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The article discusses research which examined the trends in monsoon rainfall extremes in the Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states of India over the period of 2003-2019 by analyzing the gridded rainfall dataset of the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Topics covered include the spatiotemporal variability of the extremes in the area, the variation in the total monsoon rainfall during the period, and the trends in total dry days (TDD) in the monsoon season.

The article focuses on a study related to spatio-temporal trends and change point detection in rainfall in different parts of North-eastern states in India. It mentions that coefficient of variation of rainfall is quite low in monsoon and pre-monsoon season. It also mentions that monsoon season contributes much towards total annual rainfall followed by pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. It also mentions about problem of unprecedented drought like situation due to rainfall anomalies in India.

A paired watershed approach was used to quantifying the effects of staggered contour trenching (SCT) densities on runoff and soil loss from a long-term field experiment. Four adjacent physiographical similar ravine watersheds were selected. After 2-year calibration period, three of the four watersheds were treated with different SCT densities and leaving one watershed as untreated control (WC). The SCT densities of 139, 278 and 417 trenches ha−1 were determined based on the targeted 25, 50 and 75% runoff trapping potential of the WT1, WT2 and WT3 treatment watersheds, respectively. Runoff and soil loss were recorded for a period of 11 years including 2 years of calibration period. The calibration and treatment prediction equations for the treatment watershed with respect to untreated control watershed were developed by the simple linear regression. F-test and t-test ( p < 0·0001) suggested that calibration predictions were highly significant and treatment prediction equations differ significantly. Results showed mean runoff reductions of 86·1, 60·5 and 37·7% in the WT3, WT2 and WT1 treatment watershed over the control, respectively. Similar trends as the runoff were also recorded in soil loss reduction by 124·9, 77·1 and 40·0% for the WT3, WT2 and WT1 over Wc, respectively. Paired t-test ( p < 0·001) indicated that the means of the treatment effects on runoff and soil loss in treatment watersheds differ significantly with control watershed. It was concluded that 417 staggered contour trenches ha−1 is an optimum trenching density for supporting the horti-pastoral land use system in ravine lands of India. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]