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1. Geochemical Analysis of Two Samples of Bitumen from Jars Discovered on Muhut and Masirah Islands (Oman)

Author

Jacques Connan, Michael H. Engel, Robert B. Jackson, Seth Priestman, Tom Vosmer, and Alex Zumberge

Subjects
Oman, Tunisia, torpedo jar, bitumen, Muhut island, Masirah island, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Two samples of bitumen were obtained, one from a torpedo jar (c. 3rd–8th C. AD) from Masirah island and one from a Tunisian jar (c. 18th C. AD) from Muhut island off the central coast of Oman. Steranes and terpanes, as well as isotope data on chromatographic fractions, were used as tools to characterize the bitumen. Comparison of data with those already acquired on bitumen from torpedo jars from Thailand, Iran, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, India, and oil seeps from Iran and Iraq allowed us to conclude that the bitumen originated from different areas of southwest Iran. Those of the Muhut jar were likely from Khuzistan, whereas those from Masirah island appear to have been sourced from Kermanshah. These findings are in keeping with other similar geochemical studies undertaken on bitumen lined vessels from across the region (see more below).

Published
2021
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2. The Army and Urbanism at the Sasanian Empire’s Northern Frontiers

Author

Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Eberhard W. Sauer, Tony J. Wilkinson, Ghorban Ali Abbasi, Roger Ainslie, Francesco Caputo, Mohammad Ershadi, Morteza Fattahi, Nikolaus Galiatsatos, Kristen Hopper, Julian Jansen Van Rensburg, Eve Macdonald, Majid Mahmoudi, Amin Nazifi, Jebrael Nokandeh, Chris Oatley, Seth Priestman, James Ratcliffe, Kourosh Roustaei, Esmail Safari Tamak, Bardia Shabani, and Lucian Steven Usher-WilsoN

Published
2022
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3. Early Islamic Torpedo Jars from Siraf: Scientific Analyses of the Clay Fabric and Source of Indian Ocean Transport Containers

Author

Michela Spataro, Seth Priestman, and Roberta Tomber

Subjects
Cultural Studies, 060102 archaeology, General Arts and Humanities, 05 social sciences, 0507 social and economic geography, Islam, 06 humanities and the arts, 050701 cultural studies, Archaeology, Indian ocean, Anthropology, Period (geology), 0601 history and archaeology, Geology
Abstract

This paper concerns Sasanian to Early Islamic period transport containers, usually lined with bitumen, known as Torpedo jars. Widely distributed throughout the western Indian Ocean, with outliers a...

Published
2020
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4. Geochemical Analysis of Two Samples of Bitumen from Jars Discovered on Muhut and Masirah Islands (Oman)

Author

Alex Zumberge, Michael H. Engel, Robert B. Jackson, Seth Priestman, Tom Vosmer, and Jacques Connan

Subjects
Tunisia, Oman, Physics, QC1-999, Geochemistry, Filtration and Separation, computer.file_format, torpedo jar, bitumen, Muhut island, Masirah island, biomarkers, steranes, terpanes, carbon and deuterium isotopes, Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry, JAR, Asphalt, Sri lanka, computer, QD1-999, Geology
Abstract

Two samples of bitumen were obtained, one from a torpedo jar (c. 3rd–8th C. AD) from Masirah island and one from a Tunisian jar (c. 18th C. AD) from Muhut island off the central coast of Oman. Steranes and terpanes, as well as isotope data on chromatographic fractions, were used as tools to characterize the bitumen. Comparison of data with those already acquired on bitumen from torpedo jars from Thailand, Iran, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, India, and oil seeps from Iran and Iraq allowed us to conclude that the bitumen originated from different areas of southwest Iran. Those of the Muhut jar were likely from Khuzistan, whereas those from Masirah island appear to have been sourced from Kermanshah. These findings are in keeping with other similar geochemical studies undertaken on bitumen lined vessels from across the region (see more below).

Published
2021

5. Archaeobotanical analysis of food and fuel procurement from Fulayj fort (Oman, 5th-8th c. CE) including the earliest secure evidence for sorghum in Eastern Arabia

Author

Margareta Tengberg, Seth Priestman, Vladimir Dabrowski, Charlène Bouchaud, Antoine Zazzo, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, biology, Agroforestry, Prosopis, Plant community, 15. Life on land, Firewood, Sorghum, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Arid, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Phoenix dactylifera, Foothills, Hordeum vulgare, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

The recent study of botanical macro-remains from the Late Sasanian and Early Islamic (5th to 8th century) fort of Fulayj (Batinah, Sultanate of Oman) provides a unique opportunity to discuss food and fuel acquisition strategies in an arid environment and to document periods that are little known from an archaeobotanical perspective in Eastern Arabia. Seed assemblages include the first well-identified and directly radiocarbon dated evidence of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor (L.) Moench.) in Eastern Arabia, which raises the question of whether the grain was imported from distant sources (for example Yemen, East Africa or India) or locally cultivated. In addition to sorghum, the food plant assemblage includes hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare), date (Phoenix dactylifera) and jujube (Ziziphus cf. spina-christi). Date palm gardens may have existed near to the site as they do today or food products may have been brought from date palm gardens on the Batinah coast where conditions for agricultural production are particularly favourable. Charcoal analysis reveals that the main taxa used for fuel (acacia, prosopis, jujube tree, tamarisk) were collected from local plant communities, occasionally supplemented with firewood gathered in the foothills and mountainous areas.

Published
2021
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6. The Thāj Archaeological Project. Report on the 2019/2020 Field Seasons

Author

Jérôme Rohmer, Ibrahim Al-Mshabi, Alkhatib-Alkontar, R., Anne-Caroline Allard, Paul Calou, Chung-To, G., Patrice Courtaud, Vladimir Dabrowski, Pierre Dumas-Lattaque, Maria Gajewska, Damien Gazagne, Pauline Jaccard, Marie Laguardia, Fabien Lesguer, Seth Priestman, Muhammad Al-Qarny, Jacqueline Studer, Marie Peillet, Ariadni Ilioglou, Équipe Mondes sémitiques (OM-MS), ORIENT ET MÉDITERRANÉE : Textes, Archéologie, Histoire (OM), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Saudi Arabian Ministry of Culture, Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris 4 - UFR Histoire de l'art et archéologie (UP4 UFR HAA), Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4), Institut des Déserts et des Steppes, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Histoire de l'art et archéologie (UP1 UFR03), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre français d'archéologie et de sciences sociales USR 3141 (CEFAS ), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EVEHA International, Institute of archaeology (UCL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Museum d'Histoire Naturelle [Genève] (MHN), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères, Saudi Arabia Ministry of Culture, Torathuna Fund / SATORP, Institut des déserts et des steppes, Eveha International, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires Etrangères - Commission consultative des recherches archéologiques à l’étranger, The Thaj Archaeological Project, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre André Chastel : Laboratoire de recherche en histoire de l'art (CAC), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Archéologie du Proche-Orient Hellénistique et Romain (APOHR), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Équipe Islam médiéval (OM-IM), Sorbonne Université (SU)-ORIENT ET MÉDITERRANÉE : Textes, Archéologie, Histoire (OM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Équipe Monde Byzantin (OM-MB), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
Ceramics, Geophysics, Archaeology, Pottery, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Funerary Archaeology, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Late Pre-Islamic Period, East Arabia, Thaj, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Published
2020

7. Geochemical analysis of bitumen from West Asian torpedo jars from the c. 8th century Phanom-Surin shipwreck in Thailand

Author

Alex Zumberge, Thomas Van de Velde, Michael H. Engel, Jacques Connan, Buyuk Ghorbani, Abhirada Komoot, Tom Vosmer, Seth Priestman, and Hossein Tofighian

Subjects
Archeology, Indian ocean, Petroleum seep, JAR, Abu dhabi, Geography, Asphalt, Period (geology), computer.file_format, Sri lanka, Archaeology, computer
Abstract

Organic samples obtained from the interior of fragments of five different torpedo jar vessels found onboard the c. 8th century Phanom-Surin shipwreck (Thailand) were selected for geochemical analyses in order to identify the source of the bitumen lining. These samples were compared to bitumen analysed from torpedo jars excavated from various sites in the Persian Gulf and western Indian Ocean: Shaghab, Siniz, Mahroyan, Siraf, Rig Port along the coast of Iran, Sir Bani Yas in Abu Dhabi (UAE) and Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka. The geochemical data comprising biomarker and carbon isotopes on chromatographic fractions were compared to oil seep references from different areas in southern and southwest Iran. To complete the investigation, data on bitumen from several archaeological sites in Iran were used as proxies. Results show that there are two types of Iranian bitumen in the Phanom-Surin samples as well as two distinct varieties of torpedo jars. A potentially older category, represented in the assemblage by a single example, may have been kept in circulation for half a century or more beyond its period of regular use. Our results also indicate that there may be a direct correlation between the different categories of torpedo jar and the respective source of the bitumen. This study documents the links that exist between central Iraq/southwest Iran and Thailand during the 8th century AD.

Published
2020
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8. Sasanian Walls, Hinterland Fortresses and Abandoned Ancient Irrigated Landscapes: The 2007 Season on the Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe

Author

J Jansen Van Rensburg, L S Usher-Wilson, C Oatley, Morteza Fattahi, R Ainslie, Nikolaos Galiatsatos, Majid. Mahmoudi, G A Abbasi, Bardia Shabani, Mohammad. Ershadi, E MacDonald, James. Ratcliffe, K Roustai, H Omrani Rekavadi, E Safari Tamak, Eberhard Sauer, Seth Priestman, and Tony Wilkinson

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Underwater archaeology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 060102 archaeology, Steppe, General Arts and Humanities, 05 social sciences, 0507 social and economic geography, Forestry, 06 humanities and the arts, 050701 cultural studies, Archaeology, Anthropology, 0601 history and archaeology, Pottery, Landscape archaeology
Abstract

The 2007 season yielded significant new insights into settlement expansion into the land north of the line of the Gorgan Wall and the later abandonment of these sites in the steppe, prior to the co...

Published
2008
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9. MISSION ARCHÉOLOGIQUE DE THĀJ (ARABIE SAOUDITE) Rapport des campagnes 2018-2019

Author

Jérôme Rohmer, Alkhatib-Alkontar, R., Patrice Courtaud, Thomas Creissen, Christian Darles, Pierre Dumas-Lattaque, Damien Gazagne, Marie Laguardia, Fabien Lesguer, Olivia Munoz, Marc Munschy, Seth Priestman, Jacqueline Studer, ORIENT ET MÉDITERRANÉE : Textes, Archéologie, Histoire (OM), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Archéologie du Proche-Orient Hellénistique et Romain (APOHR), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Équipe Monde Byzantin (OM-MB), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Équipe Islam médiéval (OM-IM), Sorbonne Université (SU)-ORIENT ET MÉDITERRANÉE : Textes, Archéologie, Histoire (OM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orient et Méditerranée, and Lesguer, Fabien

Subjects
[SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory

10. A Quantitative Archaeological Analysis of Ceramic Exchange in the Persian Gulf and Western Indian Ocean, AD c.400 - 1275

Author

Seth Priestman

Abstract

The aim of the study is to use ceramic finds data to provide a quantitative analysis of long-term patterns of change in the nature, volume and scale of maritime exchange within the western Indian Ocean between AD c.400 – 1275. Ceramic finds data are unique in providing a consistent measurable index of a wider system of commodity exchange in an age where few other dependable sources of systematic economic history survive. By using the available ceramic evidence as a proxy, the aim is to assess the significance of maritime exchange to the broader operation of the major state systems of the Middle East, in particular the Sasanian Empire and the Abbasid caliphate. Two main factors hold back the use of ceramics as a staple evidence base: the legacy of the slow adoption of quantitative finds recording within the Indian Ocean region, and an inability to provide a standardised definition of the same varieties of pottery that occur repeatedly in different regions. This study attempts to redress these issues by applying a single integrated system of ceramic classification to assemblages from East Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Information has been collected from the largest possible range of sources by combining data from previously published reports, excavation archives, find databases, and through direct recording of archived finds collections. By presenting the largest ever compilation of quantitative ceramic evidence for the region, it is possible to revaluate a range of key assumptions regarding the operation and significance of Indian Ocean trade. The conclusions that emerge from the analysis are surprising. While the geographic range and overall number of sites engaged with long-distance exchange may have changed through time, there is no notable indication of a significant increase in the volume of ceramic imports in circulation. In addition the products of long-distance exchange continue to represent a small proportion of ceramics in regular use. This does not mean that long-distance exchange was not important. What the findings do point to is the need to develop a more sensitive understanding of how specific elements of the exchange network operated. Where alternative scales of ceramic exchange can be differentiated, it can be shown that regional exchange networks represent a major contributor to the ceramic supply system. In seeking to identify the main drivers of the maritime economy, local and regional exchange networks appear to have been significantly underemphasised and now require specific focus, and to some extent, new archaeological methodologies.

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