, the prevailing national security and defence strategy falls short in ensuring the alignment of the Ukrainian security sector with the scientific and practical imperatives. A substantial proportion of economic crime under martial law in Ukraine is latent crime, primarily attributable to two factors. Firstly, the victim's reluctance to report crimes is predominantly influenced by circumstances that are beyond their control. Secondly, and more commonly, victims are unable to report crimes committed against them, predominantly in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. The study of the state and trends of economic crime demonstrated a marked increase in the number of economic crimes, particularly fraud, during periods of martial law.

The article will consider various approaches to defining the essence of cultural and ethnic tourism, and analyse the important aspects of the proposed approaches. The importance of preserving cultural heritage at the level of international organisations is emphasised. The policy of the European Union regarding cultural and ethnic tourism is characterised. The distribution of museums by profile and regions in Ukraine in 2021 is presented. The losses suffered by museums during the military invasion of Russia into Ukraine were assessed. The SWOT analysis was performed to determine the directions of the development of cultural and ethnic tourism of Ukraine in the post-war period. Strategic directions for the development of cultural and ethnic tourism in Ukraine are proposed. Models of state regulation of the sphere of cultural and ethnic tourism are analysed. A set of tools is proposed that will ensure the effectiveness of the functioning of cultural and ethnic tourism. Open-air museums are characterised as a way of preserving tangible and intangible heritage. The distribution of open-air museums by regions of Ukraine has been made. It is proposed that tasks be solved for the full use of open-air museums in the field of cultural and ethnic tourism in Ukraine, taking into account the task of protecting cultural heritage objects from destruction during martial law.

Agricultural insurance in Ukraine remains underdeveloped, characterized by fragmented progress and significant reliance on state support, necessitating a systematic, research-based approach for its advancement. The study evaluates the sector’s development from 2014 to 2023, employing general scientific methods of cognition. Abstract and logical methods were applied to summarize results and formulate conclusions, while comparative analysis facilitated the assessment of key trends. Graphical techniques were employed to enhance the visualization of data obtained. A monographic approach was adopted to conduct an in-depth analysis of parametric insurance, complemented by a critical review of the legal framework to evaluate its influence on the sector’s development.The study reveals the limited scale of agricultural insurance relative to the agro-industrial sector’s growth, with only 3% of agricultural areas insured and agricultural insurance comprising 2% of insurers’ portfolios. The average claims payout rate is 50%, with reinsurance levels at 60%. The sector’s insurance products are categorized into two main types: classical and parametric. Parametric, index-based insurance demonstrates superior efficiency, achieving a claims ratio of 35% compared to 14% for classical models.External challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic, regulatory changes, and Russia’s military aggression, have further impeded the sector’s progress. Despite these obstacles, the study identifies promising pathways for development. These include fostering social responsibility among stakeholders, integrating digital technologies, and implementing innovative approaches to insurance practices.The study underscores the necessity to address systemic inefficiencies, adopt tailored strategies, and align insurance practices with Ukraine’s agro-industrial sector’s unique needs to enhance resilience and promote sustainable development.

The gram-scale synthesis of 6,6-difluorobicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-derived building blocks (i.e., primary amine and carboxylic acid) was performed via the deoxofluorination of the corresponding bicyclic keto ester with diethylaminosulfur trifluride (DAST). Physicochemical properties of the compounds obtained (i.e., pKa) or their model benzamide / anilide derivatives (i.e., LogP) were determined experimentally and compared to those of monocyclic and non-fluorinated bicyclic counterparts. It was found that gem-difluorination expectedly decreased the pKa values by 0.3 - 0.5 units, whereas the LogP values were decreased by 0.54 - 0.55 units. Meanwhile, the bicyclic system itself had a negligible impact on the compounds’ acidity and lipophilicity compared to the monocyclic counterparts.

Cardiac myxoma (CM) is the most common primary tumor of the heart and can be asymptomatic for a long time. CMs have an increased risk of systemic embolization, intracardiac obstruction, transient ischemic attacks, and strokes, potentially leading to patient disability and/or sudden cardiac death. The aim. To highlight the data of modern scientific literature and demonstrate a case of plastic reconstruction of the heart after resection of a large tumor. Materials and methods. We report a case of incidentally discovered left atrial myxoma in a 67-year-old woman with no significant medical history. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large mass located in the left atrium. An open surgical intervention was performed, during which the giant CM was completely removed. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was discharged on the 7th day of the postoperative period without any complaints. Also, we carried out a comprehensive search and analysis of previously published cases of asymptomatic myxomas and methods of their surgical treatment in the scientific literature of the main electronic databases. Results. In our proposed report, a satisfactory clinical outcome was obtained in a patient with giant myxoma who underwent open cardiac surgery. According to the current literature, transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the heart are the gold standards for the diagnosis of heart neoplasms, which corresponded to our diagnostic algorithm. In the opinion of most specialists, the minimally invasive approach is a promising and attractive treatment method for surgeons, however, a complete median sternotomy remains the standard approach in patients with CMs. Conclusions. Asymptomatic CM is a rare incidental finding with a high probability of serious adverse cerebral and cardiovascular events. Early diagnosis of CM is crucial to prevent life-threatening complications, and the most valuable tool is transthoracic echocardiography. The strategy of surgical treatment varies depending on their size and anatomical localization, in particular, resection of large and septal myxomas is usually performed through median sternotomy.

The aim. To investigate the association of microcirculation parameters with deaths in patients with coronary artery disease and COVID-19. Materials and methods. From January 2020 to December 2022, 79 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) without COVID-19, 127 patients with CAD and COVID-19, and 180 patients with COVID-19 without CAD were examined at the clinical sites of the Bogomolets National Medical University. The control group consisted of 37 healthy volunteers. Digital capillaroscopy (DC) was performed to assess the caliber and length of arterial and venous parts of the capillaries, as well as velocity of red blood cells therein. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure the microcirculation index and capillary blood flow reserve. Wavelet analysis of the basal LDF signal was also performed and the maximum amplitudes of fluxmotions were measured: endothelial, neurogenic, myogenic, respiratory, and cardiac. All the patients underwent transcranial Doppler monitoring to detect microembolic signals. Results. The greatest damage to the microcirculatory bed was observed in patients with CAD and COVID-19. The risk of death was 6.3% in patients with CAD, 22% in those with CAD combined with COVID-19, and 6.1% in patients with COVID-19. According to the LDF, the risk of death increases at certain values of flux amplitudes, and according to the DC, with a decrease in capillary caliber and blood flow velocity. The index of mortality risk assessment was proposed with the consideration of amplitudes of neurogenic fluxmodes, caliber of venous part of the capillaries, velocity of red blood cells in arterial part of the capillaries, microcirculation index and presence of CAD and/or COVID-19. Conclusions. In patients with CAD and COVID-19, deterioration of microcirculation regulation, decreased erythrocyte velocity and increased microembolic signals were found. It is proposed to use the index for assessing the risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19.

The updated 2021 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors introduces, for the first time, an age-based approach to glioma classification, leveraging advances in molecular biology and epigenetics of CNS tumors. This classification groups gliomas within the category "Gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, and neuronal tumors," distinguishing between adult-type and pediatric-type diffuse gliomas, corresponding to low-grade and high-grade malignancies (LGG and HGG), highlighting the fundamental role of age in gliomagenesis. A review of current literature deepens the understanding of age-related characteristics, differences, and patterns in gliomagenesis across age groups, which is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Pediatric-type and adult-type low-grade gliomas (pLGG and aLGG) differ in location, biological behavior, and molecular-genetic profiles. Inherited syndromes (e.g., NF-1, TSC) associated with glioma development are linked to specific LGG subtypes occurring in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Moreover, pLGG differs from aLGG in its potential for malignant transformation and spontaneous regression, as well as in mutations affecting the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. While pediatric-type and adult-type high-grade gliomas (pHGG and aHGG) share histological features, they differ in location, biological behavior, molecular-genetic profiles, and prognosis. A major distinction between aHGG and pHGG lies in mutations such as IDH 1/2, EGFR gene expression, TERT mutations, chromosome alterations (+7/-10), and TP53 mutations, all contributing to a poorer prognosis in HGG gliomas. Additionally, changes in histone proteins H3.3 or 3.1 (H3.3 K27 and H3 G34) in pHGG, as opposed to aHGG, carry diagnostic and prognostic significance. An analysis of data on glioma epidemiology, risk factors, and characteristic molecular-genetic features considering age is provided. The next publication will cover certain clinical aspects of this issue.

The article explores the importance and relevance of PR strategies in the contemporary theater environment. It examines the approaches and tools theaters can use to attract, retain, and engage with audiences in an era of rapidly changing technologies and cultural trends. The article reveals the importance of analyzing the need to understand the target audience and studying its expectations for further developing individual strategies. The article explores approaches to using social networks and the Internet for active audience interaction, particularly through regular publications, video content, and interaction in the virtual environment. The article examines the importance of organizing events and participating in festivals to attract attention and build a positive image of the theater. Particular attention is paid to content marketing and the creation of interesting and informative material that broadens the audience's understanding of theater art. Partnerships and cooperation with the media are analyzed as a strategy to increase the reach and interest in theater performances. In addition, innovations and technologies, such as virtual reality, can make theater experiences more immersive and accessible to different groups of viewers. All aspects are considered in the context of the importance of adaptation of theaters to modern challenges, including changes in consumer habits and rapidly changing cultural trends. The study's findings emphasize that theater PR must be flexible, innovative, and open to experimentation in today's world. An important role is played by constant study of the audience and adaptation to its changing preferences and behavior. Thus, theaters will be able to survive and thrive, actively developing their connection with the audience in the era of digitalization and global changes.

This article focuses on modeling vehicle acceleration noise in different road conditions, emphasizing urban, highway, and rural roads in Ukraine. Acceleration noise, which refers to the fluctuations in a vehicle's acceleration, is a critical factor in vehicle safety, fuel efficiency, and driving comfort. The research aims to improve current vehicle dynamics models by integrating multi-body dynamics and machine learning algorithms, allowing for more precise predictions of acceleration variability in real-time. The study is based on the existing literature, showing that road surface quality significantly affects acceleration noise. With frequent stop-and-go traffic, urban roads produce moderate but irregular noise patterns. Highways show stable acceleration noise at moderate speeds, but noise increases sharply as vehicles approach higher speeds due to aerodynamic forces. Rural roads, especially those in poor condition, exhibit the highest variability in acceleration noise, even at low speeds. The proposed model has been validated using real-world data. It demonstrates a strong correlation between the predictions and actual vehicle behavior on various road types. One of the key innovations in this research is the use of machine learning to adjust model parameters in real-time dynamically. This adaptive approach enhances the model’s accuracy and applicability, especially in intelligent transport systems. The model can inform traffic management strategies, allowing for real-time adjustments to speed limits, traffic signals, and routing decisions based on road conditions. This contributes to safer, more efficient, and sustainable transport systems, particularly in regions with inconsistent road infrastructure. The research concludes that integrating acceleration noise modeling into intelligent transport systems can significantly improve traffic flow and vehicle safety. Future research will expand the dataset to include a broader range of vehicle types and road conditions, further refining the model's predictive capabilities.

Considering Ukraine’s corruption scandals at all levels of public governance, combating corruption and enhancing transparency have become a pivotal factor in maintaining the trust of Ukrainian citizens and foreign partners in central and local authorities. It is also an essential prerequisite for Ukraine’s prospective membership in the EU and the allocation of financial assistance from external donors. The study aims to examine how transparency in local governance influences the level of corruption in regional cities of Ukraine. The paper examines how transparency in local authorities relates to different types of corruption, including bribery within municipal services, healthcare, and other public sectors. Utilizing panel data from 24 Ukrainian cities collected between 2017 and 2020 (all-Ukrainian sociological municipal survey and project ‘Transparent, Financially Sound and Competitive Local Governments in Ukraine’), the study employs both random and fixed-effects panel regression analyses to assess the impact of various governance indicators on corruption levels across different sectors, including municipal services, healthcare, and education. The findings suggest that higher transparency of the local authorities is generally associated with lower levels of bribery in the housing and communal services sector (estimation coefficient = –0.204226), in registration and licensing institutions (–0.5353756), in healthcare institutions (–0.2032171), and experience of bribing local authorities (–0.2505674). The analysis concludes that enhancing transparency may significantly reduce corrupt practices within local government operations, thereby strengthening public trust and bringing Ukraine closer to meeting European Union standards. AcknowledgmentSerhiy Lyeonov, Serhii Drozd, and Yaroslаv Reshetniak thank the project 0123U101945 “National security of Ukraine through prevention of financial fraud and money laundering: war and post-war challenges” for carrying out their part of this research. This study was funded by the European Union grant “NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia” (No. 09I03-03-V01-00130) and project VEGA – 1/0392/23 “Changes in the approach to the creation of companies’ distribution management concepts influenced by the effects of social and economic crises caused by the global pandemic and increased security risks.”

The article explores the latest work of the contemporary Ukrainian writer Maria Matios – “Moms”, in which the author continues the study of female trauma, which has remained overlooked by literary schol- ars until now. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to identify the genre-compositional and artistic-im- agery aspects through which the theme of “maternal loss” is developed in Matios’s work. The objective of the study is to examine how, through narrative strategy realised in compositional mastery and in the spec- ificity of artistic imagery of the work, the author transforms her own traumatic experience into the discov- ery of therapeutic possibilities. To achieve the set purpose, the authors resorted to the methodology of trauma studies. Authors also employed various interpretative methods, including psychoanalysis, hermeneutics, receptive aesthetics, interpretative, and structural analysis. The study of the genre-compositional and artistic-imagery features of Maria Matios’s work “Moms” reveals the writer’s skill in addressing the “maternal loss” theme. The work of the writer chosen for the study is distinguished by a special composition, a specific nar- rative structure due to the inclusion of the author’s personal traumatic experience in the artistic fabric. “Moms” is a real “way out of silence” and a narrative practice of overcoming the repressive effects of trau- ma; it is notable for its emotional and figurative component, as well as for its genre specificity (the author’s definition of “drama in six acts”) and architectonics. The common theme here unites six separate parts, two of which form a circular frame and unfold according to the musical principle of lyrical prose composi- tion. The plot revolves around the stories of five mothers, not only different in social status, time of trau- ma-loss, and openness of their inner world to the reader, but also united by the trauma of losing their dear- est ones – their sons. In Maria Matios’s novel, trauma emerges as “the central intra-textual category” (Olivier), and it defi- nitely determines the narrative strategy. While the narrative organisation of the first short story is formed as an internal monologue, the other four short stories, which constitute the actual plot of the work, are dominated by dialogues combined with an internal monologue, which often transforms into a stream of consciousness. The narrative strategy of overcoming the repressive effect of trauma is determined by the genre and compositional specificity of the work: the author’s definition of “drama in six acts” emphasises the cate- gory of the tragic as one of the fundamental factors of human existence in the artistic world of the novel. However, based on the traditional interpretation of literary categories and genres in literary criticism, we classify this work as a novel in short stories, and, in terms of emotional tension, a novel-drama. The specificity of the composition of the work lies primarily in the fact that each part of it – a sepa- rate short story – has its own structure of a completely independent, complete literary text, while the ar- chitectonics of the entire work is characterised by an orientation towards enhancing the emotional and fig- urative, lyricised component combined with the plot. Each of the short stories has its own temporal and spatial framework (while in “Mom Verontsia” it is limited to one day, the chronotope of the short story “Mom Mykhailyna” covers the period “between 1952 to 2015”). Moreover, certain fragments of one nov- el have their own specific model of chronotope (the climactic episode in “Mom Mykhailyna” clearly resem- bles the “The Road to Calvary”; “Mom Sidoniia” contains an allusion to the “The Virgin’s Walk Through the Torments”). The time-space framework of the whole novel unfolds in the final section, where the allusion to Michelangelo’s “Pietà” expands the narrative’s scope to the dimensions of eternity. The space of memo- ry in Maria Matios’s work is marked by “mnemonic marks”: the locus of the cemetery, the image of a can- dle, the White Dove, a viburnum bush, and towels on the crosses of unmarked graves. The main compositional technique in the novel used by the author is contrast, which is manifested in compositional elements, narrative strategy, and the lexical coloring of the dialogues. Contrast also serves as the main principle of developing the internal monologue-stream of consciousness of the protagonists, reproducing the depth of their pain. The analysis of the psychological modeling of the work’s figurative sys- tem reveals the representation of trauma through the use of elements of expressionist poetics (in “Mom Mykhailyna”) and oneirism (in “Mom Maria”), emphasising the state of altered consciousness, suffocation, and the contrast between screaming and whispering. The artistic world of Maria Matios’s novel is also rich in speaking signs and symbols. The depth of the trauma is also conveyed through the use of psychologically charged metaphors and similes that encode a sense of distress. The symbolism of such image-signs expres- sively fills the textual world in the novel with the memory of the body, they reveal the spontaneous bodily expression of the traumatised individual and unfolding the semantic fabric of the act.

The safety of road freight transport is an important component of the safety management system. The safety basis of freight transport is risk assessment. However, existing models for their assessment operate with static dangerous factors that increase the probability of a dangerous event and the severity of its consequences. The transportation process is characterized by dynamic changes in dangerous factors, which requires appropriate improvement of existing approaches. For this, the relationship between the risk of a hazardous event (road accident) and the negative impact of dangerous factors was determined. This made it possible to develop a model for assessing the risk of road accidents, as a cumulative effect of risks from all dangerous external and internal factors, taking into account dangerous actions and without actions of drivers during cargo transportation. To propose a process of occupational risk management taking into account the change in the influence of dangerous factors on the probability of the occurrence of a hazardous event and the degree of severity of injuries from it, based on the matrix for determining the risk of changing dangerous factors over time. To introduce the division of all dangerous factors into static, which do not change (almost do not change) over time during the year, and dynamic ones - which are changed in a period from one hour to a year, which will allow to determine the overall level of risk from the cumulative impact of dangerous factors, considering all combinations of their manifestation.

Introduction. As a result of a large-scale armed attack on the sovereign territory of Ukraine and active hostilities, most of the military, civilian and infrastructure facilities have been significantly destroyed or damaged. In such circumstances, it is important to have methodological approaches to determining the amount of damage caused by hostilities and further economic assessment of the damage. Problem Statement. Consideration of this topic is the need to clearly define methodological approaches to determining the amount of damage and losses caused to roads as a result of active hostilities. Purpose. To formulate methodological approaches to determining the amount of damage caused by hostilities and further economic assessment of the damage caused. The accuracy and validity of the methodological approach determines the admissibility of the reliability of the calculation and determination of the amount of funds. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to establish definitions of the concepts of "damage" and "losses", since these are different concepts and should be clearly understood by all professionals who will assess the amount of damage. Materials and methods. The article uses a systematic approach, which is a set of general scientific methodological principles (requirements) based on the consideration of objects as systems. The priority of this process is to ensure an adequate level of data objectivity, timeliness and relevance of the processed information.

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to develop measures to ensure the development of construction enterprises (BE), using modern intellectual economic systems. Problem Statement. Proposed measures to ensure the development of construction enterprises, which are aimed at the formation and implementation of intelligent economic systems, the creation of a basis for the growth of the completeness and quality of economic support, the use of geo-informational tools, the construction and improvement of the security and information system, the improvement of social security and standards. Purpose. Economic and mathematical modeling of the development of construction enterprises, taking into account the peculiarities of the formation of intelligent economic systems. Materials and methods. The article achieves the goal of economic-mathematical modeling of the integral indicator of the development of construction enterprises, taking into account the peculiarities of the formation of intelligent economic systems. Solved tasks regarding the assessment of the integral indicator of BP development; development of an economic-mathematical model of the influence of the integral factor of the formation of intellectual economic systems on the general indicator of the development of construction enterprises; formation of measures regarding the development of construction enterprises based on the results of economic and mathematical modeling of the relevant factors.

Problem Statement. Observation of the performance of objects restored by cold recycling technology shows that more attention should be paid to diagnosing the condition of existing pavement and predicting the processes that cause premature deterioration. Purpose. To find solutions to clarify the condition of the existing pavement and to determine in more detail the factors of deterioration. Research methods. Analytical and experimental with the use of computer modeling. Conclusions. Based on the results of the research, an algorithm for conducting the survey was developed, which consists of two consecutive stages. This algorithm is based on the results of the first stage of the survey that provides that not only data are collected, but also envisages that a program for the second stage of the survey is drawn up. Based on the results of the second stage of the survey, a plan diagram of the same type of road sections is formed, the need for additional preparatory work to eliminate local areas with deterioration is determined, and constructive and technological solutions for the repair of pavement using cold recycling technology are developed with the determination of the depth of milling, the amount and composition of stone materials that are additionally added to the mixture, the composition of the binder, etc.

The study aimed to determine the typological structure of the Starohut forest massif within the Desniansko-Starohutskyi National Nature Park based on the Ukrainian school of forest typology by Alekseev-Pogrebnyak. The massif covers an area of 6,778.8 hectares. The following trophotopes were identified in the study area: bors, subors, and sugruds. Bors, consisting of pine communities with some birch, occupy dry and fresh hygrotopes on flat terrain, covering 1.8 hectares or 0.02% of the total forest area. Subors, comprising pine-oak communities with birch and aspen, are found in fresh, moist, damp, and swamp hygrotopes, covering 4,510.1 hectares or 66.53% of the territory. Sugruds, consisting of oak-pine-lindenmaple forests on plains and aspen-birch-linden-maple forests in depressions, cover 2,266.9 hectares or 33.44% of the Starohut forest massif. No gruds were identified. The study found that the primary forest-forming species in the national park is Pinus sylvestris, occupying 5,092.7 hectares. Betula pendula covers 1,207.1 hectares, Alnus glutinosa – 201.4 hectares, Picea abies – 111.5 hectares, and Quercus robur – 90.0 hectares. Other tree species are sparsely represented. In the protected area of the park, fresh subors and sugruds dominate, including a mixture of birch, black alder, and spruce over a total area of 1,181.1 hectares, along with moist pine-birch-alder-oak subors and sugruds covering 849.4 hectares. The recreational zone is dominated by fresh hygrotopes with subors and sugruds totalling 2,336.4 hectares. In the economic zone, subors and sugruds prevail on fresh sandy soils, totalling 430.7 hectares. The results support the restoration of natural forest types in areas affected by large-scale fires in 2023-2024 and other anthropogenic influences

The effects of temperature (room temperature, 350 °C, 550 °C) on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of reduced activation ferritic/martensite steel (RAFM) were investigated using tensile experiments and theoretical calculations. The contribution of each strengthening factor to the yield strength at room temperature was calculated and then compared with the experimentally measured yield strength. The calculated results showed that the theoretical yield strength was coincide with the experimental yield strength, and the strengthening effect at room temperature was dominated by dislocation strengthening, followed by grain refinement strengthening and precipitation strengthening. The stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures were plotted, and then could be fitted well according to the two-stage Ramberg-Osgood model. The effect of microstructure evolution at elevated temperatures on RAFM strength was then analyzed according to the improved Crussar-Jaoul method and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It was found that in the medium-temperature region (350 °C), the effect of dynamic strain aging (DSA) allowed the dislocations to be uniformly distributed within the lath, improving the pinning effect of the dislocations, so the yield strength increased as well as the elongation decreased. In the high-temperature region (550 °C), dislocations accumulated at the grain boundaries. Then, the pinning effect was weakened, and the yield strength decreased substantially.

This study aimed to analyse the impact of physical training on the formation of soft skills and self-regulation in high school students. It examined key competencies such as leadership, communication, emotional intelligence, and self-regulation, using literature analysis, theoretical synthesis, and a review of physical education practices to identify effective methods for skill formation. The study results confirm that various types of physical activity, such as sports, yoga and cycling, contribute to developing leadership, communication and cooperation skills. It highlights how integrating physical exercises and sports into the curriculum fosters independence, stress resilience, and academic success. Analysis of international Eurobarometer data demonstrated a close connection between students' physical activity and their psychological state, improved academic achievement and ability to manage stress. Integrating balanced programmes into the school system can effectively improve the quality of education and develop well-rounded students ready to meet the challenges of modern society. The findings emphasize the need for investments in education that support holistic student development, blending physical, emotional, and social growth. In conclusion, systematic physical education significantly enhances both personal qualities and academic outcomes, with future research needed to design and test innovative programmes focused on students' comprehensive well-being and success.

The article is devoted to the use of 5G networks in the field of telemedicine, namely for the deployment of telemonitoring clusters with a high density of telemedicine sensors and detectors. As part of the study, the possibility of fifth-generation technology for organizing a telemonitoring system was assessed, provided that a guaranteed data transfer rate is ensured, considering the simultaneous connection of many devices and sensors. The assessment was carried out considering that any device within the cluster is a potential source of additional electromagnetic interference and affects other devices. The telemonitoring system based on fifth-generation networks was modeled for different initial conditions (distance to the base station, interference power, etc.) under the influence of intra-system interference. The distribution of intra-system interference sources and their distance to the object of study is realized as a random process based on the Monte Carlo method. The results obtained show that the actual throughput of a telemedicine network based on 5G technology largely depends on the number of sources of intra-system interference, which in turn affects the capacity of the telemonitoring cluster (number of endpoints) and the actual density of endpoints is several times less than stated by the technology developers.

Gestation length is a complex polygenic trait in sows that significantly determines their productive characteristics and influences foetal development during the embryonic period. This study aimed to analyse the effects of genotypic factors (breed of the sow and sire boar) and environmental factors (year and season of farrowing) on the variability of gestation length in sows and to determine the nature of its association with litter traits at birth using a meta-analysis algorithm. The analysis was based on primary data regarding reproductive traits in the main herd of the private joint-stock company “Plemzavod “Stepnoi”, Zaporizhzhia Region, collected from 2010 to 2013. The mean gestation length for the animals in the study herd was 115.9 ± 0.04 days, with a range of 110 to 121 days. Gestation length exhibited a very low level of inter-individual variability, with a coefficient of variation of only 1.65%. Duroc sows exhibited shorter gestation lengths, lower total litter sizes, and fewer live piglets per litter at birth compared to Landrace sows (in all cases: P < 0.001). A significant influence of the sire boar’s breed on the reproductive traits of sows was established, except for gestation length and total litter size. The longest gestation lengths were recorded during the winter months, whereas the best performance in other reproductive traits was observed in the spring. Meta-analysis revealed that the “general” estimates of the phenotypic correlation coefficient between gestation length and total litter size, the number of live piglets, and total litter weight at birth were significant and negative. In contrast, the correlation between gestation length and the average birth weight of live piglets was significant and positive

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intercritical annealing temperature on stability of retained austenite and tensile deformation mechanism of intercritical annealing quenching and partitioning (IQ&P) steels. By varying the intercritical annealing temperatures (700 °C and 750 °C), the following results were observed. The microstructure of experimental steels was examined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscope. With the decrease of intercritical annealing temperature from 750 °C to 700 °C, the content of retained austenite is doubled, and the microstructure is obviously refined. The mechanical properties of the test steel were tested by tensile test. The results demonstrate that the sample annealed at 700 °C showed the best product of tensile strength and elongation, which was above 34 GPa⋅% (ultimate tensile strength: 1016 MPa, total elongation: 33.5%). The fracture structure and morphology of the tensile specimens were examined to explore the key factors affecting the strength and plasticity of IQ&P steel. During the tensile process, the specimens annealed at lower temperatures maintained a better Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship between the γ and α phases. In addition, the combination of a uniform distribution of microscopic stress and strain, a smaller difference in hardness between the phases and increased activation of multiple slip systems allows a greater amount of retained austenite in the low-temperature annealed specimens to be continuously subject to the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect during the tensile process. The refinement of the microstructure and retained austenite grains could occur TRIP and TWIP effects in a more sustainable way, ultimately leading to more excellent comprehensive mechanical properties of the 700 °C annealed test steels.

The subject of this study is the process of synthesizing a graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model with an open architecture for the knowledge base of a university lecturer. The purpose of the proposed model is to develop a lecturer’s knowledge base using a graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model. The objectives of this study include: analysis of existing approaches to the formation of information management systems for organizing the educational process in higher education institutions; definition of the research methodology; analysis of the integrated four-factor architecture of the knowledge model about the existence and activities of the socio-economic ecosystem; formation of a three-factor logical-semantic knowledge representation model based on the results of the analysis; presentation of the practical implementation of the three-factor logical-semantic knowledge representation model for the lecturer’s knowledge base; and summarizing the research results and outlining future directions in the field of knowledge modeling for knowledge bases with open architecture. The methods used include an approach that identifies general patterns and hypotheses underlying the construction of lecturers’ knowledge bases to organize the educational process in higher education institutions. The theoretical foundation proposes using a logical-semantic model of semiotics knowledge because all known logical and logical-semantic knowledge models are representative objects of semiotics. The following results were obtained. The current focus of implementing information technologies in educational activities is on organizing educational processes in a distance format. At the same time, an important aspect of lecturers’ work—providing information supports for their methodological activities—has been overlooked. This work involves preparing initial materials, processing them, and forming the corresponding final materials in the form of textbooks, educational aids, lecture notes, methodological guidelines, and presentations. This paper proposes an architecture for a three-factor graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model, which defines an algorithm to form the corresponding knowledge base. According to the authors, this knowledge base can be best implemented in Microsoft Excel. The advantage of this knowledge base model is its open architecture, as users hold administrator rights over the knowledge base. The user makes decisions about including relevant knowledge elements in the knowledge base. The inclusion of the "Students" factor in the knowledge base and subsequent recording of their participation results in classes ensures the possibility of providing these results to department and faculty management for further analysis. Conclusions. The architecture of the graphical logical-semantic knowledge representation model and its corresponding knowledge base ensures the resolution of tasks related to the preparation of methodological support for courses. It can also complement existing LMS (Learning Management Systems) and LCMS (Learning Content Management Systems). The next step in using the formed knowledge bases for relevant educational components (courses) is to create department knowledge based on these knowledge bases. This ensures the formation and preservation of the department's intellectual potential and transferability.

The subject of this paper is to develop a method for synthesizing stable neural network controllers with optimization of transient process parameters. The goal is to develop a method for synthesizing a neural network controller for control systems that guarantees the closed-loop system stability through automated selection of Lyapunov function with the involvement of an additional neural network trained on the data obtained in the solving process the integer linear programming problem. The tasks to be solved are: study the stability of a closed-loop control system with a neural network controller, train the neurocontroller and Lyapunov neural network function, create an optimization model for the loss function minimization, and conduct a computational experiment as an example of the neural network stabilizing controller synthesis. The methods used are: a neural network-based control object simulator training method described by an equations system taking into account the SmoothReLU activation function, a direct Lyapunov method to the closed-loop system stability guarantee, and a mixed integer programming method that allows minimizing losses and ensuring stability and minimum time regulation for solving the optimization problem. The following results were obtained: the neural network used made it possible to obtain results related to the transient process time reduction to 3.0 s and a 2.33-fold reduction in overregulation compared to the traditional controller (on the example of the TV3-117 turboshaft engine fuel consumption model). The results demonstrate the proposed approach's advantages, remarkably increasing the dynamic stability and parameter maintenance accuracy, and reducing fuel consumption fluctuations. Conclusions. This study is the first to develop a method for synthesizing a stabilizing neural network controller for helicopter turboshaft engines with guaranteed system stability based on Lyapunov theory. The proposed method's novelty lies in its linear approximation of the SmoothReLU activation function using binary variables, which allowed us to reduce the stability problem to an optimization problem using the mixed integer programming method. A system of constraints was developed that considers the control signal and stability conditions to minimize the system stabilization time. The results confirmed the proposed approach's effectiveness in increasing engine adaptability and energy efficiency in various operating modes.

Cargo delivery is one of the most popular areas of application of aircraft-type UAVs with the Ardupilot control system. Autonomous missions performed by such UAVs are associated with the need to determine the point of discharge of unguided cargo, which significantly affects the accuracy of its delivery. However, Ardupilot is not equipped with a software module for determining the point of discharge of unguided cargo, and such additional software is recommended to be developed in Lua. Known software modules for determining the point of discharge of UAVs, as a rule, perform a cyclic solution of a complex system of differential equations of cargo motion, which requires significant hardware resources. However, for heights up to 400 m relative to the ground surface, it is possible to use simplified analytical expressions of cargo motion with a delivery accuracy of ±5 m to increase the efficiency of the specified software module. Therefore, the object of research is the process of determining the point of discharge of unguided cargo from an aircraft-type UAV using a Lua script. The subject of research is a computer model of the movement of unguided cargo in Lua, on the basis of which the point of discharge is determined. The aim of the work is to develop a software module in Lua to determine the point of dropping an unguided cargo from an aircraft-type UAV with the ArduPilot control system by using simplified equations of motion of the cargo at altitudes up to 400 m. The following results were obtained: a general algorithm for the operation of the software module for determining the point of dropping an unguided cargo was developed, a Lua script was developed to determine the point of dropping from heights up to 40 m, a Lua script was developed to determine the point of dropping from heights from 40 to 400 m relative to the ground surface, a Lua script was provided to determine the point of dropping from heights above 400 m relative to the ground surface, and the user interface of the software module was implemented. Conclusion: a software module was developed in Lua to determine the point of dropping an unguided cargo from an aircraft-type UAV with the Ardupilot control system. A feature of this software is the use of different approaches to determining the point of dropping in the intervals of heights up to 40 m, from 40 to 400 m and more than 400 m relative to the ground surface. This makes this software module more effective at low altitudes.

The purpose of the article is to study the psychological and neuro-psycho­logical nature and strategies of cognitive and information warfare in the Ukrai­nian context in 2024, as well as the formation of a theoretical basis for individu­al, personal changes, transformations of personality, as a negative consequence of destructive influence of the methods of propaganda, misinformation and methods of manipulation on the individual’s self-consciousness, brain, cognitive functions, emotional and volitional sphere of a personality during extreme and risky combat operations. Methods of the research. The theoretical and methodological base of the research consists of a set of theoretical and empirical methods: theoretical-methodological analysis, generalization, systematization, surveys, interviews, test methods, project method, Rorschach projective technique, genetic-creative approach (S.D. Maksymenko) and principles of its construction: development; experiencing freedom; technologies, methods of disinformation and propa­ganda; self-regulation of behavior; interactions; uncertainty and indeterminism; therapeutic action through the prism of digital technologies; basic philosophical, psychological, sociological principles of understanding the problem of cognitive and information warfare. The results of the research. For Ukraine, countermeasures against cogni­tive and informational warfare are of crucial importance for ensuring national security and protecting democratic values. Effective countermeasures require cooperation between government structures, civil society and international partners. Conclusions. The cognitive-informational war (CIW) in 2023-2024 is an important aspect of the modern world order, especially in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. This is a complex mechanism of manipulating the con­sciousness of Ukrainians, which uses various methods and tools to achieve its invasive goals, leading to the transformation of cognitive and behavioral trans­formations of a personality. It has been established that the influence of the cognitive and informational warfare on Ukrainian society is manifested through the division and polariza­tion, undermining trust in the authorities, destabilizing the political situation, and reducing the fighting spirit of the Ukrainian army. However, according to the mentioned plan, there are measures that can reduce the negative impact of CIW, such as the development of critical thinking and media literacy, detection and countering of disinformation, protection of cyber security and support of freedom of speech and pluralism of opinion. The future prospects of the development of cognitive and informational warfare will be reflected in the constant growth of technologies and changes in the strategies of conducting information warfare. Therefore, it is important to constantly update and adapt countermeasures to new challenges. It has been found in order to counteract effectively against CIW, it is necessary to combine technological and psychological approaches, develop critical thinking and media literacy of population, and create effective mechanisms to counter disinforma­tion and manipulation.

The study aims to examine the impact of risk factors of Ukrainian advertising and marketing companies on their financial performance (ROA and ROE). The study was conducted using ordinary least squares regression analysis based on an examination of the activities of 435 companies in 2022. The total number of risk factors (Risk Total) and the ten most common risk factors (10 fixed risk factors) associated with the activities of Ukrainian advertising and marketing companies, calculated using the YouControl database, were selected as independent variables. 10 fixed risk factors were interpreted as dummy variables, which allowed incorporating qualitative information about risk factors of Ukrainian advertising and marketing companies into regression analysis models. Control variables (company age, company size, financial leverage, population at the place of company registration, and total solvency ratio) were added to enhance the determination level of the models. Of these, the statistically significant ones were Company size, which increases ROA and ROE; Financial leverage, which increases ROE; and Company age, which decreases ROE. Of the 11 independent variables that characterized companies’ risk factors, only three were confirmed to significantly impact financial performance indicators (risk factor “Location in the housing stock” reduces ROA and ROE; risk factor “Frequent institutional changes” increases ROA; risk factor “Found match by full name with a politically exposed person” reduces ROE).

The characteristics of composite inclusions between atomic interfaces has been investigated by combining high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) with first-principles computations. The characteristics of the composite inclusions reveal a core of Ca2Al2O5, with CaS and TiN adhering to its surface. According to mismatch degree theory and SEM characterization, the nucleation rate increases with a decreasing degree of mismatch. Notably, the adhesion work of the Ca2Al2O5/CaS interface is greater than that of the Ca2Al2O5/TiN interface, demonstrating the stronger bond strength of the Ca2Al2O5/CaS interface. The prediction of the lowest interfacial energy shows that a stable interface can form between Ca2Al2O5 and MX. Hence, Ca2Al2O5 can be effectively utilized as a nucleation side for CaS (TiN). The present work provides valuable theoretical and technical information for knowledge-based design and prediction of composite inclusion regulation for structural steels, especially for marine engineering steels.

Businesses of all kinds are breaching into Industry 5.0, and they require pursuing digital transformation (DT) with great aggression as it provides them the leverage in getting a competitive advantage, more numbers on top line as revenue, and much deeper relationships from a customer standpoint. DT is a far-reaching organizational change necessitating the integration of technologies such as blockchain, IoT, AI, and Cloud Computing. The article aims to emphasize the importance of theoretical frameworks to guide successful DT in organizations. It critiques the role of these frameworks in addressing common challenges seen in DT programs. The study reviews and analyses a range of theoretical frameworks such as Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Task-Technology fit, and the Unified Theory of acceptance and use technology (UTAUT) extensively. This article reviews existing models and synthesizes their findings from thorough research in a wide range of organizational environments to understand how they can be applied and have been used within DT projects. The proposed article asserts that the main reason behind most of the failure of DT initiatives is planning which does not take into account many strategic factors and one of those factors are flexible organization and cultural integration. This concludes how the ever-ongoing problem of adopting technology is no longer unexplored by stating that TAM, TTF, and UTAUT can be successfully used to let organizations overcome these hurdles. The article underscores the need for strategic, culturally appropriate approaches to DT and highlights that theoretical underpinnings are integral in this effort. By embedding TAM, TTF, and UTAUT into a typical DT strategy, the way businesses navigate their complex environment in time is more likely to acknowledge where technological development should align with strategic goals as well as cultural values.

Background. Ukraine’s support for sustainable development strategies and European integration processes requires the training of specialists engaged in sustainable development educational activities. Objectives. The study aimed to show the impact of the experimental methodological system on the forming the practical component of physical education for future physical education and sports specialists’ readiness for educational activities contributing to sustainable development. Materials and methods. The study involved 390 students from the faculties of physical education of the T. H. Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Colehium”, the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Sumy State University, and Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A. S. Makarenko, future specialists in physical culture and sports. The students were informed about the features of the study and voluntarily participated in the pedagogical experiment. The participants of the study are represented by both sexes of different courses, from which the control and experimental groups were formed. The research methods used include the study and analysis of scientific and scientific-methodical literature, pedagogical experiments, surveys, testing, analyses, synthesis and generalisation of information, as well as methods of mathematical statistics. Results. At the beginning of the study, 93.33 % of students in the control group and 94.44 % of students in the experimental group had a low level of the practical component of readiness for educational activities contributing to sustainable development. The final stage of the study revealed a significant improvement in the studied indicator within the experimental group: 43.33 % of students demonstrated a low level of the practical component of the studied readiness, 16.67 % had a satisfactory level, 31.11 % showed an average level, and 8.89 % had a high level. The corresponding changes were observed in all defined indicators: activities for sustainable development in physical education classes or sectional sports lessons; activities for sustainable development during extracurricular work of a physical education teacher or outside the sectional work of a sports coach with a population of different age groups; and activities for sustainable development in managerial positions. In the control group, at the end of the experiment, no significant changes were found in the the practical component levels of future physical education and sports specialists’ readiness to participate in educational activities for sustainable development. Conclusions. The findings of the pedagogical experiment confirmed the positive impact of the developed methodological system on the forming the practical component of future physical culture and sports specialists’ readiness to participate in educational activities for sustainable development.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to discuss, based on international as well as national laws and practices, various issues and potential solutions surrounding the growing problem of money laundering practices using cryptocurrency transactions. [Methodology] A balanced combination of theoretical and empirical methods has been used in the course of research; in particular, the method of comparative legal research has been employed extensively throughout the text of article. The theoretical component of this research paper includes commentaries by Ukrainian, German, other European as well as American researchers in this field. Their works are cited appropriately. The subject scope of the paper covers modern phenomenon of money laundering based on cryptocurrency transactions. [Findings] This paper extensively discusses international and national legal frameworks for identifying and stopping as well as preventing various money laundering schemes and techniques based on cryptocurrency transactions and blockchain technology in general. It has been established that with the global cryptocurrency market valued at roughly $1 trillion, its attractiveness to money launderers endangers economies and financial systems of numerous world jurisdictions. Based on theoretical observations and relevant analyses of legal cases, authors’ conclusions on how to fight this latent type of criminality have been presented. [Practical Implications] The research is deemed to be of value to national regulators, law enforcement agents and legal commentators, who think, write and act with the goal of fighting new money laundering patterns. It can serve as part of a broader international roadmap on how to identify suspicious money laundering schemes using various cryptocurrency transactions and also to impose effective sanctions on criminal actors behind those schemes. [Originality] The paper originality relies on its comprehensive and balanced combination of economic and legal analyses of the issues presented and potential solutions to them. It also incorporates both sound theoretical research and in-depth coverage of law enforcement actions, as well as legal cases against crypto money launderers.

Abstract Background Polyploidisation often results in genome rearrangements that may involve changes in both the single-copy sequences and the repetitive genome fraction. In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of repetitive DNA, with a particular focus on ribosomal DNA (rDNA), in Brachypodium hybridum (2n = 4x = 30, subgenome composition DDSS), an allotetraploid resulting from a natural cross between two diploid species that resemble the modern B. distachyon (2n = 10; DD) and B. stacei (2n = 20; SS). Taking advantage of the recurrent origin of B. hybridum, we investigated two genotypes, Bhyb26 and ABR113, differing markedly in their evolutionary age (1.4 and 0.14 Mya, respectively) and which resulted from opposite cross directions. To identify the origin of rDNA loci we employed cytogenetic and molecular methods (FISH, gCAPS and Southern hybridisation), phylogenetic and genomic approaches. Results Unlike the general maintenance of doubled gene dosage in B. hybridum, the rRNA genes showed a remarkable tendency towards diploidisation at both locus and unit levels. While the partial elimination of 35S rDNA units occurred in the younger ABR113 lineage, unidirectional elimination of the entire locus was observed in the older Bhyb26 lineage. Additionally, a novel 5S rDNA family was amplified in Bhyb26 replacing the parental units. The 35S and 5S rDNA units were preferentially eliminated from the S- and D-subgenome, respectively. Thus, in the more ancient B. hybridum lineage, Bhyb26, 5S and 35S rRNA genes are likely expressed from different subgenomes, highlighting the complexity of polyploid regulatory networks. Conclusion Comparative analyses between two B. hybridum lineages of distinct evolutionary ages revealed that although the recent lineage ABR113 exhibited an additive pattern of rDNA loci distribution, the ancient lineage Bhyb26 demonstrated a pronounced tendency toward diploidisation manifested by the reduction in the number of both 35S and 5S loci. In conclusion, the age of the allopolyploid appears to be a decisive factor in rDNA turnover in B. hybridum.

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to determine the distinctive features of somatometric indicators of women 25-34 years old with different types of posture. Material & Methods. The scientific study involved 36 women aged 25-34 years (25-29 years (n=18), 30-34 years (n=18)). The tasks defined in the course of the study were solved using generally accepted methods: theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the selected research topic, the Torso program was used to determine the types of posture, anthropometry. All data obtained in the empirical study were processed using mathematical statistics methods. Results. It has been established that women aged 25-29 years have more pronounced anthropometric differences, which may be associated with structural features. The fact that women with scoliotic posture have a greater body length and lower Quetelet and Rohrer indices may indicate a tendency towards a taller and slimmer physique, which is typical for scoliotic posture, where vertical "stretching" of the spine may occur. These characteristics of younger women may be important for developing exercises aimed at correcting posture and strengthening the muscular corset, which will help prevent further development of scoliosis or other disorders. As for women aged 30-34, less pronounced or absent statistical differences may be due to the fact that with age, anthropometric parameters become less sensitive to the influence of posture type due to general changes in the body, such as decreased muscle mass and changes in metabolism. There is also a version that the influence of the type of posture on physical characteristics may decrease with age due to the body's adaptation to long-term postural loads or habituation to a certain lifestyle and physical activity. Such data are important for understanding how age and structural features affect physical development and health, as well as for planning appropriate health measures for mature women with different types of posture. Conclusions. The practical aspects of the scientific work presented above will be the basis for the theoretical justification and implementation of corrective and preventive measures in the process of health fitness classes for women in the first period of mature age.

The study aims to analyze effective human rights protection by clarifying the concept of legal liability from the point of view of the EU legislation and case law on human rights. Ensuring justice, freedom, and equality before the law is important. Ukraine is committed to EU integration; therefore, adapting Ukrainian legislation to European standards is a key step in this process. The study focuses on determining the need for and ways of adapting the Ukrainian legal framework to European standards. As a result of the study, The European Union (EU) plays a crucial role in Ukraine's foreign and integration policy, emphasizing the need to harmonize legislation with European standards. Legal liability is crucial in modern legal doctrine, ensuring the rule of law, guaranteeing rights, and protecting interests. Ukraine should learn best practices from the EU, such as Germany's "judicial autonomy" principle, to strengthen its independence. The EU also promotes transparency in appointments and careers, fighting corruption through anti-corruption bodies and financial control. Ukraine should also study and implement effective administrative liability systems, such as those used by France and Spain, to improve internal control and respond effectively to violations.

To solve the actual problems associated with the development of the theory of magnetron discharge and the expansion of its practical application, a digital method of recording and processing the discharge plasma luminescence spectra is proposed in this work. To obtain the discharge plasma glow spectra, a photographic technique was used, which allowed simultaneous recording of the entire radiation spectrum in the 390.0-700.0 nm region. An additional advantage of this technique is the ability to track spatial changes in the composition and properties of the plasma in the discharge in the selected direction. A Canon EOS 80D digital camera with remote control was used to record the optical signal. A graphical application OSA was created to process digital images of the discharge plasma luminescence spectra. The paper describes the functionality of this application: determination of the wavelength of a spectral line and its belonging to a certain chemical element; measurement of the spatial distribution of the intensity of a spectral line along the selected direction of radiation registration. Determining the wavelength of a spectral line in the application is possible in two modes of operation - automatic and manual. In the first mode, the algorithm developed in this paper determines the wavelength for all spectral lines whose intensity exceeds the background value at a height of 10 % of the lower spectral limit. The second mode allows you to independently select a single spectral line or several to determine their wavelengths. The first mode is used for quick analysis, while the second mode allows you to determine the length of the spectral line with greater accuracy. To interpret the spectral lines, the methodology of reference lines from the databases of spectral line tables for various elements is used. The possibility of both full automatic verification, where all elements are sequentially searched, and selective verification, where one or more elements are selected, is provided. The paper shows that the spatial distribution of the intensity of tungsten spectral lines, and thus of excited atoms in a magnetron discharge, is a complex function of the distance from the cathode, which depends on the discharge parameters. The proposed digital methodology makes it possible to significantly speed up the process of obtaining physical information and increase the accuracy in determining the spectrum parameters.

Abstract Background Russo-Ukrainian war is associated with severe traumas, including injuries to the major vessels. Penetrating aortic injury remains one of the most difficult injuries; the mortality rate is 90–100% in case of gunshot wounds, associated with frequent lethal outcomes due to uncontrolled bleeding. Of the three main abdominal veins, the inferior vena cava (IVC) is the most frequently damaged, which is required quick and appropriate surgical decisions to be made. Little is known about the management of gunshot injuries to such major vessels as the aorta and IVC. It is also worth mentioning about the importance to share our practical experience from the ongoing war for better understanding and future considerations by war surgeons of the vascular trauma management. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the specific features of the diagnosis and management of a gunshot shrapnel blind penetrating wound to the abdomen with injury to the aortic bifurcation level and the infrarenal section of the inferior vena cava. Case presentation A 44-year-old male soldier of the Armed Forces of Ukraine received a gunshot injury to the abdomen from a mortars’ explosive shelling. The patient was evacuated to the Forward Surgical Team (Role 1) and received primary surgical treatment within one hour after the injury according to the “golden hour” principle. Then, evacuated was performed to the Role 3 hospital in Kharkiv. At the Role 3 hospital, the patient underwent second-look surgery as well as damage control surgery. At revision, no active bleeding was observed, and the surgical pads (packed previously by the Forward Surgical Team) were removed. Further revision showed a metal projectile within the aortic wall at the level of aortic bifurcation and wall defects were also detected for inferior vena cava. This metal projectile was removed by using the multifunctional surgical magnetic tool followed by suturing of the aortic wall defect as well as defects of the inferior vena cava. Conclusions Application of Damage Control Surgery is a useful approach in the management of severe vascular injury as well as useful to stop abdominal contamination by intestinal contents. The application of a surgical magnetic tool for the searching and removal of ferromagnetic foreign bodies reduces operative trauma and reduces the time for identification of foreign bodies.

Abstract Cancer curing immune responses against heterogeneous solid cancers require that a coordinated immune activation is initiated in the antigen avid but immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The plastic TME, and the poor systemic tolerability of immune activating drugs are, however, fundamental barriers to generating curative anticancer immune responses. Here, we introduce the CarboCell technology to overcome these barriers by forming an intratumoral sustained drug release depot that provides high payloads of immune stimulatory drugs selectively within the TME. The CarboCell thereby induces a hot spot for immune cell training and polarization and further drives and maintains the tumor-draining lymph nodes in an anticancer and immune activated state. Mechanistically, this transforms cancerous tissues, consequently generating systemic anticancer immunoreactivity. CarboCell can be injected through standard thin-needle technologies and has inherent imaging contrast which secure accurate intratumoral positioning. In particular, here we report the therapeutic performance for a dual-drug CarboCell providing sustained release of a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist and a transforming growth factor-β inhibitor in preclinical tumor models in female mice.

This study examines the increasing manipulation of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and its impact on maritime safety. By analyzing instances of AIS disruptions, the study identifies vulnerabilities and risks associated with AIS disruptions. The study also examines the legal framework regarding regulatory response to AIS-related problems. Technological advances and best practices to improve the reliability and security of AIS are proposed. The importance of international cooperation in combating AIS manipulation and ensuring maritime safety is emphasized.

The article examines the distinctive characteristics of the utilisation of events within the marketing tools system in Ukraine. Furthermore, it analyses the prevailing global trends in the deployment of events within the marketing tools system. In particular, the annual increase in event budgeting is highlighted as a key trend, enabling organisations to plan more significant and better events in order to achieve their marketing goals. The implementation of technology in event marketing, whereby companies invest in events and utilise technology to create memorable experiences for customers and facilitate long-term growth, represents a significant trend. However, there is a shortage of qualified professionals in the field of event marketing, which presents a challenge for organisations seeking to engage with target audiences. Research indicates that 40% of event organisers perceive attracting new participants as their primary marketing challenge. Additionally, the popularity of remote and combined events, alongside the recognition of the effectiveness of live offline events in event marketing, represent noteworthy developments. It has been demonstrated that marketing tools have undergone substantial modifications and adaptations in the context of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. One of the most instrumental tools to emerge in this context is that of events. Notwithstanding the challenging circumstances, event marketing continues to represent a potent instrument for communication and persuasion among target audiences. The organisation of events in the context of armed conflict necessitates a high degree of vigilance and consideration for the safety of all participants. Those responsible for organising such events are compelled to give due consideration to the potential risks and to devise contingency plans in the event of unforeseen circumstances. Concurrently, such occurrences serve as a conduit for bolstering the populace's morale, disseminating crucial intelligence, and fortifying national unity. It is imperative to acknowledge that the war has compelled businesses to reassess their marketing strategies, resulting in the implementation of more adaptable and flexible approaches to event organisation. Online and hybrid formats have become indispensable tools for enabling continuous customer engagement despite physical constraints. Consequently, events in Ukraine's marketing tool system during wartime have been demonstrated to be highly efficient, flexible, and adaptable. Such events play a pivotal role in sustaining business stability, fostering new forms of audience interaction, and strengthening social bonds.

Since the full-scale invasion of Russian Federation, public finances (PF) have been operating under conditions of uncertainty and unprecedented security challenges, akin to those experienced by the entire economic system. The level of uncertainty is such that it overshadows the current financial crises and parity with the consequences of the Second World War. This became the core objective of the study, which consisted of substantiating conceptual approaches to the formation of debt policy, considering the peculiarities of the projection of martial law on the functioning of PF. The research employs a systematic approach to methodology, integrating methods of factual and situational analysis that are grounded in international standards for public debt assessment and theoretical generalisations. Furthermore, through a comparative analysis, the interrelationships and mutual influences between debt policy and budget strategy are monitored. Furthermore, the study assesses the potential of leveraging the frozen Russian assets to support Ukraine's post-war recovery through the PF system. The study revealed that the debt policy is an integral component of the PF system. Unlike other program documents, it demonstrated resilience to both endogenous and exogenous challenges and the capacity to implement corrective measures during economic crises. This has laid the foundation for a Marshall Plan-like strategy for Ukraine. The PF strategy, which was approved just before the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, prompted discussions on enhancing the predictability of budgetary policy and debt sustainability. This, together with the adoption of a medium-term public debt management strategy, became the basis for the actual establishment of the Debt Agency as a legal entity, which in the future will ensure, on the one hand, the privileging of grants among the financial mechanisms for covering the budget deficit, and, on the other hand, an additional level of budgetary strategy for generating a multiplier effect from the borrowed funds for post-war reconstruction. On the other hand, this approach will create conditions for the transition from external sources of financing the budget deficit to internal ones by expanding and diversifying the range of investors in government securities. It is proved that debt policy in both the short and medium term will serve as the basis for the implementation of the budgetary strategy of post-war reconstruction, and will create conditions for accelerating the process of forced reparations to compensate for the damage caused by the Russian Federation.

Purpose: Shoulder injuries are common in women volleyball players, often resulting from repetitive overhead movements. Effective strength training methods can help prevent these injuries. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of an eight-week resistance band training program on shoulder muscle strength enhancement and injury prevention in women volleyball athletes. Material and Methods. Forty collegiate women volleyball players, aged 18-25, were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). The intervention group underwent a structured resistance band training program targeting shoulder strength, which included exercises like shoulder presses, lateral raises, internal and external rotations, and scapular retractions. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to assess shoulder muscle strength before and after the intervention, measuring peak torque of the shoulder flexors, extensors, internal rotators, and external rotators. Injury rates were monitored throughout the volleyball season, documenting the number and severity of shoulder injuries. Results. Significant improvements in shoulder muscle strength were observed in the intervention group across all measured parameters (p < 0.001), while the control group showed minimal changes (p > 0.05). Moreover, the intervention group exhibited a significant reduction in shoulder injury rates post-intervention (p = 0.041), whereas the control group's injury rates remained stable (p = 0.768). Conclusions. The findings suggest that resistance band training effectively enhances shoulder muscle strength and reduces injury rates in women volleyball athletes. Integrating targeted strength training, such as resistance band exercises, into regular training routines may help enhance athlete performance and mitigate injury risk in sports characterized by repetitive overhead movements. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and optimal implementation strategies of resistance band training in athletic contexts.

Abstract A precise quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR) severity is essential for treatment and outcome of patients with MR. 3D echocardiography facilitates estimation of MR but selection of patients with necessity of invasive treatment remains challenging. We investigate effective regurgitation orifice area (EROA) quantification by 3D compared to 2D echocardiography in patients with MR and highlight the improved discrimination of MR severity. We consecutively enrolled fifty patients with primary or secondary and at least moderate MR undergoing 2D and 3D colour Doppler echocardiography prior to transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). Improved accuracy of MR grading using 3D vena contracta area (VCA) as an estimate of EROA was compared to 2D proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) quantification method and a multiparameter reference standard. Quantification of EROA remarkably varies between 2D and 3D echocardiography and the discrimination between moderate and severe MR was significantly (p = 0.001) different using 2D PISA or 3D VCA, respectively. 3D VCA correlated significantly (r = 0.501, p

Purpose. To demonstrate the influence of the author’s methodological system on the formation of future specialists in physical culture and sports and their readiness for educational activities for sustainable development of society. Material and methods. The study involved 390 students from the faculties of physical education of T. H. Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv Colehium", the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Sumy State University, and Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko, future specialists in physical culture and sports. Students were informed about the features of the study and voluntarily participated in the pedagogical experiment. The participants of the study are represented by both sexes of different courses, from which the control and experimental groups were formed. Methods used: pedagogical experiments, surveys, questionnaires, testing, analysis, synthesis and generalisation of information; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. At the ascertaining stage of the pedagogical experiment, the indicator of readiness for educational activities for sustainable development of society in the control and experimental groups was almost the same at all levels, with a significant predominance of low levels. 69.35% and 65.09% of respondents in the control and experimental groups had a low level of the studied indicator, 18.06% and 19.08% –satisfactory level, 9.81% and 10.44% – average level, and 2.78% and 5.42% – high level, respectively. At the end of the experiment, a positive impact of the methodological training system on the studied quality was observed. At the final stage of the study, Pearson's correlation coefficient was χ2empirical = 22.67, with a critical value χ2critical = 5.99 (p < 0.05). The most significant changes were observed in the cognitive and practical components of readiness. The number of students with low levels decreased by 2.8 times and almost 2 times, the number of students with satisfactory levels increased by 6.8 times and 2.8 times, and the number of students with average levels of cognitive and practical components increased by 14.8 and 6.5 times, respectively. The number of students with a high level of development in the practical component of readiness for educational activities for sustainable development of society increased by 2.5 times. In the control group, at the end of the pedagogical experiment, there were no significant changes in the indicators of any of the studied components of physical education and sports specialists’ readiness for educational activities for sustainable development. Conclusions. The experimental methodological system has a positive impact on the formation of future physical education and sport specialists’ readiness to participate in educational activities for sustainable development of society. At the beginning of the pedagogical experiment in both groups, on average, 68.56% respondents had a low, 19.49% satisfactory, 9.12% average, and 2.83% high level of readiness for educational activities for sustainable development. At the end of the pedagogical experiment, the indicators in the experimental group improved significantly: the number of students with a low level of the studied indicator (30.18%) decreased by 2.3 times; the number of students with a satisfactory level increased by 1.8 times (35.37%); and the number of students with medium (26.11%) and high (8.33%) levels of readiness for educational activities for sustainable development of society increased by 2.9 times.

Ebstein’s anomaly is a congenital heart disease in which the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve are displaced to the apex of the right ventricle, forming its atrialization. In contrast, the anatomical position of the anterior leaflet usually remains normal. The aim. To present and analyze a case of surgical treatment of Ebstein’s anomaly with a rare anatomy – isolated displacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Case report. We present a rare clinical case of isolated displacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricular cavity with the formation of a right atrial aneurysm. The diagnosis was made prenatally and confirmed after the birth of the child by echocardiography. Surgical intervention was postponed and successfully performed at the age of six years due to the progression of tricuspid insufficiency and increase in the right atrial aneurysm. We achieved a reduction in the size of the right atrium (diameter 31 mm, volume 25 ml and area 10 cm2) and minimized insufficiency at the tricuspid valve. The total duration of the surgical intervention was 270 minutes. The intra- and postoperative periods were uneventful. The duration of the patient’s stay in the intensive care unit was 4 days. We believe that this pathology of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve should be interpreted as a variant of Ebstein’s anomaly. Conclusion. Isolated tricuspid valve anterior leaflet displacement with right atrial aneurysm is amenable to surgical correction with good immediate and long-term results.