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Contexto: la prolactina es una hormona con múltiples funciones neuroendocrinas, el rol más estudiado es en la función reproductiva, aún no es claro por qué su deficiencia causa disfunción sexual, sin embargo, se ha relacionado con la función gonadal. Objetivo: presentar la información actual sobre la estructura y aspectos moleculares de la PRL, el papel de la serotonina, y la relación fisiopatológica de la hipoprolactinemia y la disfunción sexual masculina. Metodología: revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Scielo, Google Académico y literatura gris utilizando vocabulario controlado DE MeSH, DeCS y Emtree. Resultados: existe poca evidencia acerca de la hipoprolactinemia y disfunción sexual, sin embargo, parecen ser manifestaciones de una alteración serotoninérgica y sus efectos metabólicos, siendo importante conocer los aspectos básicos, fisiopatológicos y clínicos que convierten a esta entidad en una de las causas asociadas a este síndrome. Conclusiones: la hipoprolactinemia es uno de los factores de menor protagonismo por la escasa información disponible con respecto a su rol en la disfunción sexual, esto motiva a desarrollar investigaciones que profundicen el entendimiento de la enfermedad.

Pancreatic islets adapt to metabolic requirements and the hormonal milieu by modifying their size and hormone secretions. This study investigated maternal islet morphology and glucose homeostasis after lactation in C57BL/6 mice. After lactation, rapid increases in the islets’ area and islet-cell proliferation were found. These changes were accompanied by modifications in glucose-induced insulin secretion, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. These results open up new opportunities to identify molecules and mechanisms participating in these processes, which will help in developing strategies to combat diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inność, obcość, wymóg sąsiadowania ze wszystkim, co nie moje – to główne tematy powieści Michela Houellebecqa. Główny bohater wykreowany przez francuskiego pisarza jest nihilistą, który nie potrafi utożsamić się z niczym, nawet z samym sobą, a każdy kontakt z innością budzi jego lęk, sprzeciw i agresję. Przykre i nieznośne sąsiedztwo innych pozwala mu jednak definiować siebie: w Uległości definiuje się w kontrze do tradycji muzułmańskiej, w Serotoninie pogardza Holendrami i własną azjatycką narzeczoną, w Unicestwianiu jako mięsożerca prowadzi walki o zawartość domowej lodówki. Sąsiedztwo wzmaga u niego poczucie samotności, a obserwowanie innych kultur, narodów, tradycji, przyzwyczajeń prowadzi do jednej, gorzkiej refleksji – nie należę nigdzie, dlatego jestem zupełnie sam. Jakim sąsiadem może być mizantrop totalny? I dlaczego Houellebecq w epoce otwartości, tolerancji, pochwały piękna i samodoskonalenia się wybrał właśnie ten rodzaj autokreacji?

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: la migraña y el trastorno depresivo son patologías altamente prevalentes e incapacitantes, las cuales presentan relaciones bidireccionales de comorbilidad. En la literatura se han descrito factores de riesgo y mecanismos fisiopatológicos comunes para ambas enfermedades, así como asociaciones entre estas y su presentación clínica. Métodos: el presente texto es una revisión narrativa de la literatura. La búsqueda del material bibliográfico se hizo mediante distintas bases de datos especializadas en el área de la salud. Resultados: algunos factores de riesgo están asociados con ambas patologías, y ambas comparten factores patogénicos, incluidos cambios funcionales, estructurales, genéticos, epigenéticos y hormonales, entre otros. Varios de los tratamientos preventivos que han demostrado eficacia en el tratamiento de la migraña son medicamentos o medidas con efecto antidepresivo. Discusión: si se consideran las asociaciones y los factores comunes descritos en la literatura, se hace evidente que en el enfoque de pacientes diagnosticados con alguna de estas patologías es necesario tener en cuenta una posible comorbilidad entre migraña y depresión. Conclusión: es importante promover el tamizaje de estas dos condiciones en pacientes diagnosticados con alguna de ellas, pues esto puede tener implicaciones terapéuticas e impacto en la calidad de vida.

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de México is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia is the property of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Czytanie Literatury is the property of Czytanie Literatury and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los niveles de calcio (Ca) disminuyen en sangre y citosol al momento del parto, alterando la transmisión del impulso nervioso, la contracción muscular y la actividad de las células inmunes. En el sistema nervioso el Ca participa en la conducción de estímulos. En el sistema muscular disminuye la contracción causando alteraciones en músculo liso, útero y glándula mamaria. En el útero hay retención y almacenamiento de fluidos y desechos uterinos, con complicaciones bacterianas. En el sistema inmune, es importante la función de los neutrófilos y se manifiesta con una disminución de células dedicadas a la fagocitosis predisponiendo a mastitis y metritis. En la hipocalcemia bovina se distinguen dos presentaciones: clínica y subclínica. En la clínica (valores de Ca inferiores a 5.5 mg/dl) se altera la homeostasis con pérdida de apetito, decúbito y letargo. La hipocalcemia subclínica es más común (Ca entre 8.0 y 5.5 mg/dl), y no se altera la homeostasis, pero si se reduce la contracción muscular y la función inmune. El tratamiento se basa en la aplicación de calcio vía oral en vacas de pie, y vía endovenosa en las vacas postradas. La prevención depende de la inclusión de raciones que contengan sales aniónicas con lo cual se favorece el estímulo de mantener los niveles de Ca sanguíneos para controlar el nivel de cationes y aniones. Además, se puede administrar Ca vía oral. La homeostasis de calcio en la lactancia es regulada por la hormona serotonina, que estimula a la hormona paratiroidea y la reabsorción ósea en los osteoclastos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vibrant discussion on the monoamine theory of depression and the use of serotonergic modulators in the treatment of this disorder was triggered by a systematic review published by Moncrieff et al. in "Molecular Psychiatry" in 2022. Many experts considered this work as referring to a hypothesis that now is only of historical significance. Another publication, co-authored by Moncrieff, proposed a useful approach to both action and clinical use of psychopharmacotherapy. The drug-centred model postulates that psychoactive agents are substances that affect symptoms indirectly, by exerting specific effects on physiological phenomena underlying mental, emotional and behavioural processes. When planning therapeutic strategy, it should be assessed whether the expected effects of a given medication on mental function and behaviour may prove beneficial in a particular life situation of the person being treated. Therefore, pharmacotherapy can be considered in terms of its impact on mental functions, which may turn out positive (not only for depression, but also for anxiety and other disorders), rather than targeting a specific abnormality. The paper presents different approaches within this framework, including a model based on creative person-centred narrative psychopharmacotherapy (CP-CNP) described by Jakovljević. Combining drug-centred and person-centred psychopharmacotherapy may be the basis for understanding the pharmacological treatment of mental disorders. In the context of the controversy aroused by Moncrieff et al., it can be pointed out that agents known to modulate serotonin transmission modify certain serotonin-mediated mental functions, which may aid the treatment of depression and many other conditions. Therefore, it is not a mechanically understood antidepressant effect. Serotonin modulators are useful in the treatment of depression, as evidenced by both scientific research and the experiences of millions of patients. However, these drugs have a complex, multistage action, which needs to be considered to avoid misunderstandings and oversimplifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the contribution of negative emotionality at 3 months (T1) and serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) DNA methylation at 4.5 years of age (T2) to emotion regulation in pre‐schoolers born very preterm and full‐term. Forty one children (n = 21 born very preterm, n = 20 born full‐term) participated in the study. Fretful behavior was assessed at T1 in response to the Face‐to‐FaceStill‐Face (FFSF) paradigm. At T2, SLC6A4 DNA methylation was analyzed and emotion regulation was assessed using an observational procedure (i.e., the Pre‐schooler Regulation of Emotional Stress, PRES). The very preterm group displayed higher emotion dysregulation during the PRES Reactivity phase than the full‐term group. Higher levels of fretful behavior at 3 months were associated with greater emotional distress only for very preterm children with higher methylation at T2. No significant associations emerged in the full‐term group. Despite current findings cannot be generalized owing to the relatively small sample size, this work provides preliminary longitudinal evidence about the link between negative emotionality during infancy, stress‐linked epigenetic status at 4.5 years and emotion dysregulation in preschoolers born preterm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los niveles de calcio (Ca) disminuyen en sangre y citosol al momento del parto, alterando la transmisión del impulso nervioso, la contracción muscular y la actividad de las células inmunes. En el sistema nervioso el Ca participa en la conducción de estímulos. En el sistema muscular disminuye la contracción causando alteraciones en músculo liso, útero y glándula mamaria. En el útero hay retención y almacenamiento de fluidos y desechos uterinos, con complicaciones bacterianas. En el sistema inmune, es importante la función de los neutrófilos y se manifiesta con una disminución de células dedicadas a la fagocitosis predisponiendo a mastitis y metritis. En la hipocalcemia bovina se distinguen dos presentaciones: clínica y subclínica. En la clínica (valores de Ca inferiores a 5.5 mg/dl) se altera la homeostasis con pérdida de apetito, decúbito y letargo. La hipocalcemia subclínica es más común (Ca entre 8.0 y 5.5 mg/dl), y no se altera la homeostasis, pero si se reduce la contracción muscular y la función inmune. El tratamiento se basa en la aplicación de calcio vía oral en vacas de pie, y vía endovenosa en las vacas postradas. La prevención depende de la inclusión de raciones que contengan sales aniónicas con lo cual se favorece el estímulo de mantener los niveles de Ca sanguíneos para controlar el nivel de cationes y aniones. Además, se puede administrar Ca vía oral. La homeostasis de calcio en la lactancia es regulada por la hormona serotonina, que estimula a la hormona paratiroidea y la reabsorción ósea en los osteoclastos.

According to medical research, we can say that serotonin is one of the most influential neurotransmitters our body needs to have a truly remarkable state of health. Serotonin is also called the “hormone of happiness“ because it is involved in the most important neuropsychoendocrine processes of the body, such as nutrition, memory, exercise, immunity, emotion management, recovery of organs affected by oxidative stress, rest, to give us a state of well, mentally, physically and emotionally. This article contains references to therapeutic aspects related to the functions of serotonin, carcinoid syndrome, serotonergic syndrome and obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD). The recommendations for a healthy lifestyle are highlighted by the pro-serotonin diet and the Serotonin Program to maintain vitality. Serotonin is for the human body what the Silk Road represented for the economies of the countries where it passed through, because it brought prosperity, recovery and innovation. Serotonin does the same for us, it brings us regeneration, protection and a good mood, if we know how to respect its principles of optimal functioning. Let’s not forget to give serotonin a chance every day, to give us a life full of happiness, if we know how to feed it properly! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica de Rosario is the property of Circulo Medico de Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This article discusses the modulatory effects of the serotonergic system on the behavioral and neurochemical effects exerted by psychostimulants, mainly cocaine. Views: The mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system plays an important role in the rewarding effects of psychostimulants and the long-lasting neuroadaptive changes underlying the development of addiction. Dopaminergic brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) and their projection fields (prefrontal cortex - PFC, nucleus accumbens - Acb, dorsal striatum) are innervated by serotonergic neurons that can modulate this system. Pharmacological manipulation of the activity of the serotonergic system in rats has shown that lowering or elevating its activity increases and decreases, respectively, most behavioral responses to cocaine. Studies on the role of serotonin receptors have shown that the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor agonists administered to the Acb during self-administration increase the reinforcing effects of cocaine, whereas when administered during abstinence they decrease cocaine seeking. Distinct populations of 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR in the PFC, Acb, and VTA differentially affect the output of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway. 5-HT2B receptors exert independent control over the activity of the three ascending dopamine (DA) pathways through specific tonic excitatory and inhibitory control of DA efflux from the Acb and PFC and do not affect striatal activity. Conclusions: The serotonergic system exerts modulatory effects on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of psychostimulants. The pharmacological manipulation of serotonergic system activity makes it possible to attenuate the effects of psychostimulants, which gives hope for the development of effective pharmacotherapy. Currently, the main obstacle to this is the excessive side effects shown by potential drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En la última década estudios previos han demostrado un aumento de las cifras de prolactina en pacientes con un primer episodio psicótico libres de tratamiento respecto a controles sanos. Aunque no existen mecanismos fisiopatológicos claros, existe la posibilidad de que se trate de una alteración secundaria al contexto estresante del debut psicótico. Alternativamente, los pacientes con un trastorno psicótico podrían sufrir una regulación anómala de la secreción de prolactina con un exceso de factores estimuladores o un defecto de los factores inhibitorios. En la presente revisión narrativa se comentan diferentes posibles mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados incluyendo el papel del estrés y la regulación de la secreción de prolactina en la vía tuberoinfundibular, que puede evaluarse clínicamente con pruebas funcionales endocrinológicas. Este conocimiento ofrece una oportunidad de investigar las causas de estas alteraciones y dilucidar los mecanismos implicados en la hiperprolactinemia en fases tempranas de psicosis.

The serotonergic and immunological hypothesis of depression proposes that certain types of excessive stress distort the relationship between the activities of the innate immune and central nervous systems, so that the stress caused by an infection, or excessive psychological stress, activate toll-like receptors such as the TLR-4, the transcription factor NF-kB, the inflammasome NLRP3, as well as the secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other factors of the innate immune response, causing first, the general symptoms of the disease which appear with any infection, but also those characteristic of depressive illness such as dysphoria and anhedonia. The evidence indicates that, if the stimulus persists or recurs within 24 hours, the indole-2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme (IDO) of the kynurenine metabolic pathway, which increases the synthesis of quinolinic acid, is activated with an associated reduction of serotonin synthesis. Quinolinic acid activates NMDA receptors in the central nervous system and stimulates the secretion of interleukins IL-6 and 1L-1β, among others, promoting hyper-activity of the HPA axis and reinforcing a bias of the tryptophan metabolism to produce quinolinic acid, and interleukins by the innate immune system, further reducing the synthesis of serotonin and consolidating the depressive process. We discuss the evidence showing that this process can be initiated by either interleukin stimulated by an infection or some vaccines or excessive psychological stress that activates the HPA axis together with said innate immune response, causing a process of aseptic inflammation in the central nervous system.

Introduction. It has been hypothesized that pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) etiology results from an abnormal immune response to streptococcal infection. There is evidence that the serotonergic system is involved in both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) physiopathology and immunological processes. In the 5' promoter region of 5-HTT, gene encoding for the serotonin transporter we can find the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism that has been associated with OCD. Being PANDAS a disorder with OCD symptoms and likely immune abnormalities, 5-HTT polymorphisms may be particularly relevant for this disorder. Objective. This study aimed to test the association between the 5-HT genotypes and the presence of serum antibodies in patients with PANDAS. Method. We compared the genotype frequencies and serum anti-streptococcal, anti-neural, and anti-enolase antibodies titers between 56 patients with PANDAS and 20 healthy controls from Mexico and Cuba. Results. Antibody titers were higher (anti-enolase, anti-streptococcal) in PANDAS patients compared to healthy controls. No differences in anti-neural antibody levels between both groups were detected. The anti-enolase and anti-neural antibody titer increased according to the polymorphism of the PANDAS patients as follows: LL >SL >SS. Discussion and conclusion. This is the first study evaluating the association between the 5-HTTLPR genotypes and antibody titers in PANDAS patients. Associations between polymorphisms in serotonergic genes and immune response could provide valuable information about the interaction between both systems. Our results suggest an association between the S allele and elevated antibody levels in PANDAS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El síndrome serotoninérgico es una reacción medicamentosa adversa potencialmente letal, que resulta del uso terapéutico de algún fármaco, sobredosis intencional o interacciones farmacológicas involuntarias. Por lo tanto, el síndrome es una consecuencia predecible del exceso de agonismo serotoninérgico de los receptores del sistema nervioso central y del sistema nervioso periférico. Este exceso de serotonina produce un espectro de hallazgos y manifestaciones clínicas que pueden variar desde leves a síntomas severos que amenazan la vida de los pacientes. Por lo que resulta de suma importancia reconocer el síndrome para su diagnóstico temprano y abordaje más adecuado, pues repercute significativamente en el pronóstico. En este documento se realiza un repaso de los aspectos más importantes del síndrome, su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Introduction. Systemic administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) causes brain damage (BD), and triggers a series of morphological and neurochemical changes, which in turn bring about behavioral, cognitive, and motor deficits. Serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA) levels are controlled by various brain structures and these levels are related to motor activity; however, the concentration of these neurotransmitters during the postictal process remains unknown. Objective. We investigated the concentration of 5-HT, NA and DA in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex on motor deficit during the postictal stage. Method. Eighteen male Wistar rats (300 g) assigned to two groups: control (n = 9, saline solution) and experimental (n = 9, PTZ) were used. Myoclonic shakes were counted and motor behavior assessments were recorded during three hours post PTZ injection (90 mg/kg). The cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus of each rat were dissected to determine the 5-HT, DA, and NA concentration by high performance liquid chromatography. Results. PTZ induced a significant increase in total 5-HT and DA levels in the hippocampus and cortex; in the cerebellum there was a significant increase in the concentration of 5-HT and NA. The presence of myoclonic shakes as well as a marked motor deficit in the experimental group were significantly different in comparison to the control. Discussion and conclusion. 5-HT modifies the concentration of other monoamines directly involved in motor aspects such as NA and DA in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex during the postictal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La neurobiología de la agresión y la violencia es de interés para la psicología jurídica porque buena parte de la conducta delictiva tiene componentes violentos. En esta revisión se definen en primer lugar ambos conceptos, para diferenciar a continuación los tipos de agresión (impulsiva vs. instrumental) que aparecen en la literatura científica y finalmente analizar las estructuras nerviosas que según los estudios sobre lesiones cerebrales o de neuroimagen están asociadas con la agresión. Esta revisión destaca: a) las estructuras subcorticales como el hipotálamo/tronco del encéfalo, donde se genera la conducta agresiva y la amígdala, implicada en procesar estímulos emocionalmente destacados; b) las estructuras corticales como la corteza prefrontal (que comprende la corteza orbitofrontal, la corteza prefrontal ventromedial y la corteza cingulada anterior), que parecen ser hipofuncionales en los sujetos violentos. Por último, se revisan estudios sobre el papel del neurotransmisor serotonina en la manifestación del comportamiento agresivo.

Fragmento INTRODUCCION El impacto de la malnutrición materna en el feto no necesita ser enfatizado: es bien conocido que determina un incremento considerable en la morbilidad y mortalidad durante el período neonatal y de una mayor trascendencia, que ella afecta un período muy importante en el desarrollo del cerebro y otras importantes estructuras del feto, como ha sido demostrado por Winninck y otros. Por estas razones y para iluminar otras áreas de nuestra investigación sobre el embarazo en la altura, nos hemos interesado en la búsqueda de parámetros bioquímicos que puedan ser de ayuda en indicar cuáles son los fetos que están sufriendo de manera importante por la malnutrición materna.

ABSTRACTThe cardiopulmonary changes in propofol- or thiopental-anesthetized dogs induced to pulmonary hypertension (PH) were evaluated. Twenty adult animals were randomly assigned to two groups: propofol group (PG) and thiopental group (TG). In PG, propofol was used for induction (8(0.03mg.kg-1) and anesthesia maintenance (0.8mg.kg-1.minute-1), while, in TG, thiopental was used (22±2.92mg.kg-1; 0.5mg.kg-1.minute-1, respectively). Mechanical ventilation using time cycle was started. PH was induced by administration of serotonin (5HT) (10µg.kg-1 and 1mg.kg-1.hour-1) through a thermodilution catheter positioned in the pulmonary artery. The measurements were performed before administration of 5HT (T0), after 30 minutes (T30), then at 15-minute intervals (T45, T60, T75 and T90). No differences between groups were registered for systolic (sPAP) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI). In PG, sPAP and mPAP increased from T30. While in TG, sPAP and mPAP increased from T75. In PG, heart rate (HR) increased from T30, in which PG was higher than TG. The TPRI values decreased from T30 in PG, and in TG, at T45, T60 and T90. In PG, at T0, PVRI was lower than at other times. In PG, arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) decreased from T60 and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (PA-aO2) increased at T60. In TG, at T0 PaO2 was higher than at T30, T45, T60 and T90, while PA-aO2 at T0 was lower than at T90. From T30 to T90, TG showed higher PaO2 means and lower arterial partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) values when compared to PG. In PG, from T30, PaCO2 increased, while in TG this parameter was stable. In conclusion, thiopental anesthesia attenuated the cardiopulmonary changes resulting from serotonin-induced PH, probably by attenuation of vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction.

Resumo As células enterocromafins são um dos componentes da mucosa intestinal que liberam serotonina para o lúmen, promovendo atividades secretórias e crescimento celular de vários tecidos, incluindo vilosidades intestinais. O presente estudo avaliou as influências do 5-hidroxitriptofano (5HTP) e do m-hidroxibenzilhidrazine (NSD1015), associados a Lactobacillus spp., sobre o peso corporal e o desenvolvimento das vilosidades intestinais na porção proximal do duodeno de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis. Verificou-se também se a presença de Lactobacillus spp. e Salmonella Enteritidis influenciaram a imunomarcação de serotonina no duodeno e, para isso, o estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos, com e sem desafio por S. Enteritidis. No Experimento 1, em aves sem desafio, os pesos corporais não diferiram significantemente (p>0,05) e, no Experimento 2, aves com desafio, os tratamentos com o precursor isolado e associado a Lactobacillus spp. determinaram maior peso corporal das aves. Nos dois experimentos, as aves tratadas com 5HTP apresentaram aumento na densidade e altura das vilosidades no duodeno, sugerindo a atuação de 5HTP como um agente trófico. A administração de Lactobacillus spp. também determinou altura maior de vilosidades duodenais. Quanto a imunomarcação de serotonina, as aves tratadas com Lactobacillus spp. no Experimento 1 e as aves tratadas com Lactobacillus spp. e desafiadas com S. Enteritidis no Experimento 2, apresentaram valores superiores aos demais tratamentos, sugerindo que a presença destas bactérias promove maior liberação de serotonina para o duodeno, porém o mecanismo exato de como este processo ocorre necessita ser mais elucidado.

Wenlafaksyna jest lekiem o co najmniej dwóch istotnych mechanizmach działania przeciwdepresyjnego. Hamowanie wychwytu zwrotnego serotoniny (5-HT) ujawnia się już podczas stosowania niskich dawek, a hamowanie wychwytu zwrotnego noradrenaliny – dopiero przy dawkach istotnie wyższych. Za punkt odcięcia przyjmuje się na ogół dawkę 225 mg na dobę, choć zmiana z jednego mechanizmu działania na dwa ma najprawdopodobniej charakter spektralny. Możliwe, że w dawkach powyżej 375 mg na dobę lek wykazuje również działanie dopaminergiczne, ale tak duże dawki wenlafaksyny nie są zalecane przez producenta. Stosowanie wyższych dawek przekłada się na większą skuteczność przeciwdepresyjną leku. Należy jednak pamiętać, że zmiana dawki może być związana z ujawnieniem się odmiennego profilu działań niepożądanych (choć zależy to także od indywidualnej wrażliwości pacjenta). Działanie serotoninergiczne bywa odbierane jako uspokajające, sedujące, powodujące nadmierną senność, a nawet zobojętnienie i apatię. Działanie noradrenergiczne może z kolei wywoływać uczucie nadmiernego pobudzenia i zaburzenia snu. To, czy dane działanie jest odczuwane jako niewpływające na funkcjonowanie, czy też jako trudne do zniesienia, zależy ponadto od pory dnia, w której występuje. Działanie nasenne pacjent uzna za korzystne wieczorem, natomiast działanie rozbudzające – rano. Wydaje się, że pora podawania wenlafaksyny może wpływać na subiektywną tolerancję leku. W artykule opisano dwie sytuacje ilustrujące ten punkt widzenia. Nie jest do końca jasne, dlaczego pacjenci odczuwają działanie leku najsilniej wkrótce po jego przyjęciu (nie da się wykluczyć swoistego efektu placebo). Mimo to w przypadku wielu chorych subiektywna tolerancja wenlafaksyny bez wątpienia ma związek ze sposobem podawania leku; lekarze powinni brać tę okoliczność pod uwagę.

Copyright of Review of Medicine / Przeglad Lekarski is the property of Wydawnictwo Przegld Lekarski / Publisher Medicine Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The serotonergic and immunological hypothesis of depression proposes that certain types of excessive stress distort the relationship between the activities of the innate immune and central nervous systems, so that the stress caused by an infection, or excessive psychological stress, activate toll-like receptors such as the TLR-4, the transcription factor NF-kB, the inflammasome NLRP3, as well as the secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other factors of the innate immune response, causing first, the general symptoms of the disease which appear with any infection, but also those characteristic of depressive illness such as dysphoria and anhedonia. The evidence indicates that, if the stimulus persists or recurs within 24 hours, the indole-2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme (IDO) of the kynurenine metabolic pathway, which increases the synthesis of quinolinic acid, is activated with an associated reduction of serotonin synthesis. Quinolinic acid The serotonergic and immunological hypothesis of depression proposes that certain types of excessive stress distort the relationship between the activities of the innate immune and central nervous systems, so that the stress caused by an infection, or excessive psychological stress, activate toll-like receptors such as the TLR-4, the transcription factor NF-kB, the inflammasome NLRP3, as well as the secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other factors of the innate immune response, causing first, the general symptoms of the disease which appear with any infection, but also those characteristic of depressive illness such as dysphoria and anhedonia. The evidence indicates that, if the stimulus persists or recurs within 24 hours, the indole-2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme (IDO) of the kynurenine metabolic pathway, which increases the synthesis of quinolinic acid, is activated with an associated reduction of serotonin synthesis. Quinolinic acid activates NMDA receptors in the central nervous system and stimulates the secretion of interleukins IL-6 and 1L-1β, among others, promoting hyper-activity of the HPA axis and reinforcing a bias of the tryptophan metabolism to produce quinolinic acid, and interleukins by the innate immune system, further reducing the synthesis of serotonin and consolidating the depressive process. We discuss the evidence showing that this process can be initiated by either interleukin stimulated by an infection or some vaccines or excessive psychological stress that activates the HPA axis together with said innate immune response, causing a process of aseptic inflammation in the central nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Histamine and serotonin, besides known systemic effects, can influence vascular tone at the eye level. The review of the literature from 1997 to 2018 suggests that these ocular effects are very variable -both vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Specific agonists or antagonists acting in the histamine and serotonin domains, are probably more useful than endogenous substances as working tools for discovering the functional elements involved in regulating ocular vascular tone. Knowing that intraocular pressure regulation also depends on the vascular tone of the anterior ocular segment, some of the substances under review may be candidates for potential intraocular pressure lowering drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a specialized literature review of the pharmacology of serotonin, that focuses on pharmacodynamics. The main aspects discussed here are the metabolism and transport of serotonin, along with the structure and functions of 5-HT receptors and their clinical implications. We also included the substances that influence the serotonin neurotransmission and the autacoid function, which may be prove useful in treating various disorders. In this second part of the review, we present the types of 5-HT receptors (5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, 5-HT7), along with the tendencies and prospects in influencing serotonin transporter (SERT) through selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In order to achieve better safety and effectiveness of antidepressant therapy, recent research is studying substances that not only target SERT, but can also act on certain serotonergic receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: serotonin signaling participates in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism. However, little information is available on circulating serotonin levels in obese subjects after a weight loss program. We aimed to assess the effect of a lifestyle intervention on serotonin levels in obese children and possible associations with anthropometric and blood glucose measurements.Methods: forty-four obese children were enrolled in a ten-week lifestyle intervention consisting of a moderate caloric restriction diet, nutritional education and familial involvement. They were distributed according to the weight loss response. Subjects who lost > 0.5 BMI-SDS were considered as high responders (HR; n = 22) and those who lost ≤ 0.5 BMI-SDS, as low responders (LR; n = 22). Anthropometric, biochemical parameters and plasma serotonin levels were measured as pre and post-intervention values.Results: obese children (HR and LR groups) were able to reduce anthropometric indices and to improve glucose profile after the intervention. Interestingly, plasma serotonin levels were significantly (p ˂0.05) reduced in all subjects (-35.14 nmol/l HR group and -30.63 nmol/l LR group). Moreover, multiple-adjusted regression models showed a significant association between pre-intervention (R2 = 0.224, B = 0.047; p = 0.004) and post-intervention (R2 = 0.140; B = 0.055; p = 0.042) plasma serotonin and glucose levels. In addition, in HR subjects changes in plasma serotonin were associated with changes in glucose levels (R2 = 0.292; b = 0.04; p = 0.045). Interestingly, pre and post-intervention plasma serotonin levels were inversely associated (p ˂0.05) with anthropometric measures.Conclusions: serotonin levels were reduced after a lifestyle intervention independently of the program response. Moreover, plasma serotonin levels were associated with glucose and anthropometric measures in obese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Perform a systematic review to know the effect of physical exercise on the serotoninergic system and behavior in rodents. Search strategy: In March 2017 the following databases and search engines were used: Pubmed, Medline, Cinahl, Sport Discus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library and Plos One. Selection of studies: After applying the inclusion (published trials between January 2012 and February 2017) and exclusion criteria (human work, duplicate studies and those not adjusted to the subject of study) 12 articles were analysed. Synthesis of results: exercise decreases anxious behavior. As for the neurotransmitter studied, there are different results. Conclusions: physical exercise exerts behavioral and cerebral changes. The effect on 5-HT neurotransmitter depends on the region or brain system studied. It increases 5HT1a levels provoking an anxiolytic effect and the resistance to the anxiogenic action of 5HT2c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]