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Background Extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) are common in IBD and they affect importantly the quality of life of patients. Although the pathogenesis of EIM is still poorly understood, an altered immune response involving T cells has been proposed. In addition, the presence of EIM during disease course will impact the therapeutic choices with new biologics. In the present work we aim to characterize T cell populations -with focus on Uncoventional T cells- in IBD patients presenting EIM using advance flow cytometry and proteomics. Methods A total of 184 individuals (106 F/78 M) and were prospectively included: 149 IBD patients (84 UC/65 CD) and 25 healthy matched controls. Biologic samples including Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and plasma were consecutively stored and classified in an established cross sectional IBD biobank at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Patient characteristics including age, sex, smoking status, current medication, Montreal Classification phenotype and inflammation biomarkers (CRP) and fecal Calprotectin were recorded. PBMC were stained with antibodies and acquired using BD FACS Symphony flow cytometer using automatic compensations and Multiplex ELISA for 65 proteins was performed using Immune Monitoring 65-Plex Human ProcartaPlex™ Panel at Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), as previously described. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA). p≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of the 184 IBD patients included, the presence or not of EIM was registered in 149 (mean age 37 +/-7.2; 86 female) of which 84 had UC and 65 CD. Of them, 21 (14.1%) presented EIM at inclusion. We analyzed the differences in all subsets of unconventional T cells: gammadelta T cells (VD1, VD2, VD3), MAIT cells, innate NKT cells and CD4/CD8 positive T cells between IBD patients with or without EIM (Fig1A). MAIT cells were selectively depleted in patients with EIM (p We then studied the concentrations of plasma proteins between the two groups. We found a significant increase in IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-6, Eotaxin, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Protein (LIF), TNF-RII and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP), all p In order to address the potential use of MAIT as marker of EIM we constructed a ROC curve showing an AUC 0.752 (95% CI 0.639-0.865, p= 0.0002) Fig. 1C Conclusion MAIT cell depletion associated strongly with the presence of EIM and could be used as a clinical marker for EIM in IBD. A deeper understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of EIM, as well as an external validation as a marker, deserves further investigation.

Background There is growing evidence of the role of the fungal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD, but a definite pattern defining the mycobiome in IBD is currently lacking. In addition, the variations within the different phenotypes as well as the correlation between fungal composition and disease outcomes has been poorly characterized. Our aim is to evaluate the fungal composition within the different IBD phenotypes, the changes with disease activity and the association with disease outcomes. Methods This prospective study presents sequencing of the faecal fungi of 111 individuals: 89 IBD (52 UC/37 CD) and 22 HC. Demographics,medication,Montreal Classification and disease history was collected. A fCalpro>100 was considered active disease. A subset of IBD patients was followed clinically (6±2 y) and classified as either “Complicated” or “Uncomplicated” based on the need of intensified medication and/or surgery. Sequencing was done on amplicons targeting the ITS1 region of fungal DNA on a Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Chosen OTUs were compiled taxonomically.Data analysis was performed in R(phyloseq and deSeq2-packages). Results We found significant variations in the fungal microbiota composition in the different IBD phenotypes(Fig1) In UC, Saccharomyces was predominant in pancolitis (E3), while Penicillium was more abundant in proctitis(E1) and Galactomyces in left-side UC (E2)(Pan.A). At species level, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was significantly depleted in E3 (p≤0.05)(Pan.B) In CD, Aspergillus was predominant in ileal affection(L1) while Candida and Rhodotorula genus were more abundant in L2-L3.Patients with structuring phenotype(B2) were depleted of Apergillus and Rodhotorula (Pan.A). At species level, ileal (L1) patients were depleted of Candida tropicalis and Penicillium kudriavzevii. B1 patients had a marked predominance of Candida albicans vs B2(p≤0.01)(Pan.B) The mycobiome correlation with disease activity is depicted (Pan.C). Candida dublinensis was overrepresented in activity, while Saccharomyces pastorianus was depleted(p≤0.01) The correlation of the mycobiome with disease outcomes is represented in Pan.D. Penicillium glabrum was significantly overrepresented in patients with a complicated course. The abundance of Candida tropicalis and D. nepalensis was correlated with the need for surgery. Conclusion This study shows important differences in the fungal microbiota composition in the different IBD phenotypes. Some species are clearly correlated with the activity of the disease and worse clinical outcomes suggesting a potential deleterious role.Candida tropicalis was associated with the need of surgery in CD. This in-depth characterization of the mycobiome serves as a significant addition to the understanding of the role of fungi in IBD.

Recent advances in deep learning accelerated the development of content-based automatic music tagging systems. Music information retrieval (MIR) researchers proposed various architecture designs, mainly based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), that achieve state-of-the-art results in this multi-label binary classification task. However, due to the differences in experimental setups followed by researchers, such as using different dataset splits and software versions for evaluation, it is difficult to compare the proposed architectures directly with each other. To facilitate further research, in this paper we conduct a consistent evaluation of different music tagging models on three datasets (MagnaTagATune, Million Song Dataset, and MTG-Jamendo) and provide reference results using common evaluation metrics (ROC-AUC and PR-AUC). Furthermore, all the models are evaluated with perturbed inputs to investigate the generalization capabilities concerning time stretch, pitch shift, dynamic range compression, and addition of white noise. For reproducibility, we provide the PyTorch implementations with the pre-trained models., 7 pages, 2 figures, Sound and Music Computing 2020 (SMC 2020)

Comunicació presentada a: ISMIR 2017, celebrat a Suzhou, Xina, del 23 al 27 d'octubre de 2017 While a vast amount of editorial metadata is being actively gathered and used by music collectors and enthusiasts, it is often neglected by music information retrieval and musicology researchers. In this paper we propose to explore Discogs, one of the largest databases of such data available in the public domain. Our main goal is to show how largescale analysis of its editorial metadata can raise questions and serve as a tool for musicological research on a number of example studies. The metadata that we use describes music releases, such as albums or EPs. It includes information about artists, tracks and their durations, genre and style, format (such as vinyl, CD, or digital files), year and country of each release. Using this data we study correlations between different genre and style labels, assess their specificity and analyze typical track durations. We estimate trends in prevalence of different genres, styles, and formats across different time periods. In our analysis of styles we use electronic music as an example. Our contribution also includes the tools we developed for our analysis and the generated datasets that can be re-used by MIR researchers and musicologists. This research has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 688382 (AudioCommons). We also thank Alastair Porter for proofreading.

The embellishments of makam music in Turkey are an/ninherent characteristic of the music rather than a separate/nexpressive resource, thus their understanding is essential to/ncharacterize this music. We do a computational study, in/nwhich we analyze audio recordings of 8 widely acknowledged/nTurkish ney players covering the period from the/nyear 1920 to 2000. From the extracted fundamental frequency,/nwe manually segment and identify 327 separate/nembellishments of the types vibrato and kaydırma. We analyze/nthem and characterize the behavior of two features/nthat help us differentiate performance styles, namely vibrato/nrate change and pitch bump. Also we compare these/nembellishments with the ones used in Western classical/nmusic. With our approach, we have an explicit and formalized/nway to understand ney embellishments, which is a/nstep towards the automatic characterization of makam music/nin Turkey.

Collaborative tagging has emerged as an efficient way to/nsemantically describe online resources shared by a community/nof users. However, tag descriptions present some/ndrawbacks such as tag scarcity or concept inconsistencies./nIn these situations, tag recommendation strategies can help/nusers in adding meaningful tags to the resources being described./nFreesound is an online audio clip sharing site that/nuses collaborative tagging to describe a collection of more/nthan 140,000 sound samples. In this paper we propose four/nalgorithm variants for tag recommendation based on tag/nco-occurrence in the Freesound folksonomy. On the basis/nof removing a number of tags that have to be later predicted/nby the algorithms, we find that using ranks instead of raw/ntag similarities produces statistically significant improvements./nMoreover, we show how specific strategies for selecting/nthe appropriate number of tags to be recommended/ncan significantly improve algorithms’ performance. These/ntwo aspects provide insight into some of the most basic/ncomponents of tag recommendation systems, and we plan/nto exploit them in future real-world deployments. This work is partially supported under BES-2010-037309/nFPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/nfor the TIN2009- 14247-C02-01 DRIMS project. JS/nacknowledges 2009-SGR-1434 from Generalitat de Catalunya,/nJAEDOC069/2010 from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones/nCient´ıficas, TIN2009-13692-C03-01 from the/nSpanish Government, and EU Feder Funds.

The classical music traditions of the Indian subcontinent,/nHindustani and Carnatic, offer an excellent ground on which/nto test the limitations of current music information research/napproaches. At the same time, studies based on these music/ntraditions can shed light on how to solve new and complex/nmusic modeling problems. Both traditions have very distinct/ncharacteristics, specially compared with western ones:/nthey have developed unique instruments, musical forms, performance/npractices, social uses and context. In this article,/nwe focus on the Carnatic music tradition of south India, especially/non its melodic characteristics. We overview the/ntheoretical aspects that are relevant for music information/nresearch and discuss the scarce computational approaches/ndeveloped so far. We put emphasis on the limitations of the/ncurrent methodologies and we present open issues that have/nnot yet been addressed and that we believe are important to/nbe worked on. The research leading to these results has received funding/nfrom the European Research Council under the European/nUnion’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/n/ ERC grant agreement 267583 (CompMusic).

The issue of tuning in Indian classical music has been, historically,/na matter of theoretical debate. In this paper, we/nstudy its contemporary practice in sung performances of Carnatic/nand Hindustani music following an empiric and quantitative/napproach. To do so, we select stable fundamental frequencies,/nestimated via a standard algorithm, and construct/ninterval histograms from a pool of recordings. We then compare/nsuch histograms against the ones obtained for different/nmusic sources and against the theoretical values derived/nfrom 12-note just intonation and equal temperament. Our/nresults evidence that the tunings in Carnatic and Hindustani/nmusic differ, the former tending to a just intonation system/nand the latter having much equal-tempered influences. Carnatic/nmusic also presents signs of a more continuous distribution/nof pitches. Further subdivisions of the octave are/npartially investigated, finding no strong evidence of them. The research leading to these results/nhas received funding from the European Research Council/nunder the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme/n(FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement 267583/n(CompMusic).