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This review mainly focuses on the management of type 2 diabetes in the preoperative setting with a special emphasis on intraoperative glycemic control. Some patients learn their diagnosis of diabetes just prior to the surgery. The prevalence of previously undiagnosed diabetes is reported to be 5,2-10% in literature. Treatment protocols must be tailored individually but evidence based approach in insulin administration and close monitoring of blood glucose are important in order to avoid both hyper and hypoglycemia.

WOS: 000452151700005, PubMed: 30546390, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been demonstrated to affect the oxidative stress status in several in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a GLP-1 analogue, exenatide, on oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic markers in testicular cells in an iron overload rat model. To obtain this model, the animals were randomly divided into three groups (n=6/group). Rats in the control group received intraperitoneal injections of saline. Intraperitoneal iron dextran (60 mg/kg/day) was given to Group FE for 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The third group (Group Fe +E) was given subcutaneous injections of 10 mu g/kg exenatide in two divided doses for 4 weeks in addition to iron dextran. Testes of all rats were immediately removed for immunohistochemical staining and to measure the malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. A significant reduction was observed in caspase-8 and -3 enzyme staining in testicular stromal and endothelial cells in exenatide injected iron overloaded rats when compared with controls. Oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities were also significantly lower in exenatide-injected rats when compared with controls. These findings indicate that exenatide may be protective against the harmful effects of iron accumulation in testis. Further studies are required to evaluate how exenatide reduces oxidative stress and cell death in iron overloaded testis tissue.

Aim: Intraoperative blood glucose concentration is known to be an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Arterial blood gas analysis is an important investigation to monitor the acid‑base balance and gas exchange in these patients. Hyperglycemia leads to a series of metabolic changes which affect acid‑base balance and serum electrolytes. In this study, we aimed to look into the effect of glycemic control on arterial blood gas parameters, serum electrolytes, and hemoglobin (Hb). Materials and Methods: We collected data from diabetic patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery between 2010 and 2014. The patients were divided into two groups according to the insulin infusion protocols applied such as with conventional (180–250 mg/dl) ( n = 17) (Group 1) and tighter glycemic targets (121–180 mg/dl) ( n = 51) (Group 2). We retrospectively analyzed arterial blood gas results taken at different perioperative time points from these patients. Results: We found that pH HCO 3 and base excess, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, and Hb were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Our study showed that a tighter intraoperative glycemic control does not affect arterial blood gas parameters, serum electrolytes, or Hb when compared to the conventional glycemic control. Keywords: Base excess, cardiovascular surgery, diabetes mellitus, electrolytes, perioperative insulin infusion

OBJECTIVES: In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes on erythrocyte deformability (ED) and whether it can be changed by an NMDA antagonist propofol or an NMDA agonist, memantine BACKGROUND: Several clinical studies showed that ED decreases in diabetes. Recent studies showed that erythrocytes have N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDA Rec) on their membrane. METHODS: Thirty rats were allocated to five groups containing 6 rats each. Memantine was given for 30 days to diabetic rats in one group (group DM) single dose propofol injection is added to this regimen in another group (group DP+ memantine) another group received propofol only (group DP). The remaining groups were controls and diabetic controls. ED was measured in each group and compared RESULTS: The deformability index was significantly increased in the diabetic rats ( p