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Abstract Background The relationship between serum urea concentration and cancer in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum urea concentration and 16 site-specific cancers, overall cancer incidence, and cancer mortality in individuals with MetS. Methods We analysed the data of 108,284 individuals with MetS obtained from the UK Biobank. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the association between serum urea concentration at recruitment and cancer. The Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used to account for multiple comparisons. Results Over the median follow-up period of 11.86 years, 18,548 new incident cases of cancer were documented. There were inverse associations of urea concentration with overall cancer incidence, and the incidence of oesophageal and lung cancers, with respective hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) [HR (95% CI)] for the highest (Q4) vs lowest (Q1) urea quartiles of 0.95 (0.91–0.99), 0.68 (0.50–0.92), and 0.76 (0.64–0.90). However, high serum urea concentrations increased the male prostate cancer risk (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.02–1.30). Although the Cox model indicated a protective effect of higher urea levels against stomach (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.45–0.98; p = 0.040; FDR 0.120) and colorectal cancer (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.74–0.99; p = 0.048; FDR 0.123), no strong evidence of association was found after applying the Benjamin-Hochberg correction. Moreover, across the median follow-up period of 13.77 years for cancer mortality outcome, 5034 cancer deaths were detected. An “L-shaped” nonlinear dose–response relationship between urea concentration and cancer mortality was discovered (p-nonlinear

Background: The relationship between serum urea concentration and cancer in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum urea concentration and 16 site-specific cancers, overall cancer incidence, and cancer mortality in individuals with MetS. Methods: We analysed the data of 108,284 individuals with MetS obtained from the UK Biobank. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the association between serum urea concentration at recruitment and cancer. The Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used to account for multiple comparisons. Results: Over the median follow-up period of 11.86 years, 18,548 new incident cases of cancer were documented. There were inverse associations of urea concentration with overall cancer incidence, and the incidence of oesophageal and lung cancers, with respective hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) [HR (95% CI)] for the highest (Q4) vs lowest (Q1) urea quartiles of 0.95 (0.91–0.99), 0.68 (0.50–0.92), and 0.76 (0.64–0.90). However, high serum urea concentrations increased the male prostate cancer risk (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.02–1.30). Although the Cox model indicated a protective effect of higher urea levels against stomach (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.45–0.98; p = 0.040; FDR 0.120) and colorectal cancer (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.74–0.99; p = 0.048; FDR 0.123), no strong evidence of association was found after applying the Benjamin-Hochberg correction. Moreover, across the median follow-up period of 13.77 years for cancer mortality outcome, 5034 cancer deaths were detected. An "L-shaped" nonlinear dose–response relationship between urea concentration and cancer mortality was discovered (p-nonlinear < 0.001), and the HR (95% CI) for urea concentration Q4 vs Q1 was 0.83 (0.77–0.91). Conclusions: Serum urea concentration can be considered as a valuable biomarker for evaluating cancer risk in individuals with MetS, potentially contributing to personalised cancer screening and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysregulation of the urea cycle (UC) has been detected in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the impact of the UC's end product, urea, on CRC development remains unclear. We investigated the association between serum urea and CRC risk based on the data of 348 872 participants cancer‐free at recruitment from the UK Biobank. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to conduct risk estimates. Stratification analyses based on sex, diet pattern, metabolic factors (including body mass index [BMI], the estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and type 2 diabetes [T2D]) and genetic profiles (the polygenic risk score [PRS] of CRC) were conducted to find potential modifiers. During an average of 9.0 years of follow‐up, we identified 3408 (1.0%) CRC incident cases. Serum urea showed a nonlinear relationship with CRC risk (P‐nonlinear:.035). Lower serum urea levels were associated with a higher CRC risk, with a fully‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13‐1.41) in the first quartile (Q1) of urea, compared to the Q4. This association was largely consistent across subgroups of sex, protein diet, BMI, eGFR and CRC‐PRSs (P‐interaction >.05); however, it was stronger in the T2D, with an interaction between urea and T2D on both additive (synergy index: 3.32, [95% CI: 1.24‐8.88]) and multiplicative scales (P‐interaction:.019). Lower serum urea concentrations were associated with an increased risk of CRC, with a more pronounced effect observed in individuals with T2D. Maintaining stable levels of serum urea has important implications for CRC prevention, particularly in individuals with T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the association between fertility and the number of fetuses of free-ranging concentrate-supplemented white-tailed deer ((Odocoileus virginianus, texanus, Mearns 1898) from northern Mexico (27 °N) with body measurements and serum metabolites indicative of nutritional status. We studied 119 female deer (31 yearlings and 88 adults) captured in January 2021 using a net gun fired from a helicopter. Ultrasound scanning showed 100 and 97.8 % pregnancy rate and 1.52 ± 0.51 and 1.50 ± 0.59 fetuses/pregnant doe for yearlings and adult does, respectively, with no difference (p > 0.05) between age classes Thoracic circumference (cm) was higher (85.9 ± 4.9 vs. 84.1 ± 4.2; p = 0.039) for does carrying twins vs. singles. None of the serum metabolites indicative of nutritional status affected the fetal number of pregnant does. It was concluded that free-ranging white-tailed deer receiving concentrate supplementation in winter on a semi-arid rangeland has a high reproductive potential. Also, these results indicate that variation in maternal age within this population was not a significant driver of reproductive metrics of white-tailed deer. The plane of nutrition used in the present study was reflected in adequate serum metabolites indicative of nutritional status. Also, thoracic circumference may have prognostic value as a physical marker of multiple fetuses in female white-tailed deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The changes observed in the hematological/serological values and histopathological findings in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients may help in providing insight into the pathogenesis of this premalignant condition. Aims: The aim of this study is to estimate serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine in OSMF patients and compare them with habitual areca nut chewers and healthy controls and evaluate its potential as a prognostic marker in OSMF. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients were selected for the study and further categorized into Category I – included those subjects having OSMF, Category II – those subjects who had the habit of chewing betel nuts but had no features of OSMF, and Category III - comprised healthy controls with no habit history of chewing betel nut/tobacco. All variables from this study were analyzed by applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Chi-square test. Results: The results obtained from the present study showed statistically significant differences in serum urea, serum uric acid, and serum creatinine with various stages of OSMF. Conclusion: The serological estimation of urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels shows promise as a prognostic marker in OSMF patients. In the present study, elevated levels of these markers were associated with advanced disease stages and correlated positively with disease progression.

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is relatively a significant etiology of morbidity and mortality among the neonates in various developing countries like India. Therefore the incidence of developing perinatal asphyxia in developed countries is observed to be 2 per 1000 live births but this rate is 10 times higher in many of the developing countries since there is inadequate access to the neonatal and maternal care. Hence the present study has been conducted to evaluate the renal function among the term neonates reported with perinatal asphyxia. Materials and Methodology: Throughout the study, veracity is well-maintained at any cost and the study participants are free to withdraw from the study at any time during the study progress. All the study participants were informed about the study procedure and a written informed consent is obtained from their parents/guardians. It will be taken in accordance with the principles of declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013. This study has been intended to be carried out in Neonatal Intensive care unit (NICU, RIMS, Raichur) and this study has been adopted as a prospective case control study. The collected data were transformed into variables, coded and entered in Microsoft Excel. Quantitative data was expressed in mean ± standard deviation or median with interquartile range and depends on normality distribution difference between two comparable groups. Results: Out of 102 newborns were observed to be suffering from perinatal asphyxia, 73 (72%) were males and 29 (28%) were female neonates. A total of 33 (32%) newborns had reported with severe birth asphyxia (Apgar score 0-3 at 1 minute of life) and 69 (68%) had moderate birth asphyxia (APGAR score 4-6 at minute of life). When observed on the day-1, average serum urea and creatinine were seem to be 20.09±14.54 mg/dL and 0.88±0.51 mg/dL and the urine output was found to be 1.27±0.43 mL/kg/hr. Conclusion: The renal impairment in perinatal asphyxia could be effectively used as an early predictor or disease severity and are quite helpful in the early management and routine vigorous monitoring of the neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The changes observed in the hematological/serological values and histopathological findings in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients may help in providing insight into the pathogenesis of this premalignant condition. Aims: The aim of this study is to estimate serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine in OSMF patients and compare them with habitual areca nut chewers and healthy controls and evaluate its potential as a prognostic marker in OSMF. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients were selected for the study and further categorized into Category I – included those subjects having OSMF, Category II – those subjects who had the habit of chewing betel nuts but had no features of OSMF, and Category III ‑ comprised healthy controls with no habit history of chewing betel nut/tobacco. All variables from this study were analyzed by applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Chi‑square test. Results: The results obtained from the present study showed statistically significant differences in serum urea, serum uric acid, and serum creatinine with various stages of OSMF. Conclusion: The serological estimation of urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels shows promise as a prognostic marker in OSMF patients. In the present study, elevated levels of these markers were associated with advanced disease stages and correlated positively with disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present experimental work was conducted to elucidate the toxicity of nimesulide at three different doses in black kites (Milvus migrans). M. migrans is one of the most common raptors near human habitations. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether nimesulide is similarly hazardous to raptors as was diclofenac sodium and to investigate the acute oral toxicity of nimesulide in these birds. For this study, eight adult male black kites (M. migrans) were randomly divided into four groups. M. migrans in the control group (n = 02) were not treated with nimesulide. The other three groups were given nimesulide doses. The birds in the first (n = 02) were declared the control group. The second (n = 02), third (n = 02), and fourth groups were administered nimesulide at a low, medium, and high dose of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg live body weight of bird/day, respectively, for 10 days. Nimesulide-addled birds became listless and despondent, then anorexic. The birds were standing there with their eyes closed and showing no signs of life. There was an increase in saliva production, a slowing of breathing, and dilated pupils. No clinical signs were observed in the control group. No mortality was seen in the control or treated groups. The control group did not show lesions of gout, but black kites intoxicated with nimesulide at 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg live body weight of bird/day showed inflammation, apoptosis, hemorrhage, necrosis, and leukocytic infiltration tissues of the liver, kidney, and heart of black kites (M. migrans) treated with different concentrations of nimesulide. The treated groups also showed apoptosis of myofibrils and hyperplasia. The hypertrophy, atrophy, fibrosis, necrosis of skeletal muscles and hemorrhage were prominent in the muscles of black kites (M. migrans) intoxicated with nimesulide. All observed histological alterations got worse in a dose-related way. There was no significant difference in AST, ALT, ALP, serum uric acid, but a significant difference was observed in the values of serum urea (p = 0.001) and serum creatinine (p = 0.019).

This study was a cross-sectional survey that evaluated the occurrence of azotaemia in pigs slaughtered at Ikpa Abattoir, Nsukka, Nigeria. A total of 304 pigs were evaluated. The pigs were physically examined, and categorized based on sex, age and health status. Blood samples were collected from each of the pigs and assayed for biomarkers of azotaemia. Cut-off value (CoV) based on established reference limits in pigs for serum creatinine (sCr) [1.0 - 2.7 mg/dL] and serum urea (sUr) [21.4 - 64.0 mg/dL] was used to classify the pigs as azotaemic or non-azotaemic. Results showed that 18(5.9 %) out of the 304 pigs were azotaemic based on sCr CoV, 14(4.6 %) had azotaemia based on sUr CoV, and only 8(2.6 %) had both sCr and sUr above the CoV. There was no significant association (p>0.05) between sex and the occurrence of azotaemia based on sCr CoV, but significantly more (p<0.05) females had sUr levels above the CoV. Significantly more (p<0.05) adults had azotaemia based on the sCr CoV, but significantly more (p<0.05) growers and fatteners had sUr levels above the CoV. Also, significantly higher (p<0.01) number of unhealthy pigs was azotaemic when compared to the healthy ones. Significantly more (p<0.05) females and young pigs had sCr levels below the lower reference limit (LRL) of 1.0 mg/dL, but none of the pigs had sUr levels below the sUr LRL. The occurrence of azotaemia in the pigs sampled ranged from 2.6 to 5.9 %, and was strongly associated with the health status of the pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the past few decades, the percentage of patients with end-stage renal disease brought on by diabetes has steadily risen. The most popular biochemical parameter for routinely estimating GFR is serum creatinine level. Notwithstanding the fact that large increases in serum creatinine can occur before 50% of GFR is lost. It has been discovered that cystatin C is a new, promising marker for the early detection of renal diseases. To investigate the connection between microalbuminuria and serum cystatin C for the early detection of renal impairment in type 1 diabetic patients. Methods: From April 2021 to January 2022, a cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Biochemistry, T R R, Institute of Medical Sciences, Sangareddy, Telangana, India. They were split into two groups, Group I with diabetes diagnosed for less than five years and Group II with diabetes diagnosed for more than five years. The Albumin Creatinine Ratio was used to classify the patients in each group as cases and controls. The levels of serum urea, creatinine, cystatin C, hemoglobin A1c, and urine ACR were estimated. Microsoft Excel was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Results: In the study, 80 patients with type 1 DM were enrolled. Cystatin C levels in cases with type 1 DM lasting longer than five years were found to be statistically significant (0.88±0.43 compared to 0.65±0.38). Over a period of more than five years, a statistically significant positive correlation between cystatin C and ACR (r=0.4, p<0.05) was discovered. According to this, serum levels of cystatin C rise as ACR values rise. There was no noticeable difference in cystatin C levels in patients with type 1 diabetes for less than five years. Conclusion: In patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus who have had the condition for longer than five years, Cystatin C levels in the blood may be utilised as an early sign of renal impairment. However, in our study, patients with Type 1 diabetes who have had the disease for less than five years do not show any significance for Cystatin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Rats are commonly used in experimental studies as they have a smaller body size, they are easily available, and their genetic profiles are similar to each other as compared to humans. Kidney pathologies are the result of an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Parsley aqueous extract is rich in polyphenolic contents and has nephroprotective effects. The objective of this study is to observe the effects of ramipril and parsley leaves aqueous extract in gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. METHODOLOGY: An Experimental study consisting of 40 healthy male albino rats were randomly distributed into two categories after taking samples for baseline values of urea and creatinine: Category 1 consisted of a control group (Group 1) having 10 rats, while category 2 comprised of 30 rats, divided into three experimental groups after being given intraperitoneal injections of gentamicin (80mg/kg) per day. Group 2 was taken as disease control, while group 3 and group 4 were parsley treated and ramipril treated for 28 days, respectively. Biochemical markers (serum urea and creatinine) were done at day 35. SPSS version 22 was applied for Statistical analysis. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine any difference in mean values. Post hoc tuckeys test was applied for multiple comparisons amongst groups. p<0.05 was measured as significant. RESULTS: The treatment decreased the levels of serum urea and creatinine in nephrotoxic rats in group 3 (parsley treated group) and group 4 (ramipril treated group) in comparison to group 2. Group 3 had significantly reduced biochemical markers (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Parsley leaves extract significantly reduced the serum urea and creatinine levels as compared to ramipril. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has been traditionally defined as an increase in serum creatinine (sCr) after contrast media (CM) exposure. It is generally a transient and reversible form of acute renal failure. Objectives: The objective was to compare changes in serum creatinine and serum cystatin C (sCys C) in patients undergoing CM administration during coronary angiography (CAG) and/or intervention, and whether these changes are a reliable index for early identification of CIN. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 50 patients were included, 9 of them were omitted, and remaining 41 patients undergoing CAG and/or intervention. sCr, serum urea, sCys C, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were evaluated at baseline as well as 24 h after exposure to CM. Results: Forty one patients, six of them develop CIN (CIN group) and the remainder 35 not develop CIN (non-CIN group). Clinical parameters showed no significant association between CIN group and non-CIN group except in diabetes mellitus. As comparing patients before and after catheterization, the CIN group showed increase in sCr and serum urea, while remain nearly the same for sCys C, and obvious decrease for eGFR1 and eGFR2, in addition there is significant association for sCr, eGFR1, and eGFR2. In the non-CIN group, only the serum urea showed significant difference. Conclusion: The concentration change of sCr is significantly superior to cystatin C as an early biomarker in the CIN detection. An absolute increase of the concentration of sCr is highly sensitive and specific for the CIN in comparing to cystatin C.

We evaluated a saliva urea test strip (Kidney-Chek; SN Biomedical), as a rapid, noninvasive method to screen for azotemia. The test is a semiquantitative method that assesses 7 levels of saliva urea concentration, and indirectly serum urea, from <3 to >17 mmol/L. Ninety-two dogs (14 azotemic) with serum urea of 1.3–37 mmol/L and 56 cats (16 azotemic) with serum urea of 4.1–89.3 mmol/L were enrolled. A positive correlation was found for saliva urea against serum urea in each species (dogs: rs = 0.30, p < 0.005; cats: rs = 0.50, p < 0.001). After turning the semiquantitative data into continuous data by attributing to each level the midpoint of the described range, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed good performance for detecting serum urea above the upper limit of the laboratory RI (dogs: 2.1–11.1 mmol/L; cats: 5–12.9 mmol/L), with an area under the curve of 0.81 in dogs and 0.83 in cats. We recommend that the test be used as an exclusion test, given that it cannot confidently confirm azotemia with higher test results. Additional investigations are recommended for dogs with a test strip reading of ≥9–11 mmol/L and for cats with a test strip reading of ≥12–14 mmol/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Kidney is one of the most important organs commonly involved in the multiple organ dysfunction caused by perinatal asphyxia. Monitoring the serum urea, creatinine and urine output helps in early assessment of severity of perinatal asphyxia and, thus improving the outcome. Aim: To study renal functions in perinatal asphyxia and various stages of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) in term neonates. Materials and Methods: This observational study included 118 full-term perinatally asphyxiated neonates admitted in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah. Serum urea, creatinine and urine output were assessed on 1st, 3rd and 10th day of admission. A total of 48 newborns with normal Renal Function Test (RFT) and urine output were kept in Group A, while 70 newborn with abnormal RFT and urine output were kept in Group B. To compare RFT in various HIE stages of perinatal asphyxia, neonates were graded by the Levene staging system and divided in mild HIE (stage I), moderate HIE (stage II) and severe HIE (stage III). A total of 52 neonates who did not fulfill criteria of any stage of Levene were diagnosed as asphyxia without HIE and were excluded from comparison. Results: Significant differences (p-value

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern, with a 10% global prevalence. Its prevalence may further increase in the coming decades, thereby increasing the risk of uremic xerosis. Approximately 50-90% of patients with CKD have xerosis, leading to pruritus that affects their quality of life due to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. However, the exact mechanisms underlying xerosis in CKD remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of serum urea levels and skin moisture with quality of life in patients with CKD. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital from March to December 2023. Patients with CKD aged ≥18 years who were undergoing hemodialysis for at least 3 months were included in this study. A translated Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire was employed to assess the patient's quality of life. Serum urea levels and skin moisture were determined using venous blood and the Skin Moisture Checker MY-808S tool, respectively. In total, 67 patients with CKD, including 61.2% males and 32.8% individuals aged >60 years, were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 52.73±13.08 years. The mean serum urea levels, skin moisture, and DLQI scores were 154.08±49.10 mg/dL, 36.22±2.34%, and 4.67±3.98, respectively. No difference in DLQI scores was observed between normal and high serum urea levels or between dry and normal skin moisture levels ( p= 0.156 and p= 0.804, respectively). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed no correlation between serum urea levels and average skin moisture with DLQI ( p= 0.600 and p =0.353, respectively), indicating that multiple factors contribute to the dermatological quality of life in patients with CKD. Notably, DLQI in patients with CKD can be simultaneously affected by multiple factors, such as diverse sociodemographic backgrounds, coping mechanisms, and the impact of symptoms associated with CKD, other than serum urea levels and average skin moisture. Therefore, adopting a multifactorial and individualized approach is crucial to improving the DLQI scores of patients with CKD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a major public health challenge worldwide. It is more prevalent in developed countries compared with the rest of the world, due to the higher rates of life expectancy and unhealthy lifestyle related factors. This aim of the current study is to evaluate the relationship between interleukins IL-2 and IL-17 concentrations and kidney function markers in men with CKD. Methods: Forty-five men with CKD and seventy controls were enrolled in the current study to assess the relationship between interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and CKD parameters. Fasting blood samples were collected from patients with CKD and their controls at same time. Serum IL-2, and IL-17 were measured in patients with CKD and their controls, and then the relationship between these interleukins and serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid and urine albumin were evaluated. Results: A significant relationship was detected between IL-2 (p< 0.001), IL-17 (p< 0.001) levels and serum creatinine concentrations. The significant increase of IL-2 and IL-17 levels were also paralleled with a significant increase in serum urea (p< 0.001), and urine albumin (p< 0.001) concentrations respectively. Conclusions: IL-2 and IL-17 may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of CKD. The significant increase of IL-2 and IL-17 is associated with significantly high concentrations of creatinine, serum urea and urine albumin suggesting that these interleukins may be used as targets for future biomarkers and molecular therapy. However, due to limited sample size of the current study, larger prospective cohorts are needed to confirm these observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientific study on the relationship between Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS), Glycoslated Haemoglobin(HbA1c), Urine Glucose (UG), and Serum Urea(SU) was carried out in Type2 Diabetes mellitus patients of mongoloid race attended at the Endocrinology Department of JNIMS Hospital. A total of 151 T2DM patients ages between 30 to 70 years of both sexes were subjected to clinical tests on FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, Urine Glucose, and Serum Urea. The data on the parameters were statistically analysed using SPSS version 20. There was a positive co- relation between Urine Glucose (UG) and HbA1c (r=0.252, n=151, p=0.002), Urine Glucose and Fasting Blood Sugar (r= 0.697, n=151. P<0.001) and Urine Glucose and Post Prandial Blood Sugar (r=0.774, n=151, p<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) results in extensive white matter abnormalities, but the specific damage segment cannot be identified. This study aimed to determine the segmental abnormalities of white matter microstructure in ESRD and its relationship with cognitive and renal function indicators.Methods: Eighteen ESRD patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were prospectively recruited. All participants underwent DTI and clinical assessments. Automatic fiber quantification (AFQ) was applied to generate bundle profiles along 16 main white matter tracts. We compared the DTI parameters between groups. Besides, we used partial correlation and multiple linear regression analyses to explore the associations between white matter integrity and cognitive performance as well as renal function indicators.Results: In the global tract level, compared to HCs, ESRD patients had greater MD, AD, and RD values and lower FA value in several fibers (P < 0.05, FDR correction). In the point-wise level, extensive damage existed in specific locations of different fiber tracts, particularly in the left hemisphere (P < 0.05, FDR correction). Among these tracts, the mean AD values of the left cingulum cingulate correlated negatively with MoCA score. Urea and UA level were independent predictors of the AD value of superior component of the left corticospinal. Besides, urea level was the independent predictors of mean MD value of left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR).Conclusion: White matter fiber tract damage in ESRD patients may be characterized by abnormalities in its specific location, especially in the left hemisphere. Aberrational specific located fibers were related to cognitive impairment and renal dysfunction.

Background: The kidney toxicity of fluoride exposure has been demonstrated in animal studies, and a few studies have reported kidney function injury in children with fluoride exposure. However, epidemiological information for the effects of long-term fluoride exposure on adult kidney function remains limited. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional investigation in Wenshui County, Shanxi Province to examine the association between fluoride exposure and kidney function in adults, and a total of 1070 adults were included in our study. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured using the national standardized ion selective electrode method. And markers of kidney function injury (urinary NAG, serum RBP, serum Urea, serum C3, serum UA and serum αl-MG) were measured using automatic biochemical analyzer. Multivariate linear regression analysis and binary logistic regression model were used to assess the relationship between urinary fluoride and markers of kidney function injury. Results: Urinary fluoride was positively correlated with urinary NAG and serum Urea, negatively correlated with serum C3. In multivariate linear regression models, every 1 mg/L increment of urinary fluoride was associated with 1.583 U/L increase in urinary NAG, 0.199 mmol/L increase in serum Urea, 0.037 g/L decrease in serum C3 after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In the binary logistic regression model, higher levels of urinary fluoride were associated with an increased risk of kidney function injury. Determination of kidney function based on urinary NAG, every 1 mg/L increment in the urinary fluoride concentrations was associated with significant increases of 22.8% in the risk of kidney function injury after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Sensitivity analysis for the association between urinary fluoride concentrations and markers of kidney function (urinary NAG, serum Urea, and serum C3) by adjusting for the covariates, it is consistent with the primary analysis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that long-term fluoride exposure is associated with kidney function in adults, and urinary NAG is a sensitive and robust marker of kidney dysfunction caused by fluoride exposure, which could be considered for the identification of early kidney injury in endemic fluorosis areas.

Introduction: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) refers to a sudden impairment of kidney function that results in the retention of nitrogenous waste products. Acute tubular necrosis involves localised necrosis of epithelial lining in renal tubules. A soluble form of human Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a type 1 membrane-spanning protein which lends epithelial cells the capacity to perceive and phagocytose dead cells in post ischaemic kidney. Aim: To estimate urinary KIM-1 level in patients with snake bite as a potential biomarker for early detection for AKI. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical case-control study, which was conducted on 100 patients admitted for snake bite at Thanjavur Medical College and hospital, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, from January 2014 to August 2014. Patients without AKI were regarded as controls and those who developed AKI were considered as cases. Blood and urine samples were collected and analysed for urinary KIM-1 by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), method, serum creatinine (by kinetic JAFFE’S method) and serum urea (by Urease- glutamate dehydrogenase method). Student’s t-test was used and p-value

Background and Purpose: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) results in extensive white matter abnormalities, but the specific damage segment cannot be identified. This study aimed to determine the segmental abnormalities of white matter microstructure in ESRD and its relationship with cognitive and renal function indicators. Methods: Eighteen ESRD patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were prospectively recruited. All participants underwent DTI and clinical assessments. Automatic fiber quantification (AFQ) was applied to generate bundle profiles along 16 main white matter tracts. We compared the DTI parameters between groups. Besides, we used partial correlation and multiple linear regression analyses to explore the associations between white matter integrity and cognitive performance as well as renal function indicators. Results: In the global tract level, compared to HCs, ESRD patients had greater MD, AD, and RD values and lower FA value in several fibers (P < 0.05, FDR correction). In the point-wise level, extensive damage existed in specific locations of different fiber tracts, particularly in the left hemisphere (P < 0.05, FDR correction). Among these tracts, the mean AD values of the left cingulum cingulate correlated negatively with MoCA score. Urea and UA level were independent predictors of the AD value of superior component of the left corticospinal. Besides, urea level was the independent predictors of mean MD value of left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR). Conclusion: White matter fiber tract damage in ESRD patients may be characterized by abnormalities in its specific location, especially in the left hemisphere. Aberrational specific located fibers were related to cognitive impairment and renal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) refers to a sudden impairment of kidney function that results in the retention of nitrogenous waste products. Acute tubular necrosis involves localised necrosis of epithelial lining in renal tubules. A soluble form of human Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a type 1 membrane-spanning protein which lends epithelial cells the capacity to perceive and phagocytose dead cells in post ischaemic kidney. Aim: To estimate urinary KIM-1 level in patients with snake bite as a potential biomarker for early detection for AKI. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical case-control study, which was conducted on 100 patients admitted for snake bite at Thanjavur Medical College and hospital, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, from January 2014 to August 2014. Patients without AKI were regarded as controls and those who developed AKI were considered as cases. Blood and urine samples were collected and analysed for urinary KIM-1 by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), method, serum creatinine (by kinetic JAFFE'S method) and serum urea (by Urease-glutamate dehydrogenase method). Student's t-test was used and p-value <0.05 was regarded significant. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation between measured parameters. Results: Among 100 patients, 44 were diagnosed as patients having AKI and 56 of them did not develop AKI. No significant difference was found in urinary KIM-1 values between age group of <40 years and age group =40 years in cases (p-value=0.39) and in controls (p-value=0.65). A significant elevation of urinary KIM-1 was seen among cases of snake bite who developed AKI. Urinary KIM-1 levels were found to significantly rise within 24 hours of admission (p-value <0.001), whereas, serum creatinine and urea values were not increased until the day 3 of nephrotoxic trauma. The urine KIM-1 and serum creatinine on day 1 had negligible correlation (r-value=0.093, p-value=0.54) and urine KIM-1 and urea on day 1 had low positive correlation (r-value=0.380, p-value=0.011). With progressive damage to the kidneys, a positive correlation was found between urine KIM-1 and serum urea (r-value=0.864), creatinine (r-value=0.882) on third day. Also, levels of urinary KIM-1 significantly increased (p<0.001) with the severity of tubular injury. Conclusion: Urinary KIM-1 is a promising quick predictive marker of AKI in contrast to traditional markers, serum urea and creatinine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease is a medical condition defined as a reduction in kidney function, made known by glomerular filtration rate of a less than 60 mL/min per 1·73 m², or signs of kidney impairment (albuminuria), or both for at least three months period, nevertheless of the original cause. Diuretic resistance in the edematous patient is defined as a clinical state in which diuretic response is diminished or lost before the therapeutic goal of relief from edema has been reached. This study aims to find the effect of different drugs on kidney functionindices and the relationship of using these drugs with the development or improvement of diuretic resistance. The study is a cross-sectional observational study. It was carried out at Al-Hussein-Teaching Hospital in Thi-Qar. Nasiriya. Data from 104 patients were collected and analyzed using different statistical methods. The results showed that there was a different odd of effects of the drugs commonly used to patients with CKD due to other comorbidities on diuretic resistance indices. There was a significant increase in the body weight and decline in serum urea in patients already with edema when they used calcium ampoule. Serum urea was not affected by any of the other studied drugs. There were two drugs affected positively on serum creatinine, which are clopidogrel and heparin. Albuminuria was highly improved in patients receiving aspirin and atorvastatin. Clopidogrel significantly increased GFR in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background High water hardness associated with high water fluoride and the geographical distribution of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka are well correlated. We undertook this study to observe the effects of high water hardness with high fluoride on kidney and liver in rats and efficacy of distilled water in reducing the effects. Methods Test water sample with high water hardness and high fluoride was collected from Mihinthale region and normal water samples were collected from Kandy region. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 8 groups and water samples were introduced as follows as daily water supply. Four groups received normal water for 60 (N1) and 90 (N2) days and test water for 60 (T1) and 90 (T2) days. Other four groups received normal (N3) and test (T3) water for 60 days and followed by distilled water for additional 60 days and normal (N4) and test (T4) water for 90 days followed by distilled water for another 90 days. The rats were sacrificed following treatment. Serum samples were subjected to biochemical tests; serum creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and elemental analysis. Histopathological examinations were carried out using kidney and liver samples. Results Test water treated groups were associated with acute tubular injury with loss of brush border and test water followed with distilled water treated groups maintained a better morphology with minimal loss of brush border. Serum creatinine levels in T1 and T2 groups and urea level in T2 group were significantly (p

The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) negatively impacts the survival of patients. There are scant data on the impact of serum urea on outcomes in these patients. We performed this study to evaluate the relationship between admission serum urea and the survival in patients with ACLF and AKI. A prospective study was conducted on patients with ACLF (as per Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver criteria) and AKI (as per Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria) hospitalized in the gastroenterology ward between October 2016 and May 2018. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded, and outcomes were compared in patients with respect to the admission serum urea level. A total of 103 of 143 hospitalized patients with ACLF had AKI and were included as study subjects. The discrimination ability between survivors and the deceased was similar for serum urea levels (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 28 days survival, 0.76 [0.67–0.85]; 90 days survival, 0.81 [0.72–0.91]) and serum creatinine levels (AUROC [95% CI]: 28 days survival, 0.75 [0.66–0.84]; 90 days survival: 0.77 [0.67–0.88]) in patients with ACLF and AKI. However, on multivariate analysis, admission serum urea (not serum creatinine) was an independent predictor of mortality in these patients both at 28 days (p = 0.001, adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]: 1.013 [1.005–1.021]) and 90 days (p = 0.001, AHR: 1.014 [1.006–1.022]). Over two-thirds of patients with ACLF had AKI. The discrimination ability between survivors and the deceased was similar for both serum urea and serum creatinine levels. However admission serum urea was found to be a better predictor of mortality than serum creatinine in patients with ACLF and AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has been traditionally defined as an increase in serum creatinine (sCr) after contrast media (CM) exposure. It is generally a transient and reversible form of acute renal failure. Objectives: The objective was to compare changes in serum creatinine and serum cystatin C (sCys C) in patients undergoing CM administration during coronary angiography (CAG) and/or intervention, and whether these changes are a reliable index for early identification of CIN. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 50 patients were included, 9 of them were omitted, and remaining 41 patients undergoing CAG and/or intervention. sCr, serum urea, sCys C, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were evaluated at baseline as well as 24 h after exposure to CM. Results: Forty one patients, six of them develop CIN (CIN group) and the remainder 35 not develop CIN (non-CIN group). Clinical parameters showed no significant association between CIN group and non-CIN group except in diabetes mellitus. As comparing patients before and after catheterization, the CIN group showed increase in sCr and serum urea, while remain nearly the same for sCys C, and obvious decrease for eGFR1 and eGFR2, in addition there is significant association for sCr, eGFR1, and eGFR2. In the non-CIN group, only the serum urea showed significant difference. Conclusion: The concentration change of sCr is significantly superior to cystatin C as an early biomarker in the CIN detection. An absolute increase of the concentration of sCr is highly sensitive and specific for the CIN in comparing to cystatin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) binds potassium and ammonium in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to serum potassium reduction, Phase 2 trial data have shown increased serum bicarbonate with SZC, which may be clinically beneficial because maintaining serum bicarbonate ≥22 mmol/L preserves kidney function. This exploratory analysis examined serum bicarbonate and urea, and urine pH data from three SZC randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 studies among patients with hyperkalaemia [ZS-003 (n  = 753), HARMONIZE (n  = 258) and HARMONIZE-Global (n  = 267)]. Methods In all studies, patients received ≤10 g SZC 3 times daily (TID) for 48 h to correct hyperkalaemia, followed by randomization to maintenance therapy with SZC once daily (QD) versus placebo for ≤29 days among those achieving normokalaemia. Results Significant dose-dependent mean serum bicarbonate increases from baseline of 0.3 to 1.5 mmol/L occurred within 48 h of SZC TID in ZS-003 (all P < 0.05), which occurred regardless of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage. Similar acute increases in HARMONIZE and HARMONIZE-Global were maintained over 29 days. With highest SZC maintenance doses, patient proportions with serum bicarbonate <22 mmol/L fell from 39.4% at baseline to 4.9% at 29 days (P = 0.005) in HARMONIZE and from 87.9% to 70.1%, (P = 0.006) in HARMONIZE-Global. Path analyses demonstrated that serum urea decreases (but not serum potassium or urine pH changes) were associated with SZC effects on serum bicarbonate. Conclusions SZC increased serum bicarbonate concentrations and reduced patient proportions with serum bicarbonate <22 mmol/L, likely due to SZC-binding of gastrointestinal ammonium. These SZC-induced serum bicarbonate increases occurred regardless of CKD stage and were sustained during ongoing maintenance therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely monitored due to its high prevalence, the high cost of the renal replacement therapy (RRT) and comorbidities – especially cardiovascular diseases, as well as due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease to advanced stages. The most real method for assessing the performance of renal replacement therapy is the rate of patient survival. In Romania, the treatment through haemodialysis is dominant (80%), while kidney transplant is used to a lower degree (13%). As for their survival, the patients undergoing transplants present the lowest mortality rates, while haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis present similar rates of survival, both lower than the one for transplants. The application of a certain haemodialysis technique and strategy, individualized according to the patient’s particularities, must be strictly guided by clinical and paraclinical parameters. This implies a regular cadence of investigations, differentiated according to the patient’s clinical condition and to how long they have been undergoing dialysis. The results of quantitative determinations from patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, undergoing dialysis, were centralized and analysed. All the biochemical parameters the study was focused on were determined through the usual methods in the clinical laboratory. Serum creatinine revealed an average of about eight times higher in men (9.96 mg/dL±2.54,) and six times in women, respectively (8.23 mg/dL±2.16) than the maximum value of the biological reference range (1.2 mg/dL). Serum urea presented an average of 131.97mg/dL±21.02 (306.90% compared to the maximum value of the reference range) in men and 139.01mg/dL±33.56 in women (323.27% compared to the maximum value of the reference range). The two parameters suggest strong perturbation of the renal function, with a drastic decrease in glomerular filtration. The high serum levels of potassium, highly depressed heart function and decreased alkaline reserve, all point to the same thing. In addition, probably because of the erythropoietin deficit, the haemoglobin values were 78.29% in men and 80.81% in women respectively, compared to the normal biological minimum value that suggests the onset of anaemia in all patients. The distribution of patients by age categories revealed that in men it mostly appeared between the ages of 50 and 59, while in women between 40 and 49. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and hyperuricemia are independently high in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), there are limited data showing the association of serum uric acid and thyroid function in those with CKD., Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study was to observe the alteration of both the serum uric acid level and thyroid function in CKD patients and to find the association between both., Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital over a period of one year in Northeast India. A total of 50 CKD patients were enrolled. Their demographic profiles were studied. Serum urea, creatinine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4), and free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) levels were measured to establish the correlation of serum uric acid along with each of the parameters separately. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: In the CKD patients studied, serum uric acid exhibited positive correlations with serum creatinine (p = 0.001, r = 0.67), serum urea (p = 0.001, r = 0.69), and serum TSH levels (p = 0.001, r = 0.5). Conversely, serum uric acid showed negative correlations with serum TT4 (p = 0.001, r = -0.74), TT3 (p = 0.001, r = -0.6), FT4 (p = 0.001, r = -0.53), and FT3 (p = 0.001, r = -0.58) levels., Conclusion:  There was a significant positive correlation between uric acid and TSH levels in CKD patients. Thus, early estimation of both parameters should be considered in CKD patients., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong issued approval NEIGR/IEC/M14/T13/2022. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Boruah et al.)

Purpose This study aimed at studying the neurological manifestation of neonatal acute kidney injury, focusing on the clinico-radiological profile. Methodology In this cross-sectional study, newborns hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital were enrolled over a study period of one year. As per the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria, 74 neonates were enrolled, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the same neonates. Result In this study, acute kidney injury (AKI) was seen more often in neonates with admission weights between 1,500 and 2,499 grams, accounting for 52.7% of total study participants. In the current study, neonates admitted with AKI presented more with signs and symptoms of encephalopathy, such as lethargy (78.4%), seizures (64.8%), and irritability (35.1%) at admission. Signs and symptoms of fever and decreased urine output were more common after the first week of life. Abnormal MRI findings were observed in 64.9% of neonates with AKI. The mean blood urea and serum creatinine levels in neonates with abnormal MRI were 188.14 ± 108.25 mg/dL and 2.93 ± 2.16 mg/dL, respectively. The mean blood urea and serum creatinine levels in neonates with normal MRI were 169.84 ± 65.45 mg/dL and 2.41 ± 1.85 mg/dL, respectively. Of the 74 neonates enrolled with AKI, 12 (16.21%) had CSVT. These neonates had a mean blood urea level of 231.58 ± 111.66 mg/dL (p = 0.047) and a mean creatinine level of 3.77 ± 2.78 mg/dL. Conclusion Neonatal AKI has a variable presentation with high mortality and morbidity. Elevated serum urea and creatinine can be used to predict CSVT., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee, Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur, India issued approval SNMC/IEC/2022/Plan/561(27.05.2022). Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Gupta et al.)

Introduction: Thyroid hormones affect kidneys in various ways ranging from their development to their functions. Serum and urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) are emerging as the most promising biomarkers for early determination of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Aim: To evaluate the effects of hyperthyroidism (subclinical and overt) on the markers of kidney function. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 300 subjects were recruited from May 2015 to June 2018 and divided in three categories of euthyroid, subclinical and overt hyperthyroid subjects. All the subjects were analysed for Thyroid function (Total T3, T4, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)) and Kidney Function (Serum Urea, Serum Creatinine, Urinary NGAL, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)). Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant decrease in serum urea and serum creatinine in both subclinical (17.32±3.51 mg/dL and 0.58±0.13 mg/dL, respectively) and overt hyperthyroid (13.52±2.78 mg/dL and 0.29±0.10 mg/dL, respectively) patients as compared to euthyroids (19.99±5.38 mg/dL and 0.87±0.25 mg/dL, respectively). Urinary NGAL and eGFR were significantly increased in both subclinical (30.24±8.63 ng/mL and 119.57±11.31 mL/min, respectively) and overt hyperthyroid (44.05±13.02 ng/mL and 155.12±19.75 mL/min, respectively) patients as compared to euthyroids (21.94±18.06 ng/mL and 97.97±25.92 mL/min, respectively). A negative correlation of creatinine and positive correlation of urinary NGAL and eGFR with T3 and T4 was observed in both subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism (p

Introduction: Thyroid hormones affect kidneys in various ways ranging from their development to their functions. Serum and urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) are emerging as the most promising biomarkers for early determination of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Aim: To evaluate the effects of hyperthyroidism (subclinical and overt) on the markers of kidney function. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 300 subjects were recruited from May 2015 to June 2018 and divided in three categories of euthyroid, subclinical and overt hyperthyroid subjects. All the subjects were analysed for Thyroid function (Total T3, T4, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)) and Kidney Function (Serum Urea, Serum Creatinine, Urinary NGAL, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)). Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant decrease in serum urea and serum creatinine in both subclinical (17.32±3.51 mg/dL and 0.58±0.13 mg/dL, respectively) and overt hyperthyroid (13.52±2.78 mg/dL and 0.29±0.10 mg/dL, respectively) patients as compared to euthyroids (19.99±5.38 mg/dL and 0.87±0.25 mg/dL, respectively). Urinary NGAL and eGFR were significantly increased in both subclinical (30.24±8.63 ng/mL and 119.57±11.31 mL/min, respectively) and overt hyperthyroid (44.05±13.02 ng/mL and 155.12±19.75 mL/min, respectively) patients as compared to euthyroids (21.94±18.06 ng/mL and 97.97±25.92 mL/min, respectively). A negative correlation of creatinine and positive correlation of urinary NGAL and eGFR with T3 and T4 was observed in both subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study shows that there are negative effects of hyperthyroidism on kidney functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plyometric training is an important part of athletic conditioning with many significant benefits, including improved motor abilities and performance, but it can also increase the serum indices of muscle damage, collagen breakdown, muscle swelling, and soreness. Due to the physical characteristics of water, plyometric training in water presents less eccentric contraction, facilitates faster transition from the eccentric to concentric phase of a jump and offers greater resistance during concentric contraction with acute lower indices of muscle damage. To advance our understanding of the long-term effects of an eight-week plyometric training programme on land and in water on muscle damage indicators (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and serum urea (SU)), two experimental groups of physically active men (a group on land (EG1) and a group in water (EG2)) were tested before and after the first and the last plyometric training to monitor muscle damage indicators and adaptations. The results showed changes in CK activity after both plyometric trainings for EG1 and only after the first training for EG2. Moreover, after the eight-week programme, significant difference was observed in CK activity in comparison with EG2. There were no observed changes in LDH activity while SU showed greater changes for the group on land. The plyometric training programme in water resulted in smaller levels of muscle damage indicators. Although both experimental groups conducted the same plyometric training with the same jump volume, the eccentric and concentric loads were not the same, so it can be concluded that adaptations in muscle damage processes are faster with smaller eccentric loads.

Background: High water hardness associated with high water fluoride and the geographical distribution of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka are well correlated. We undertook this study to observe the effects of high water hardness with high fluoride on kidney and liver in rats and efficacy of distilled water in reducing the effects.Methods: Test water sample with high water hardness and high fluoride was collected from Mihinthale region and normal water samples were collected from Kandy region. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into 8 groups and water samples were introduced as follows as daily water supply. Four groups received normal water for 60 (N1) and 90 (N2) days and test water for 60 (T1) and 90 (T2) days. Other four groups received normal (N3) and test (T3) water for 60 days and followed by distilled water for additional 60 days and normal (N4) and test (T4) water for 90 days followed by distilled water for another 90 days. The rats were sacrificed following treatment. Serum samples were subjected to biochemical tests; serum creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and elemental analysis. Histopathological examinations were carried out using kidney and liver samples.Results: Test water treated groups were associated with acute tubular injury with loss of brush border and test water followed with distilled water treated groups maintained a better morphology with minimal loss of brush border. Serum creatinine levels in T1 and T2 groups and urea level in T2 group were significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared to control groups. After administration of distilled water, both parameters were significantly reduced in T4 group (p < 0.05) compared to T2. Serum AST activity was increased in T4 group (p < 0.05) compared to control group with no histopathological changes in liver tissues. The serum sodium levels were found to be much higher compared to the other electrolytes in test groups.Conclusion: Hard water with high fluoride content resulted in acute tubular injury with a significant increase in serum levels of creatinine, urea and AST activity. These alterations were minimized by administering distilled water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Serum urea level is a heritable trait, commonly used as a diagnostic marker for kidney function. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in East-Asian populations identified a number of genetic loci related to serum urea, however there is a paucity of data for European populations.Methods: We performed a two-stage meta-analysis of GWASs on serum urea in 13,312 participants, with independent replication in 7,379 participants of European ancestry.Results: We identified 6 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near 6 loci, of which 2 were novel (POU2AF1 and ADAMTS9-AS2). Replication of East-Asian and Scottish data provided evidence for an additional 8 loci. SNPs tag regions previously associated with anthropometric traits, serum magnesium, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, as well as expression quantitative trait loci for genes preferentially expressed in kidney and gastro-intestinal tissues.Conclusions: Our findings provide insights into the genetic underpinnings of urea metabolism, with potential relevance to kidney function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body and diminishes a person's overall health. Millions and millions of peoples have health problems due to the habit of smoking. It is now a burden worldwide because smoking addiction of teenagers increasing immensely. Globally, smoking is not only a leading cause of cancer as well as various heart diseases. Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products like Polycyclic Aroma0tic Hydrocarbons (PCAH), acrolein etc. are irreversible binds to DNA, causes genetic mutation and cancer. Aim: To evaluate the effect of smoking on Blood biochemistry parameters. Materials and methods: Totally 68 subjects were included in the study. 34 current smokers who came from in and around Chidambaram to the RMMC and Hospital who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected as an experimental group. Another 34 non-smokers of the same age group were included separately in this study as a control group. So a total of 68 respondents were contacted for the study. The primary data were collected during the 2016-2017 period of around one year. biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, blood urea, and lipid profile were analyzed using standard methods. Results: While comparing the mean Blood sugar, Serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, and LDL values, it was found to be more in smokers compared to that of non-smokers and this was significant at 5% level for Blood sugar and at 1% level for other values like cholesterol, TGL, HDL, and LDL. The mean Blood urea value had no significant association with smoking. Conclusion: Subchronic and acute exposure to tobacco smoke and various tobacco smoke constituents have been shown to elicit a wide variety of cardiovascular effects in animal models. These effects include decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, resulting in ischemia, platelet activation, endothelial damage, altered lipoprotein levels and increased arterial wall thickness which can promote atherosclerosis, and thrombosis. Ischaemia, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis increase the risk of myocardial infarction and other serious cardiovascular effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering the CP level in piglet diets reduces the risk of postweaning diarrhea and N excretion to the environment. The question remains at what point CP becomes limiting. An experiment was designed with 2 standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys levels (10 and 11 g) and 6 CP levels (140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 g/kg) in a 2 × 6 factorial design (with 6 pens of 6 animals each per treatment). Linear and quadratic (QP) mixed models of performance in function of CP were fitted to study the effect of SID Lys and CP and their interaction. To determine optima, QP models and broken line models with linear (BLL) or quadratic (BLQ) ascending portions were fitted through the data. It was hypothesized 1) that the response to a decreasing digestible CP level could be described with broken line models and 2) that the break point of these models is dependent on the dietary SID Lys level. Decreasing the CP level decreased ADG (P < 0.001). For G:F, the effect of decreasing CP level depended on the SID Lys level (P of the interaction = 0.028 in the linear model and P = 0.002 in the QP model). According to the BLL model, with 11 g SID Lys in the diet, G:F started to decline with CP levels < 176 g CP [SID Lys:CP = 0.062, SID Lys:apparent total tract digestible (ATTD) CP = 0.077], and with 10 g SID Lys, CP levels < 165 g/kg (SID Lys:CP = 0.061, SID Lys:ATTD CP = 0.075) depressed performance. Serum creatinine levels showed a linear decrease with increasing SID Lys:CP levels (P < 0.001). Across both SID Lys levels, when fitting a BLL model, minimal serum urea levels were reached at an SID Lys:CP ratio of 0.064. This seems to be the point where CP and not Lys limits muscle deposition. The small difference in break point between serum urea level and performance suggests that the composition of nonessential AA may also be at stake. The effect of decreasing CP level depends on SID Lys, and using a maximal SID Lys:CP ratio may be useful for optimizing the AA profile of dietary CP. When the SID Lys:CP ratio exceeds 0.064 (SID Lys:ATTD CP > 0.079), protein and not individual AA limits growth in most piglets between 4 and 9 wk of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plyometric training is an important part of athletic conditioning with many significant benefits, including improved motor abilities and performance, but it can also increase the serum indices of muscle damage, collagen breakdown, muscle swelling, and soreness. Due to the physical characteristics of water, plyometric training in water presents less eccentric contraction, facilitates faster transition from the eccentric to concentric phase of a jump and offers greater resistance during concentric contraction with acute lower indices of muscle damage. To advance our understanding of the long-term effects of an eight-week plyometric training programme on land and in water on muscle damage indicators (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and serum urea (SU)), two experimental groups of physically active men (a group on land (EG1) and a group in water (EG2)) were tested before and aft er the first and the last plyometric training to monitor muscle damage indicators and adaptations. The results showed changes in CK activity after both plyometric trainings for EG1 and only after the first training for EG2. Moreover, after the eight-week programme, significant difference was observed in CK activity in comparison with WG2. There were no observed changes in LDH activity while SU showed greater changes for the group on land. The plyometric training programme in water resulted in smaller levels of muscle damage indicators. Although both experimental groups conducted the same plyometric training with the same jump volume, the eccentric and concentric loads were not the same, so it can be concluded that adaptations in muscle damage processes are faster with smaller eccentric loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]