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The experiment sought to determine the effects of substituting Flammulina velutipes residue (FVR) for corn on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, slaughter performance and caecum microbiota of geese. One hundred and ninety-two 35old Hordobagy geese were used in this experiment, and they were divided into four groups and fed with various diets for 28 d. The geese in the control group were fed with a basal diet. The other groups substituted 12%, 24% and 32% FVR for corn in their diets, respectively. There was no significant difference in the feed/gain ratio between the addition of 12% and 24% FVR to the diet, however, these additions considerably raised final body weight, average daily feed intake, and average daily growth (p

Background: Children with PEM have greater deficiency of total protein and albumin and in severe cases the total protein may be reduced to about 50 percent. Objective: To determine the serum protein and albumin levels among children with Protein Energy Malnutrition and the controls at Institute of Child Health, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) Zaria. Method: This study was a case control health- based descriptive study to estimate the prevalence of serum protein and serum albumin in undernourished children in Zaria. Using systematic sampling method, a total of 132 children (cases and controls) between 6 and 59 months of age were selected for assessment of their serum protein and serum albumin. Both the total serum protein and albumin levels were analysed on the Boerhringer Mannheim Automated Hitachi system 704 using the Biuret and colour change methods respectively. Results: The prevalence of low serum protein levels (

In recent years, many societies have expressed increasing apprehension regarding the potential negative impacts of food additives, pesticides, and environmental contaminants on human health. Environmental or occupational exposure to these compounds can cause significant adverse effects on human health by causing temporary or permanent changes in the immune system. There is supporting evidence linking pesticides/food ingredients/contaminants-induced immune alterations to the prevalence of diseases associated with changes in immune responses. Hence, it is essential to comprehensively understand the key mechanisms contributing to immune dysregulation induced by these substances, including direct immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and antigenicity. The impact of pesticides/food ingredients and contaminants on the human body ranges from mild to severe, depending on their affinity for blood components. These compounds form complexes with blood serum proteins, influencing their metabolism, transport, absorption, and overall toxicity. Numerous studies in the literature have explored the interactions between serum proteins and various molecules, including pesticides, drugs, and food dyes. These investigations employed a range of techniques, including spectroscopy, electrochemical and chromatographic methods as well as molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations analyses. This recent review, spanning from 2020 to the present, has been employed to investigate the binding characteristics, mechanisms, and attributes of different food additives, pesticides, and contaminants with serum proteins by using various techniques such as steady-state fluorescence, circular dichroism and ultra-violet spectroscopies, and computational docking methods. The review provides insights into these compounds’ positions and affinities to proteins and possible effects on human health through detailed research studies.

Previous investigation has established the formation of tribofilm is influenced by tribochemical reactions between the electrolyte and the articulating surface of cobalt alloy through sliding tests in various simulated fluids. Although it has successfully characterized the film composition via spectroscopy analysis and indicated to have impact on material loss, a comprehensive understanding of the material degradation mechanism in tribocorrosion condition was still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of protein in the tribocorrosive degradation of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy in different simulated physiological electrolytes. Using a similar testing protocol, tribocorrosion tests were conducted with reciprocating ceramic ball against CoCrMo samples immersed in saline and culture medium, compared to both electrolytes diluted with 25% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Synergistic and mechanistic approaches were employed to model the tribocorrosive degradation. Results reveal that protein plays a beneficial role in reducing corrosive (electrochemical) surface degradation under tribocorrosion condition, whilst increasing mechanical wear degradation in the process. Despite studies have shown that tribocorrosion behavior in metal alloys is highly influenced by the presence of organic matter, this study provides a more clarity of the roles played by protein in tribocorrosive degradation on CoCrMo surface as its novel finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationship between electrocardiogram (ECG) and findings of serum protein, transaminase and chest computed tomography (CT) in male acequired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. 122 male AIDS patients were divided into groups according to serum protein, transaminase detection and chest CT results. ECG detection results of different groups were compared and analyzed. Among 122 male AIDS patients, 75 patients had abnormal ECGs, with a prevalence of 61.48%. According to serum protein detection results, the proportion of male AIDS patients with decreased albumin was the highest, 38.52%. Tachyarrhythmia was significantly more prevalent in the decreased albumin and increased globulin group than in the normal serum protein group (χ2 = 10.710, p = 0.001). The incidence of tachyarrhythmia in the albumin reduction group was significantly higher than in the normal serum protein group (χ2 = 9.387, p = 0.002). Transaminase test results showed 19.67% of patients had elevated glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST). In the elevated AST group, the tachyarrhythmia incidence was significantly higher (χ2 = 11.484, p = 0.001), and significantly higher in the elevated ALT and AST groups than in the normal transaminase group (χ2 = 9.102, p = 0.003). Chest CT examination showed, 48.36% of patients had pulmonary inflammation. Tachyarrhythmia incidence was significantly higher in the pulmonary inflammation group than in the normal CT examination group (χ2 = 8.437, p = 0.004). As compared to the normal CT group, tachyarrhythmia was significantly more prevalent in the pulmonary tuberculosis group (χ2 = 4.323, p = 0.038). The incidence of abnormal ECG in male AIDS patients is significant. The high incidence of abnormal ECG in male AIDS patients is closely associated with albumin reduction, ALT elevation and pulmonary infection. Electrocardiogram monitoring can provide valuable reference and guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Allergic reactions are the most frequent adverse events in blood transfusion, and anaphylactic shock, although less frequent, is systemic and serious. The cause of allergic reactions to blood transfusions are largely unknown, but deficiencies in serum proteins such as haptoglobin (Hp) can lead to anaphylactic shock. A complete deletion of the haptoglobin gene (HPdel) was first identified in families with anomalous inheritance and then verified as a genetic variant that can cause anaphylactic shock because homozygotes for HPdel have complete Hp deficiency. Thereby, they may produce antibodies against Hp from blood transfusions. HPdel is found in East and Southeast Asian populations, with a frequency of approximately 0.9% to 4%, but not in other populations. Diagnosis of Hp deficiency due to HPdel prior to transfusion is advisable because severe adverse reactions can be prevented by washing the red blood cells and/or platelets with saline or by administering plasma products obtained from an Hp-deficient donor pool. This review outlines the background of the identification of HPdel and several genetic and immunological methods developed for diagnosing Hp deficiency caused by HPdel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune responses in bovine clinical mastitis (CM) probably differ depending on the causative pathogen and disease severity. The observational study aimed to investigate whether both factors are associated with the dynamics of immune indicators, including somatic cell score (SCS), white blood cell count (WBC), serum albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, and differential somatic cell count (DSCC). We collected blood and milk samples 0, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after CM occurred in 38 cows, and grouped the cases (n=49) by disease severity and pathogen. We analyzed data using a linear mixed model considering the effects of pathogens and severity, calculated estimated-marginal means for indicators at each time point, and compared the means between groups. The dynamics of WBC varied depending on both pathogen and severity. WBC changed drastically in either severe or coliform-caused CM, slightly elevated in streptococcal mastitis, but unchanged in staphylococcal mastitis. This possibly relates to the deficiency in innate immune response toward staphylococci. The A/G ratio also changed depending on severity, as it dropped sharply only in severe CM. We observed a non-linear relationship between DSCC and SCS, possibly due to mammary epithelial cells shedding in milk when CM occurred. When cows recovering from Streptococcus dysgalatiae mastitis, DSCC decreased while SCS remained high, suggesting a healing process requiring more macrophages. Our results demonstrate that both the severity and pathogen are associated with immune responses in CM, providing insights into mastitis pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium toxicity affects the biochemical parameters. Cadmium was a Class I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and it is one of the most hazardous heavy metal pollutant. Cadmium immuno toxicity provides new vision into the alterations of Cadmium treatment on immunity, as well as effective ways to induce Cadmium Biochemical parameters in blood serum of animals. Immune response heamatological and biochemical parameters are closely related in blood hence any change in the immune response would also induce alternation in the biochemical parameters like serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum protein, serum urea, serum acid phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase. Extra pollution of heavy metal toxicity like cadmium results may be much more reliable and satisfactory in experimental animals rather than humans. The concept of cadmium modulation of biochemical toxicity is an important subject for the studies. Present studies have been taken to find out the biochemical alterations in blood serum, which would help in understanding the toxicity of cadmium acetate in Kuroiler chicks and also to find the ways and means to counteract the toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in patients with long-term noise exposure is vital for improving public health and reducing social burden. However, at present, the diagnosis of NIHL mainly depends on audiometric testing, and the primary test is pure-tone audiometry. Moreover, testing requires professional operators and complex equipment; thus, NIHL is often diagnosed at a later disease stage. Using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based proteomic approach, we identified 9 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), namely, 6 upregulated serum proteins and 3 downregulated serum proteins, in samples from 50 ground crew personnel working at an air force station. Then, according to the results, we predicted that caldesmon (CALD1), myocilin (MYOC), zyxin (ZYX), creatine kinase M-type (CKM), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), complement factor H-related protein 4 (CFHR4), prenylcysteine oxidase 1 (PCYOX1), heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (HSPA8), and immunoglobulin lambda variable 3-21 (IGLV3-21) were associated with NIHL. We selected these DEPs as variables to perform logistic regression. Finally, a logistic regression model was constructed based on IGFBP2, ZYX, CKM, and CFHR4. The area under the curve was 0.894 (95% CI = 0.812 to 0.977). These findings suggested that IGFBP2, ZYX, CKM, and CFHR4 in serum are differentially expressed in NIHL patients and have the potential to be biomarkers for predicting the risk for NIHL. Further experiments in mice showed that ZYX and IGFBP2 in the cochlear were increased after noise exposure. ZYX and IGFBP2 may be involved in the occurrence and development of NIHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Construction workers are exposed to respirable dust, including respirable crystalline silica (RCS), which is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to particles among construction workers is associated with short- and long-term alterations in CVD-related serum proteins. METHODS: Using proximity extension assay, we measured 92 serum proteins linked to CVD among active male construction workers (N=65, non-smokers) sampled on two occasions: during work and after vacation. First, we used linear models to identify short-term changes in proteins associated with particle exposure (assessed as respirable dust and RCS) during work. Secondly, we used linear mixed models to evaluate whether these associations were long-term, ie, persistent after vacation. RESULTS: The median exposure to respirable dust and RCS during work were 0.25 mg/m3 and 0.01 mg/m3, respectively. Respirable dust was associated with short-term changes in six proteins (tissue factor, growth hormone, heme oxygenase-1, dickkopf-related protein-1, platelet-derived growth factor-B, stem cell factor); long-term associations were observed for the former three proteins. RCS was associated with short-term changes in five proteins (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-8, hydroxyacid oxidase-1, tissue factor, carbonic anhydrase-5A, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1); long-term associations were observed for the former four proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate exposure to particles in the construction industry is associated with both short- and long-term changes in circulating CVD-related proteins. Further studies are needed to evaluate if these changes are predictors of occupationally induced clinical CVD.

Allergic reactions are the most frequent adverse events in blood transfusion, and anaphylactic shock, although less frequent, is systemic and serious. The cause of allergic reactions to blood transfusions are largely unknown, but deficiencies in serum proteins such as haptoglobin (Hp) can lead to anaphylactic shock. A complete deletion of the haptoglobin gene (HPdel) was first identified in families with anomalous inheritance and then verified as a genetic variant that can cause anaphylactic shock because homozygotes for HPdel have complete Hp deficiency. Thereby, they may produce antibodies against Hp from blood transfusions. HPdel is found in East and Southeast Asian populations, with a frequency of approximately 0.9% to 4%, but not in other populations. Diagnosis of Hp deficiency due to HPdel prior to transfusion is advisable because severe adverse reactions can be prevented by washing the red blood cells and/or platelets with saline or by administering plasma products obtained from an Hp-deficient donor pool. This review outlines the background of the identification of HPdel and several genetic and immunological methods developed for diagnosing Hp deficiency caused by HPdel.

Background: A chronic interstitial disease, chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu), has emerged as a notable contributor to the CKD burden in rural Sri Lanka. Most therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to CKD focus on glomerular diseases, and thus are not fully applicable to CKDu. Serum proteins, specifically those with the profile of markers representing different facets of a disease, are beneficial for a comprehensive evaluation of diseases, and hence in CKD. Our aim was to identify the role of serum-retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a marker of the proximal tubule, in the diagnosis of CKDu. Methods: Definite CKDu cases were recruited from the renal clinic in Girandurukotte and Wilgamuwa (endemic regions). Healthy controls were recruited from Mandaramnuwara (nonendemic area). The levels of RBP4 and creatinine in serum were measured. An immunoassay (ELISA) was performed on the serum samples. The stages of CKD/ CKDu were classified according to eGFR. Results: Serum RBP4 was significantly increased in CKDu patients compared to CKD patients and healthy controls. The results show that the ratio of normalized serum RBP4 to serum creatine (S.cr) acts as a better competitive marker for CKDu (AUC 0.762, sensitivity 0.733) than CKD (AUC 0.584, sensitivity 0.733) when compared against healthy controls. Furthermore, the RBP4:S.cr ratio showed higher discriminating power (AUC 0.743) between CKDu and CKD, suggesting that the RBP4: S.cr ratio has potential as a serum marker to differentiate CKDu from CKDu. Conclusion: The RBP4: S.cr ratio was identified as a plausible indicator for differentiating CKDu from CKD with >70% sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, it could be used in the evaluation of the tubular interstitial involvement of CKD.

Abstract Background The study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of Syzygium aromaticum leaf meal (SLM) on the haematology, serum biochemistry and antioxidative status of laying hens. Results A total of 150 20-week-old Isa brown birds were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: Diet 1/control (no supplementation), Diet 2 (0.25% SLM) and Diet 3 (0.50% SLM). Each experimental diet was further divided into five (5) replicates and comprised 10 birds per replicate, that is, 50 birds per experimental diet. The birds were fed with layers mash for 32 weeks of the feeding trial. Blood samples collected in the 32nd week were subjected to haematological and serum biochemical analyses. The dietary supplementation of 0.25% and 0.50% SLM did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the haematological parameters observed in the layer birds which indicated that SLM did not render the birds anaemic nor compromise their immunity. Likewise, the result of the serum protein (total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin: globulin), serum enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) and serum metabolites (creatinine, uric acid and glucose) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatment except for the concentration of serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase which was statistically higher (P 0.05). Conclusion The supplementation of SLM at 0.25% and 0.50% in layers diet can be referred to as a safe additive as the blood indices of birds were not adversely affected. Also, the liver functions which were investigated through the serum enzymes were not impaired and oxidative stress is not triggered in the birds.

Introduction: Electrophoresis is a technique for separation of different charged particles. It is based on movement of charged particles through a solution when subjected to an electrical field. Since proteins are negatively charged at pH 8.6, subjecting them to electrical field will push protein particles towards anode. Materials and Methods: Place of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Pathology,Rampurhat Government Medical College & Hospital, Birbhum, West Bengal, India. Period of Study: Study was conducted from January 2020 to March 2022. Study Design: Prospective Age Group: 1st decade to 8th decade Control Group: 10 male and 10 female healthy persons of every decade were chosen as control groups. Result: Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of 150 symptomatic patients performed. Major diseases diagnosed were Multiple Myeloma(24 cases), Chronic inflammatory disease (15 cases),HIV (13cases), Hematological malignancy (10cases), solid malignancy (10 cases), tuberculosis (7 cases) with some Miscellaneous conditions. Among the 28 Monoclonal Gammopathy cases studied(100%),the most common case was Multiple Myeloma (24 cases, 85.71%) followed by 2 cases of Solitary Plasmacytoma(7.15%) and 1 case of Monoclonal Gammopathy of undetermined significance( MGUS) (3.57%) and 1 case of Smoldering Myeloma (3.57%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The present study assessed the influence of environmental variables at birth (birth season, temperature, relative humidity, THI - temperature and humidity index) and newborn serum protein level of 450 Holstein heifers on growth (body weight, and mortality rate) and reproductive performance (weight and age at puberty, age at first conception, and conception rate at first artificial insemination). The immune passive transfer was positively related to the weights at 30 and 60, with a trend at 90 days, which consequently affected weight at puberty, age at puberty, and age at conception. Therefore, it reinforces the importance of protocols with newborns that allow the assessment of the passive transfer of immunity. Calves born during the warmer months exhibited 4.2 and 12.28 kg less weight at weaning and puberty, respectively, compared to calves born during winter. Thus, calves born in an environment with higher THI showed changes in development, health, and reproductive efficiency in the short, medium, and long term. These findings reinforce the importance of adopting better colostrum management and welfare conditions, especially in warm season, to allow successful immune passive transfer and increase system efficiency.

Background: Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major problem in the cattle industry worldwide. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary causative agents, especially during the first three weeks of the calf 's life. Objectives: This study investigated the differences in acid-base, electrolytes, and biochemical parameters of diarrheic calves with infection of either rotavirus or C. parvum. Methods: A total of 61 Korean native calves (≤ 20 days old) were divided into two groups based on rotavirus or C. parvum infections: rotavirus infection (n = 44) and C. parvum infection (n = 17). The calves with at a specific blood pH range (pH 6.92-7.25) were chosen for comparison. The acid-base, electrolyte, chemistry, and serum proteins were analyzed, Further, fecal examinations were performed. Results: Compared to C. parvum-infected calves, the rotavirus-infected calves showed lower levels of total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate (HCO3-), anion gap, total protein, and albumin/globulin ratio, and significantly lower levels of potassium, globulin, and α2-globulin (p < 0.05). The C. parvum-infected calves (r = 0.749) had stronger correlations between pH and HCO3- than the rotavirus-infected calves (r = 0.598). Compared to rotavirus-infected calves, strong correlations between globulin and α2-globulin, α2-globulin and haptoglobin were identified in C. parvum-infected calves. Conclusions: This study is the first to investigate acid-base, electrolyte, and biochemical parameters in calves in response to infections of rotavirus and C. parvum. Although rotavirus and C. parvum cause malabsorptive and secretory diarrhea in similar-aged calves, blood parameters were different. This would help establish the diagnostic and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of Syzygium aromaticum leaf meal (SLM) on the haematology, serum biochemistry and antioxidative status of laying hens. Results: A total of 150 20-week-old Isa brown birds were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: Diet 1/control (no supplementation), Diet 2 (0.25% SLM) and Diet 3 (0.50% SLM). Each experimental diet was further divided into five (5) replicates and comprised 10 birds per replicate, that is, 50 birds per experimental diet. The birds were fed with layers mash for 32 weeks of the feeding trial. Blood samples collected in the 32nd week were subjected to haematological and serum biochemical analyses. The dietary supplementation of 0.25% and 0.50% SLM did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the haematological parameters observed in the layer birds which indicated that SLM did not render the birds anaemic nor compromise their immunity. Likewise, the result of the serum protein (total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin: globulin), serum enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) and serum metabolites (creatinine, uric acid and glucose) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatment except for the concentration of serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase which was statistically higher (P < 0.05) in layers fed with diets supplemented with SLM compared to the control group, while the serum superoxide dismutase concentration of laying hens was not significantly influenced (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of SLM at 0.25% and 0.50% in layers diet can be referred to as a safe additive as the blood indices of birds were not adversely affected. Also, the liver functions which were investigated through the serum enzymes were not impaired and oxidative stress is not triggered in the birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Canine tick-borne diseases are important diseases with a worldwide distribution. In Thailand, the most important canine tick-borne diseases are ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and hepatozoonosis. This study aimed to determine the serum protein electrophoresis patterns (SPEPs) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels associated with Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, or Hepatozoon canis single infections. Materials and Methods: A total of 650 canine blood samples were collected from animal hospitals and clinics in Bangkok and its vicinity to examine health status and blood parasite infection. Suspected blood parasite infections were examined by buffy coat thin blood smear and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Normal dog and positive E. canis, B. canis, and H. canis single infections and serum protein profiles were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. CRP concentration was measured by fluorescent immunoassay. Results: In dogs infected with E. canis, B. canis, and H. canis single infections, albumin levels and A/G ratios significantly decreased, whereas β2-globulin levels increased (p

Background and aimsA combined eel and soy-based tempe (CEST) flour is rich in nutrients, especially its high amino acid content in which bioactive peptides (BPs) are expected to be found. Hence, this research aimed to identify the BPs of CEST flour and CEST supplementation’s effect on improving nutritional status biomarkers by ameliorating serum protein, hemoglobin, and IGF-1 of malnourished rats.MethodsCEST flour with a ratio of eel and soy-based tempe of 1:3.5 was produced by applying the oven drying method. Amino acid sequences from six BPs were analyzed using a protein sequencer and spectrometer-electrospray ionization (MS-ESI). A total of thirty malnourished male Rattus norvegicus aged 3–4 weeks were given low-protein (LP; 4% w/w protein) diet treatment for 4 weeks. Afterward, rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats. Group A and B remained on a low-protein diet for 4 weeks, receiving an LP diet and getting doses of CEST of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW, respectively, via oral. Group C or control was given a Normal-protein (NP) diet (23% w/w of protein) and was allowed to feed ad libitum during the trial period without a dose of CEST.ResultsSix bioactive peptides were found, with WMGPY being the most abundant, along with a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 5.0 mg/mL. The results showed that serum protein, hemoglobin, and IGF-1 of group B were significantly higher compared to groups A and C (p = 0.0021). CEST dose of 200 mg/kg BW was more effective to increase serum levels of protein (p = 0.0052), hemoglobin, and IGF-1 (p < 0.0001) compared to a 100 mg/kg BW dose.ConclusionThis indicates that the CEST flour has six bioactive peptides, which may contribute to the improvement of nutritional status biomarkers. To establish its potential impact, a human clinical study is urgently needed.

Serum albumin (SA), the most abundant soluble protein in the body, maintains plasma oncotic pressure and regulates the distribution of vascular fluid and has a range of other important functions. The goals of this review are to expand clinical knowledge regarding the functions of SA, elucidate effects of dysregulated SA concentration, and discuss the clinical relevance of hypoalbuminemia resulting from various diseases. We discuss potential repercussions of SA dysregulation on cholesterol levels, liver function, and other processes that rely on its homeostasis, as decreased SA concentration has been shown to be associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and mortality. We describe the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of SA, as well as its ability to bind and transport a plethora of endogenous and exogenous molecules. SA is the primary serum protein involved in binding and transport of drugs and as such has the potential to affect, or be affected by, certain medications. Of current relevance are antibody-based inhibitors of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), several of which are under clinical development to treat immunoglobulin G (IgG)-mediated autoimmune disorders; some have been shown to decrease SA concentration. FcRn acts as a homeostatic regulator of SA by rescuing it, as well as IgG, from intracellular degradation via a common cellular recycling mechanism. Greater clinical understanding of the multifunctional nature of SA and the potential clinical impact of decreased SA are needed; in particular, the potential for certain treatments to reduce SA concentration, which may affect efficacy and toxicity of medications and disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Canine filariasis is caused by several species of filarial worms. The pathophysiological response to infection is mainly due to the filaria lifecycle. Laboratory detection methods to assess the pathological alterations characteristic of filariasis are needed urgently. Serum protein profiles and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are used widely to diagnose several animal diseases. This study aimed to determine the serum protein profiles and CRP levels in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis or Brugia pahangi or both parasites. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 980 dogs presenting at animal hospitals and veterinary clinics in Bangkok and its vicinity. The presence of microfilaria in samples was determined using a buffy coat smear and staining with Wright–Giemsa. The sheathed and unsheathed microfilaria species were identified by acid phosphatase staining. Forty positive samples were tested. The serum protein profiles were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The CRP concentration was measured using a fluorescent immunoassay. Results: Albumin levels and albumin-to-globulin ratios were significantly lower, and total protein, β2 globulin, and γ globulin levels were significantly elevated in dogs infected with D. immitis and B. pahangi compared with reference values in normal dogs. The average CRP concentrations in dogs infected with D. immitis or B. pahangi were 69.9 and 12.9 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: The total protein and γ globulin levels increased in canine filariasis compared with the normal reference range. The CRP concentration in dogs infected with D. immitis was extremely high, whereas that in dog infected with B. pahangi was normal.

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Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most prevalent protein in the blood plasma which binds an array of exogenous compounds. Drug binding to HSA is an important consideration when developing new therapeutic molecules, and it also aids in understanding the underlying mechanisms that govern their pharmacological effects. This study aims to investigate the molecular binding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapeutic candidate molecules to HSA and to identify their putative binding sites. Binding energies and interacting residues were used to evaluate the molecular interaction. Four drug candidate molecules (β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine, Chloroquine, Disulfiram, and Carmofur) demonstrate weak binding to HSA, with binding energies ranging from −5 to −6.7 kcal/mol. Ivermectin, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Arbidol, and other twenty drug molecules with binding energies ranging from −6.9 to −9.5 kcal/mol demonstrated moderate binding to HSA. The strong HSA binding drug candidates consist of fourteen molecules (Saquinavir, Ritonavir, Dihydroergotamine, Daclatasvir, Paritaprevir etc.) with binding energies ranging from −9.7 to −12.1 kcal/mol. All these molecules bind to different HSA subdomains (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB) through molecular forces such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Various pharmacokinetic properties (gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeation, P-glycoprotein substrate, and cytochrome P450 inhibitor) of each molecule were determined using SwissADME program. Further, the stability of the HSA-ligand complexes was analyzed through 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations considering various geometric properties. The binding free energy between free HSA and compounds were calculated using Molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) approach. The findings of this study might be useful in understanding the mechanism of COVID-19 drug candidates binding to serum albumin protein, as well as their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are prevalent worldwide, including Thailand. Vectors can transmit more than one pathogen, and coinfections between blood parasites and/or filariae have been reported. Pathogenesis may affect the health status of infected dogs. Hematological, blood chemistry, and serum protein profile abnormalities can be used to screen for underlining causes of CVBDs. The aim of this study is to analyze the hematological and serum protein profiles as well as CRP in CVBD coinfection cases. In this study, 22 blood parasite coinfection cases are examined and classified into two groups: blood parasite coinfection (group 1: n = 16) and blood parasite and filaria coinfection (group 2: n = 6), both of which reveal anemia and thrombocytopenia abnormalities. The white blood cell and neutrophil count in group 2 showed slight increases. The serum protein profiles and CRP levels in both groups indicate hypoalbuminemia, increased ß2 and ? globulin fractions, and increased CRP concentrations. The results of this study could be used by veterinarians to develop guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of coinfection in CVBDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa leaves are known as herbs that have many properties. The study aimed to analyzed moringa leaf extract against tissue histology, serum protein levels, fetal conditions at birth from distended mice with malnutrition. The research design was a pretest post test control group design using 28 distended mice with malnutrition, divided into 7 groups with 4 mice - Group. In the treatment group given moringa leaf extract with a dose of 720; 850 and 1000 mg/day during pregnancy 19-21 days. We found the condition of malnutrition causes hepar tissue histology to deteriorate due to increased hepar cell death which affects decreased protein synthesis, but does not affect renal tissue histology. The administration of moringa leaf extract does not have an effect on the distending of malnutrition conditions both the results of histology of hepar tissue and kidneys, serum protein levels and fetal conditions at birth, but in distending without malnutrition (negative control) provides the best results of tissue histology, serum protein levels and provides the highest fetal weight and length compared to other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly, BSF) larvae meal has shown to be a good protein source in monogastric animal diets, but published data regarding its immunomodulatory properties is limited. For this purpose, a study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of larvae meal on selected immune parameters and caecal bacterial counts of broiler quails. Hermetia illucens larvae were reared on two substrates (100% chicken feed, BSF-M, or 50% chicken feed + 50% fish offal, BSF-F) in order to manipulate the fatty acid profile of larvae meal by increasing the long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids which are known for their immunomodulatory properties. For immunological purposes, a total of 60 birds were randomly allocated to three dietary treatment groups (n = 20/treatment): control quail diet (CON), or quail diets including 10% of BSF-F or BSF-M larvae meal. Blood was collected 27 and 37 days after the trial commenced to determine the humoral immune response, serum lysozyme concentrations, serum bactericidal activity and protein fractions of the serum. The dietary inclusion of BSF-M meal resulted in an increased secondary humoral immune response compared to the CON treatment group (P < 0.01). Quails in the BSF-F treatment had significantly higher serum lysozyme activity compared to quails in the CON and BSF-M treatment group. Both larvae meals significantly increased cell-mediated immunity on day 37 (P < 0.001) but they had no effect on serum bactericidal activity. Both larvae meal sources resulted in higher α2-globulin levels on both sampling days, whereas γ-globulin levels were significantly lower in quails with the BSF-F treatment on day 27. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on caecal bacterial counts. In conclusion, the present study showed that the larvae meal had immunostimulatory effects in quails, but the rearing substrate of larvae strongly influenced the immunostimulatory properties of the larvae meal.

Objective: To explore the factors influencing the degree of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and to provide evidence for its early diagnosis, prognostic evaluation and clinical intervention. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 72 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) at the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University. All patients completed craniocerebral and spinal cord MRI (with or without Gd enhancement) and were evaluated for Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) scores before receiving treatment. Results: Among 72 patients with RRMS, 45 (62.5%) had an EDSS score ≤3; A total of 27 patients (37.5%) had an EDSS score >3 points. Univariate analysis showed that age, annual recurrence rate (ARR), drug use, albumin (ALB), triglycerides (TG), and total number of lesions in groups with EDSS score ≤3 were significantly different from those with an EDSS score > 3 points (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that ALB, total number of lesions, and drug use were independent influencing factors of the degree of disability in patients with MS, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). An ROC curve was constructed using ALB and the total number of lesions. The AUC of ALB was 0.681, P < 0.05, and the best cut-off value was 44.2 g/L. Its sensitivity to predict the degree of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis was 85.2%, while its specificity was 51.1%. The AUC of the total number of lesions was 0.665 (P < 0.05) and the best cut-off value was 5.5. Its sensitivity to predict the degree of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis was 70.4%, while its specificity was 64.4%. The AUC of the combined ALB, total number of lesions, and drug use was 0.795 (P < 0.05), sensitivity was 77.8, and specificity was 73.3%. The optimal diagnostic cut-off value of the regression equation for the EDSS score of patients with multiple sclerosis was 0.420. Conclusion: Serum ALB, total number of lesions, and drug use in patients with multiple sclerosis were independent factors influencing the degree of disability. These findings provide clinical evidence for the prognostic evaluation and early intervention of patients with multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Canine tick-borne diseases are important diseases with a worldwide distribution. In Thailand, the most important canine tick-borne diseases are ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and hepatozoonosis. This study aimed to determine the serum protein electrophoresis patterns (SPEPs) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels associated with Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, or Hepatozoon canis single infections. Materials and Methods: A total of 650 canine blood samples were collected from animal hospitals and clinics in Bangkok and its vicinity to examine health status and blood parasite infection. Suspected blood parasite infections were examined by buffy coat thin blood smear and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Normal dog and positive E. canis, B. canis, and H. canis single infections and serum protein profiles were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. CRP concentration was measured by fluorescent immunoassay. Results: In dogs infected with E. canis, B. canis, and H. canis single infections, albumin levels and A/G ratios significantly decreased, whereas β2-globulin levels increased (p<0.05). The γ-globulin level significantly increased in E. canis and H. canis infections (p<0.05). A monoclonal gammopathy pattern was observed in E. canis and B. canis single infections, whereas β-γ bridging patterns and increased β- and γ-globulin fractions were found in H. canis single infections. The CRP level increased in dogs with blood parasite single infections and may be related to the pathogenesis of the infection. Conclusion: SPEPs and CRP levels can be used to monitor health status and blood parasite problems in infected dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the factors influencing the degree of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and to provide evidence for its early diagnosis, prognostic evaluation and clinical intervention.Methods: This retrospective observational study included 72 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) at the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University. All patients completed craniocerebral and spinal cord MRI (with or without Gd enhancement) and were evaluated for Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) scores before receiving treatment.Results: Among 72 patients with RRMS, 45 (62.5%) had an EDSS score ≤3; A total of 27 patients (37.5%) had an EDSS score >3 points. Univariate analysis showed that age, annual recurrence rate (ARR), drug use, albumin (ALB), triglycerides (TG), and total number of lesions in groups with EDSS score ≤3 were significantly different from those with an EDSS score > 3 points (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that ALB, total number of lesions, and drug use were independent influencing factors of the degree of disability in patients with MS, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). An ROC curve was constructed using ALB and the total number of lesions. The AUC of ALB was 0.681, P < 0.05, and the best cut-off value was 44.2 g/L. Its sensitivity to predict the degree of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis was 85.2%, while its specificity was 51.1%. The AUC of the total number of lesions was 0.665 (P < 0.05) and the best cut-off value was 5.5. Its sensitivity to predict the degree of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis was 70.4%, while its specificity was 64.4%. The AUC of the combined ALB, total number of lesions, and drug use was 0.795 (P < 0.05), sensitivity was 77.8, and specificity was 73.3%. The optimal diagnostic cut-off value of the regression equation for the EDSS score of patients with multiple sclerosis was 0.420.Conclusion: Serum ALB, total number of lesions, and drug use in patients with multiple sclerosis were independent factors influencing the degree of disability. These findings provide clinical evidence for the prognostic evaluation and early intervention of patients with multiple sclerosis.

Our research objective was to measure percent removal of whey protein from separated sweet whey using 0.1-µm uniform transmembrane pressure ceramic microfiltration (MF) membranes in a sequential batch 3-stage, 3× process at 50°C. Cheddar cheese whey was centrifugally separated to remove fat at 72°C and pasteurized (72°C for 15 s), cooled to 4°C, and held overnight. Separated whey (375 kg) was heated to 50°C with a plate heat exchanger and microfiltered using a pilot-scale ceramic 0.1-µm uniform transmembrane pressure MF system in bleed-and-feed mode at 50°C in a sequential batch 3-stage (2 diafiltration stages) process to produce a 3× MF retentate and MF permeate. Feed, retentate, and permeate samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, noncasein nitrogen, and nonprotein nitrogen using the Kjeldahl method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE analysis was also performed on the whey feeds, retentates, and permeates from each stage. A flux of 54 kg/m2 per hour was achieved with 0.1-µm ceramic uniform transmembrane pressure microfiltration membranes at 50°C. About 85% of the total nitrogen in the whey feed passed though the membrane into the permeate. No passage of lactoferrin from the sweet whey feed of the MF into the MF permeate was detected. There was some passage of IgG, bovine serum albumen, glycomacropeptide, and casein proteolysis products into the permeate. β-Lactoglobulin was in higher concentration in the retentate than the permeate, indicating that it was partially blocked from passage through the ceramic MF membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable protein markers for pre-diabetes in humans are not clinically available. In order to identify novel and reliable protein markers for pre-diabetes in humans, healthy volunteers and patients diagnosed with pre-diabetes and stroke were recruited for blood collection. Blood samples were collected from healthy and pre-diabetic subjects 12 h after fasting. BMI was calculated from body weight and height. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), insulin and albumin were assayed by automated clinical laboratory methods. We used a quantitative proteomics approach to identify 1074 proteins from the sera of pre-diabetic and healthy subjects. Among them, 500 proteins were then selected using Mascot analysis scores. Further, 70 out of 500 proteins were selected via volcano plot analysis according to their statistical significance and average relative protein ratio. Eventually, 7 serum proteins were singled out as candidate markers for pre-diabetes due to their diabetic relevance and statistical significance. Immunoblotting data demonstrated that laminin subunit alpha 2 (LAMA2), mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4), and plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2) were expressed in pre-diabetic patients but not healthy volunteers. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the combination of the three proteins has greater diagnostic efficacy than any individual protein. Thus, LAMA2, MLL4 and PLXDC2 are novel and reliable serum protein markers for pre-diabetic diagnosis in humans.

Reliable protein markers for pre-diabetes in humans are not clinically available. In order to identify novel and reliable protein markers for pre-diabetes in humans, healthy volunteers and patients diagnosed with pre-diabetes and stroke were recruited for blood collection. Blood samples were collected from healthy and pre-diabetic subjects 12 h after fasting. BMI was calculated from body weight and height. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), insulin and albumin were assayed by automated clinical laboratory methods. We used a quantitative proteomics approach to identify 1074 proteins from the sera of pre-diabetic and healthy subjects. Among them, 500 proteins were then selected using Mascot analysis scores. Further, 70 out of 500 proteins were selected via volcano plot analysis according to their statistical significance and average relative protein ratio. Eventually, 7 serum proteins were singled out as candidate markers for pre-diabetes due to their diabetic relevance and statistical significance. Immunoblotting data demonstrated that laminin subunit alpha 2 (LAMA2), mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4), and plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2) were expressed in pre-diabetic patients but not healthy volunteers. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the combination of the three proteins has greater diagnostic efficacy than any individual protein. Thus, LAMA2, MLL4 and PLXDC2 are novel and reliable serum protein markers for pre-diabetic diagnosis in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Canine filariasis is caused by several species of filarial worms. The pathophysiological response to infection is mainly due to the filaria lifecycle. Laboratory detection methods to assess the pathological alterations characteristic of filariasis are needed urgently. Serum protein profiles and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are used widely to diagnose several animal diseases. This study aimed to determine the serum protein profiles and CRP levels in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis or Brugia pahangi or both parasites. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 980 dogs presenting at animal hospitals and veterinary clinics in Bangkok and its vicinity. The presence of microfilaria in samples was determined using a buffy coat smear and staining with Wright-Giemsa. The sheathed and unsheathed microfilaria species were identified by acid phosphatase staining. Forty positive samples were tested. The serum protein profiles were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The CRP concentration was measured using a fluorescent immunoassay. Results: Albumin levels and albumin-to-globulin ratios were significantly lower, and total protein, β2 globulin, and γ globulin levels were significantly elevated in dogs infected with D. immitis and B. pahangi compared with reference values in normal dogs. The average CRP concentrations in dogs infected with D. immitis or B. pahangi were 69.9 and 12.9 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: The total protein and γ globulin levels increased in canine filariasis compared with the normal reference range. The CRP concentration in dogs infected with D. immitis was extremely high, whereas that in dog infected with B. pahangi was normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado pear pulp (Persea americana) is indigenous to Mexico. It is widely cultivated and consumed all over the world. Its oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (SFAs) and can be used to replace SFAs in a diet to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Consumers seek healthy foods that aid in reducing metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the best acceptable cakes supplemented with 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50% avocado on the serum lipid profile and plasma protein in rats. Twenty-five rats separated into five groups of four test groups and one control group were fed individually for 14 days, after which blood samples were withdrawn and subjected to biochemical analysis. Intake of cake supplemented with avocado pear pulp resulted in significant (P < .05) increment in the body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL, and serum protein and decrement in LDL of the rats. The group fed 50% supplemented cake showed highest increase in HDL and least decrease in LDL. Cake supplemented with 50% avocado pear pulp proved to be a better supplementation in reducing serum LDL and increasing serum HDL and serum protein in rats, indicating to be a promising nutraceutical for the management of cardiovascular diseases and its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to characterize serum protein capillary electrophoretic pattern in 20 clinically healthy neonate calves. The neonates were monitored from birth up to 28 days of age. Venous blood samples were collected from the jugular vein and used for the determination of serum protein fractions using capillary electrophoresis technique. The younger calves 4–11 days old showed electrophoretic pattern composed of albumin and α1-, α2-, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins, whereas the young calves 15–28 days old showed a pattern composed of albumin and α1-, α2-, β- and γ-globulins. The mean values of the relative concentration of serum protein fraction profile (%) were 42.96 ± 6.97 for albumin, 4.53 ± 9.91 for α1-globulin, 20.96 ± 6.80 for α2-globulin, 9.64 ± 1.66 for β1-globulin, 17.38 ± 11.68 for β2-globulin, 12.53 ± 6.17 for β-globulins, 15.98 ± 11.24 for γ-globulins and 0.79 ± 0.22 for albumin/globulins ratio (A/G). Albumin and α2 and β1-globulin fractions (%) and A/G ratio decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the youngest calves 4–6 days old compared with the calves 15–28 days old. A highly significant decrease (P < 0.0001) in serum-[albumin] was observed in the youngest calves 4–6 days old compared with the calves 15–28 days old. The concentration of β1-globulin (g/l) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the youngest calves 4–6 days old compared with the calves 8–11 days old. The neonatal period had a significant effect on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern as a physiological adaptation to the extra-uterine environment and the nutritional status of the neonate's calves. The data can employ for the clinical monitoring of dysproteinaemias associated with the neonatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum protein as naturally essential biomacromolecules has recently emerged as a versatile carrier for diagnostic and therapeutic drug delivery for cancer nanomedicine with superior biocompatibility, improved pharmacokinetics and enhanced targeting capacity. A variety of serum proteins have been utilized for drug delivery, mainly including albumin, ferritin/apoferritin, transferrin, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and hemoglobin. As evidenced by the success of paclitaxel-bound albumin nanoparticles (AbraxaneTM), serum protein-based nanoparticles have gained attractive attentions for precise biological design and potential clinical application. In this review, we summarize the general design strategies, targeting mechanisms and recent development of serum protein-based nanoparticles in the field of cancer nanomedicine. Moreover, we also concisely specify the current challenges to be addressed for a bright future of serum protein-based nanomedicines. Unlabelled Image • Design strategies of protein-based nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and treatment. • Targeting principles of protein-based nanoparticles. • Biomineralization-based nanoreactor method to fabricate protein-based nanoparticles. • Applications of protein-based nanoparticles in cancer imaging and therapy. • Future challenge and perspective of protein-based nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) causes the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage and carcinogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of biomarkers, such as glutathione (GSH) in the blood, as well as serum albumin and total protein levels in SLT users with oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. A cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted on 240 patients aged 30-60 years, divided into four groups with 60 patients in each group as follows: Group 1, control group, non-tobacco users; group 2, 60 subjects with a history of SLT use and no oral lesions; group 3, SLT users with precancerous oral lesions; and group 4, SLT users with cancerous lesions. GSH levels in the blood, serum albumin levels and total protein levels were evaluated in all groups. ANOVA and Tukey's test post hoc were used to compare the levels of the biomarkers in all groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the reliability of the biomarkers, and regression analysis was used to determine the associations between the variables. The use of SLT was predominantly observed in males. The mean GSH and serum albumin levels were lowest in group 4 and highest in the control group (P<0.001). The total serum protein levels were higher in group 4 than in group 3. On the whole, as demonstrated herein, GSH and serum albumin were reliable biomarkers, whereas total protein was a weak biomarker. GSH and serum albumin levels may thus be efficiently used for the early diagnosis and prognosis of oral malignancies in SLT users., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © 2024 Nimbal et al.)

Background: Paper-analytical devices (PADs) have gained popularity as a simple and low-cost alternative for determining a wide range of analytes including proteins. Even though several colorimetric PADs methods for protein estimation are reported in literature, they lack justification for the chosen method and parameters therein. Aim: Major aim of this work was to thoroughly evaluate the most commonly used colorimetric protein assays and recommend the most appropriate method for PADs platform. Method: We performed following six colorimetric protein assays on PADs: biuret, lowry, bicinchoninic acid, bradford, bromocresol green, and tetrabromophenol blue. We obtained assay signal by analyzing images of the PADs and then assessed analytical figures of merit. Result: Precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ of PADs protein assay methods ranged from 1.2 to 6.4%, 73.3–102.4%, 0.3–3.8 ​mg/mL, and 1.2–12.8 ​mg/mL, respectively. Out of six methods, we determined bromocresol green and tetrabromophenol blue as the best methods for serum and urine samples, respectively based on their optimized parameters and analytical figures of merit. The total average serum and urine protein in human samples were found to be 94.6 ​± ​16.2 ​mg/mL and 2.1 ​± ​1.5 ​mg/mL, respectively using PADs methods. The PADs result on human samples moderately correlated with the results from spectrophotometric determination (r2 ​> ​0.6). Conclusion: Paper-based protein assays were easy to perform and were completed with thousand-fold less volume of samples/reagents without a spectrophotometer compared to conventional assay methods. After testing human samples, we found one protein assay method may not be appropriate for all types of samples.

The present study was aimed to establish reference data for nine serum biochemical attributes (glucose, protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase [SGOT] and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) of a supreme aquaculture candidate, namely Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Further, the influence of ecotype (cage–wild), condition index and gender on biochemical attributes was evaluated. The results have shown that gender and condition index had no significant effect in the studied age group, whereas ecotype had a significant role, except on serum glucose levels, suggesting the prime importance of estimating ecotype‐specific reference intervals for interpreting fish health. Intra‐ecotype variability of serum biochemical attributes, namely serum protein, globulin, cholesterol and triglycerides, was less, suggesting the possibility of using these parameters as health indices within a specific ecotype. Consistency in terms of the least intra‐ecotype variability coupled with PCA results points serum protein as the best ecotype‐specific health index among the different parameters studied. Altogether, the results of the present study provide thought‐provoking insights on serum biochemistry of L. argentimaculatus as a platform for the health management of this supreme aquaculture candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly, BSF) larvae meal has shown to be a good protein source in monogastric animal diets, but published data regarding its immunomodulatory properties is limited. For this purpose, a study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of larvae meal on selected immune parameters and caecal bacterial counts of broiler quails. Hermetia illucens larvae were reared on two substrates (100% chicken feed, BSF-M, or 50% chicken feed + 50% fish offal, BSF-F) in order to manipulate the fatty acid profile of larvae meal by increasing the long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids which are known for their immunomodulatory properties. For immunological purposes, a total of 60 birds were randomly allocated to three dietary treatment groups (n = 20/treatment): control quail diet (CON), or quail diets including 10% of BSF-F or BSF-M larvae meal. Blood was collected 27 and 37 days after the trial commenced to determine the humoral immune response, serum lysozyme concentrations, serum bactericidal activity and protein fractions of the serum. The dietary inclusion of BSF-M meal resulted in an increased secondary humoral immune response compared to the CON treatment group (P < 0.01). Quails in the BSF-F treatment had significantly higher serum lysozyme activity compared to quails in the CON and BSF-M treatment group. Both larvae meals significantly increased cell-mediated immunity on day 37 (P < 0.001) but they had no effect on serum bactericidal activity. Both larvae meal sources resulted in higher α2-globulin levels on both sampling days, whereas γ-globulin levels were significantly lower in quails with the BSF-F treatment on day 27. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on caecal bacterial counts. In conclusion, the present study showed that the larvae meal had immunostimulatory effects in quails, but the rearing substrate of larvae strongly influenced the immunostimulatory properties of the larvae meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood components are considered to reflect nutrient metabolism and immune activity in both humans and animals. In this study, we measured 12 blood components in Pekin ducks and performed genome-wide association analysis to identify the QTLs (quantitative trait locus) using a genotyping-by-sequencing strategy. A total of 54 QTLs were identified for blood components. One genome-wide significant QTL for alkaline phosphatase was identified within the intron-region of the OTOG gene (P = 1.31E-07). Moreover, 21 genome-wide significant SNPs for the level of serum cholinesterase were identified on six different scaffolds. In addition, for serum calcium, one genome-wide significant QTL was identified in the upstream region of gene RAB11B. These results provide new markers for functional studies in Pekin ducks, and several candidate genes were identified, which may provide additional insights into specific mechanisms for blood metabolism in ducks and their potential application for duck breeding programs. • This study is the first to show that BCHE gene may be related to fat percentage in ducks. • Some serum lipids were found to have moderate and high heritabilities in ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the synthesis of Thy-(Phe-Phe) and Thy-(Tyr-Tyr), two thymine-bearing dipeptides based on l -phenylalanine and l -tyrosine, the circular dichroism (CD), UV and dynamic light scattering (DLS) characterization of their self-assemblies, and a CD study of their interaction with nucleic acids (using homoadenine DNA and RNA) and serum proteins (utilizing BSA as a model protein). DLS studies, alongside with CD and UV investigations conducted on aqueous solutions of the derivatives under different concentration and temperature conditions, showed the formation of extensive molecular architectures with hydrodynamic mean diameters higher than 300 nm, with Thy-(Tyr-Tyr) forming at pH = 7.5 particularly large and stable networks, involving multiple units, connected by H-bonding, aromatic and hydrophobic interactions. Finally, the findings of our study suggested that Thy-(Phe-Phe) and Thy-(Tyr-Tyr), very stable in human serum, were able to bind BSA protein altering its secondary structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bee venom is a valuable product with a wide range of biological effects, whose use is rapidly increasing in apitherapy. In this study, the effect of gamma-irradiated honey bee venom (doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kGy, volume of 0.1 ml, and concentration of 0.2 mg/ml) was evaluated on median lethal dose (LD 50 ) determinations, liver and kidney histology, biochemical marker level, and serum protein analyses. Hence, the LD 50 induced by the honey bee venom irradiated at 4, 6, and 8 kGy was increased, compared with the one at 0 and 2 kGy. Normal histology was observed in the liver and kidney of the mice receiving the honey bee venom irradiated at 4, 6, and 8 kGy. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and all serum proteins were reduced at 4, 6, and 8 kGy compared with 0 and 2 kGy. Therefore, gamma irradiation at 4, 6, and 8 kGy had no negative effect on LD 50 , liver and kidney tissues, ALT, and serum protein levels by decreasing the allergen compounds of the honey bee venom., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)