Search

Using a continuous-time model of litigation, we show that the increasingly popular practice of third-party litigation financing has ambiguous welfare implications. A defendant and a plaintiff bargain over a settlement payment. The defendant takes costly actions to avoid deadweight losses associated with large transfers to the plaintiff. Litigation financing bolsters the plaintiff, leading to larger deadweight losses. However, by endogenously deterring the defendant from taking costly actions, litigation financing can nonetheless improve the joint surplus of the plaintiff and the defendant. In contrast to popular opinion, litigation financing does not necessarily encourage high-risk frivolous lawsuits.

In the article analyzes current Ukrainian asionymes as explicators of the cultural memorial code. It is revealed that after the passage of the Law «On Condemning Communist and National Socialist (Nazi) Totalitarian Regimes in Ukraine and Prohibiting the Propaganda of Their Symbolism», there are few such asionyms left. The purpose of the exploration is to trace the national conditionality of the Astionims, who are the explicators of the memorial code of culture. Formation of a linguocultural portrait of an urban settlement as an explicator of a cultural memorial code was carried out according to the following scheme: nuclear zone (current city name, its location); near periphery (scientifi c genesis of the astionym with the explication of etymon; historical conditions of the name’s name: date of the fi rst known name of the settlement in the sources; name change, etc.) distal periphery (characteristic of etymon); optional interpretive zone (extra-lingual information, descriptors, connotony etc.). There are three groups of memorial astiononyms: names in which memory of famous persons is stored (Alchevsk, Vatutine, Verkhivtseve, Gorlivka, Hrebinka, Dokuchaevsk, Yenakiyeve, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kropyvnytskyi, Lutugine, Sinelnikovo, Khmelnitsky, Shcholkine; Boryspil); settlements named after the biblical Christian events (Blagovishchenske, Voznesenivka, Voznesensk, Pokrovsk, Pokrov); ideologically labeled astionimes, motivated by chrononyms (Pervomaisk, Pershotravensk) and individual memorial names of settlements, the etymons for which became onimes or appellations indicating a memorable event (Artsyz, Beryslav). It is proved that the national spirit of the Ukrainian astionym is often a prerequisite for the national existence of the city itself. However, the memorial titles, in which such conditionality could be used as fully as possible, do not always encode the national-patriotic and spiritual values of Ukrainians.

As políticas públicas são serviços fundamentais no processo de desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar. Desta maneira o objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a realidade desses sujeitos frente a atuação da ATER no projeto de Assentamento (PA) Mãe Maria no município de São Félix do Araguaia – MT. Foi realizado uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa utilizando a técnica da entrevista, por meio da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado com perguntas dissertativas e objetivas, abrangendo cerca de 30% dos assentados. No trabalho foram abordados assuntos ligados às questões socioeconômicas e logo após o que diz respeito a percepção e dificuldades com relação a política de ATER pelos agricultores do PA. Após a coleta dos dados fez-se a transcrição para uma planilha do Excel e realizado as análises pertinentes. Dos entrevistados, cerca de 62% afirmaram nunca ter recebido assistência técnica e 36% relataram não ter conhecimento desses programas. Dos que receberam algum tipo de serviços de ATER, 71% argumentaram ter obtido resultado eficaz em mais de 90% das atividades realizadas. Deste modo, foi possível observar que há uma carência dos serviços da ATER para os assentados do PA Mãe Maria, implicando diretamente nos resultados obtidos nas propriedades.

Objectives Medical malpractice litigation arises when a discrepancy exists between a patient's expectation of acceptable medical care and the care the patient receives. Aortic dissection is a frequently misdiagnosed and often-fatal condition. The purpose of this study was to characterize trends of medical malpractice litigations arising from aortic dissection, investigate the etiology, and analyze predictive factors regarding the verdict. Methods The Westlaw legal database was used to compile relevant litigations from 1994 to 2019 across the United States. Each litigation was screened individually for inclusion, and after inclusion, descriptive factors were compiled, including patient data, litigation data, verdict data, and clinical outcomes data. The Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the significance of association between parameters and verdict type. Results In total, 135 unique litigations met criteria for inclusion, with a defendant verdict in 57% (n = 77), plaintiff verdict in 20% (n = 27), and settlements in 23% (n = 31). Plaintiffs most commonly cited a failure to diagnose as their reason for litigation in 64% (n = 87). Patient mortality was associated with a lower average plaintiff award, $1,892,781 versus $5,944,983, and a lower average settlement, $1,230,923 versus $2,250,000, than their surviving counterparts. California, Illinois, and Pennsylvania had the most cases filed. An alleged failure to test, failure to refer, failure to consult, incidence of a stroke, and incidence of an autopsy diagnosis were significantly associated with defendant verdicts and a failure to diagnose was significantly associated with plaintiff verdicts (P Conclusions Plaintiffs frequently cited a failure to timely diagnose, order diagnostic tests, and interpret diagnostic tests as reasons for litigations. Defendant verdicts were common, suggesting judicially acceptable standards of care are commonly satisfied.

Integrated urban–rural development is important in rural vitalisation. Most publications have focused on the structural system of urban agglomerations but ignored urban–rural systems at the county level. To fill this research gap, a three-level construction method using network analysis is proposed for investigating the structure of the interconnection of rural and urban systems at the county level. Hierarchical systems among towns, between towns and villages as well as among rural settlements are recognised by the interconnection strength measured by multiple methods. The development strategy of each town is decided using cross discrimination based on its nodality and network centrality. The hierarchy between towns and villages is characterised by interconnection analysis between towns and villages and one village would be designated as the hinterland of the destination town with the highest frequency of commuting behaviour. The hierarchy among rural settlements is characterised by their interdependence using gravity model and the central settlements are identified according to the forms of settlement clusters with their respective three spatial patterns (i.e., single-centre, dual-core and linear). The city- and sub-centres of Daye, economic hinterland of each town and central settlements were identified to provide guidelines for the development of rural planning and vitalisation. Our case study demonstrates the potential of the proposed analysis framework for the guidance of the urban-rural system construction. However, further investigation and alternative data sources are needed to fully reflect the interactive intensity between towns and rural settlements.

Keywords: copyright, providers, rightsholders, users, content, downloads, interactiveaccess, out-of-court settlement of disputes. The article is devoted to the study of the norms of Directive 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market, and Guidance on Article 17 of Directive 2019/790 on Copyright in the Digital Single Market.The purpose of this article is to conduct a legal analysis of the EU Directive and Guidance, and determine the features of protection of copyright and related rights through out-of-court settlement of disputes, in the new realities of digital market development, and the feasibility of considering the relevant norms in the legislation of Ukraine.Article 17 of this EU Directive and the provisions of the reference are analysed in details. Rights and obligations of all participants in legal relations arising in the digital environment are considered: rightholders, users, online content-sharing service providers (hereinafter — providers).The definition of the new term «online content-sharing service providers», proposed in the EU Directive, has been explored. It is stated that providers have the right to provide access to legal content, uploaded by users. At the same time, they are obliged to act based on the permission received from the rightholders, do not affect on users who are using the online content-sharing services in order to legal upload and access to information, to prevent the availability of unauthorized content, uploaded by users.In the article explores the norms about out-of-court mechanisms of compensation for damage and the settlement of disputes. Its advantages are defined. The disadvantages that may arise in the practical application of the norms are indicated. In particular, in the Article 17 of the EU Directive and the Guidance do not provide a clear answer to certain questions, such as the status of the person who will have the authority to resolve the relevant disputes; what will be the decisions made by such a person; the procedure, amount and terms of compensation for damages; cross-border application of decisions.A comparison is made between the norms of the legislation of Ukraine on copyright and related rights and the relevant norms of European legislation. It is noted that in the Law of Ukraine «On Copyright and Related Rights» there is a procedure for termination of infringements of copyright and related rights on the Internet by providers. Out-ofcourtsettlement of disputes is not provided for, but it is not prohibited. The provider restores access to the object if the right holder has not provided him with confirmation of the opening of legal proceedings to protect his rights to the object of copyright and (or) related rights, in respect of which the application for termination of the violation was filed.Unlike the provisions of the Law, according to Art. 17 (9) of the EU Directive and the Guidance, the user can appeal the decision of the provider to block, delete content. Access to content can be restored based on out-of-court settlement of the dispute, i.e., without going to court.It is concluded that these European standards are noteworthy and need further study in the context of the application of out-of-court mechanisms of the settlement of disputes that arise between rightsholders, users and providers in the digital environment.

While observers agree that courts function poorly in developing countries, a lack of data has limited our understanding of the causes of malfunction. We combine data from administrative records on severance cases filed in the Mexico City Labor Court with interventions that provide information to parties in randomly selected cases on predicted case outcomes and conciliation services. We first use the data to document a set of stylized facts about the functioning of the court. The interventions nearly double the overall settlement rate, but only when the plaintiff herself is present to receive the information directly. Administrative records from six months after the treatment indicate that the treatment effects remain unchanged over that period, even though an additional one in three cases in the control group settle in that period. The post-treatment results indicate that lawyers do not convey the information provided in the intervention to their clients. A simple analytic framework rationalizes the experimental results. Analysis of settlements induced by the interventions suggests that the provision of information is welfare-improving for the plaintiffs. The experimental results replicate over two phases conducted in different sub-courts, showing robustness.

The Nile River Basin, with ten riparian countries, lacks any agreed-upon basin-wide legal framework. Attempts at effective management and utilization of water resources inclusive of all countries along the basin have not been possible due to lack of consensus on the legal basis of already exiting colonial-era agreements that allocate an absolute share of the Nile water to Egypt and Sudan by excluding most of the upper riparians. The review has specifically focused on the trilateral negotiation processes between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt since November 2019 on the filling and annual operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which Ethiopia has been constructing since 2011. It has made a thorough review of a series of events and processes through which the negotiation has passed to conduct a critical analysis of facts, and has suggested reflections on the way forward. It considers the need for political will and flexibility of the negotiating parties to reconcile existing contradictory positions. To this end, pursuing a revisionist approach to take the dynamic socio-economic realities and development needs of co-basin countries is commendable. This further requires renegotiating long existed colonial-era agreements and formulating a basin-wide legal framework in line with existing international standards. Focusing on technical and expertise level of discussions and outcomes would minimize over politicization and specifically would help to address the negative impacts of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and optimize positive externalities. Peace is a necessity than any other option among the co-basin countries and the only avenue towards sustainable resolution of disputes. Negotiating in good faith and in a ‘give and take’ modality needs to be a second to none alternative to the parties. The international community may also need to play a neutral and genuine role to assist the parties to settle their differences amicably and reach a final negotiated settlement.&nbsp

Each of us, through the process of living in the world, has an intimate experience of the act of settlement. We hold mental biographies of relationships with people, memories and events, these being associated with particular lived places and times. Those relationships will have varied in intensity and favourability according to circumstance and to personal and group experience. Living in any location that does not involve complete social isolation embroils us in networks of power, dependency and reciprocity with other people. The experience of dwelling is conceptually complex. It goes beyond the basic needs of survival and constitutes much of our understanding of cultural order and value.

Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel Zimring (1999) was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that unjustified segregation of people with disabilities is impermissible discrimination; specifically, if the clinician and client believe community integration to be appropriate, the state must have reasonable accommodations in place for the client to be in the community. Enforcement of the Olmstead decision for people with serious mental illness (SMI) has taken many shapes, from the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ) settlement agreements requiring substantive development of community mental health services and aggressive community integration protocols, to the Third Circuit approach which requires only lower census numbers in the state psychiatric hospital (SPH). The question of whether Olmstead is being differentially enforced is addressed in an empirical, qualitative analysis of legal documents, including court opinions and settlement agreements. Through legal research spanning all U.S. jurisdictions, five distinct Olmstead enforcement approaches in ten different states were identified. The enforcement approaches are described, and limitations and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Using a large sample of securities class action lawsuits, we examine the association of law firm market share with litigation outcomes. We find lawsuits with top market share plaintiff law firms are less likely to be dismissed and take longer to be dismissed and to reach settlement. In contrast, lawsuits with top defendant law firms reach settlement faster. Top market share defendant law firms are neither associated with suit dismissal nor with speed of dismissal. Finally, neither top plaintiff nor top defendant law firms are associated with the cash and/or total settlement amount. These results suggest plaintiff and/or defendant law firm market share is an important factor in securities class action litigation outcomes. The results favor the view that plaintiff and defendant law firms with a higher market share are more reputable and better serve the interests of their respective clients in securities class action litigations.

Objective/Background Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is most often referred to vascular surgeons. However, there is a lack of understanding of the malpractice cases involving TOS. The goal of this study is to better understand the medicolegal landscape related to the care of TOS. Methods The Westlaw Edge AI-powered proprietary system was retrospectively reviewed for malpractice cases involving TOS. A Boolean search strategy was used to identify target cases under the case category of “Jury Verdicts & Settlements” for all state and federal jurisdictions from 1970 to September 2020. The settled case was described but not included in the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to report our findings, and when appropriate. The P ≤ .05 decision rule was established a priori as the null hypothesis rejection criterion to determine associations between jury verdicts outcomes and state's tort reform status. Results In this study, 39 cases were identified and met the study's inclusion criteria from the entire Westlaw Edge database. Among plaintiffs who disclosed age and/or gender, median age was 35.0 years with a female majority (67.6%). Cases involving TOS were noted to be steadily decreasing since the mid-1990s. The cases were unevenly spread across 18 states, with the highest number of cases (14, 35.9%) from California and the second highest (4, 10.3%) from Pennsylvania. A similar uneven distribution was seen among U.S. census regions, in which the West had the highest cases (39.5%). The study revealed that more cases were brought to trials in tort reform states (26, 68.4%) than in non-tort reform states (12, 31.6%). A total of 24 of 39 (61.5%) plaintiffs had one specific claim, which resulted in their economic and noneconomic damages. Negligent operation and treatment complication represented an overwhelming majority of claims brought by 38 of 39 plaintiffs (97.4%). Misdiagnosis and lack of informed consent were both brought nine times (23.1%) by the group. Intraoperative nerve injury (20 patients, 51.3%) was the most commonly reported complication. Excluding one case with a settlement of $965,000, 30 of 38 (78.9%) cases went to trials and received defense verdicts. Eight cases (20.5%) were found in favor of plaintiffs with a median payout of $725,581. Conclusions This study highlighted higher than average payouts to plaintiffs and risk factors that may result in malpractice lawsuits for surgeons undertaking TOS treatment. Future studies are needed to further clarify the relationships between tort reform and outcomes of malpractice cases involving TOS.

In addition to global population growth due to migration from rural areas to urban areas, population density is constantly increasing in certain regions, thereby necessitating the introduction of new settlements in these regions. However, in the selection of settlement areas, no sufficient preliminary examinations have been conducted; consequently, various natural disasters may cause significant life and property losses. Herein, the most suitable settlement areas were determined using GIS (geographic information systems) in Canik District, where the population is continuously increasing. Therefore, this study aimed to incorporate a new perspective into studies on this subject. Within the scope of the study, landslide and flood risks, which are among the most important natural disasters in the region, were primarily evaluated, and high-risk areas were determined. Elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, lithology, topographic humidity index (TWI), and proximity to river parameters were used to produce flood susceptibility maps. A digital elevation model (DEM) of the study area was produced using contours on the 1/25,000 scaled topographic map. The elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, and TWI parameters were produced from the DEM using the relevant analysis routines of ArcGIS software. The raster map of each parameter was divided into 5 subclasses using the natural breaks classification method. In the reclassified raster maps, the most flood-sensitive or flood-prone subclasses were assigned a value of 5, and the least sensitive subclasses were assigned a value of 1. Then, the reclassified maps of the 7 parameters were collected using the "map algebra" function of ArcGIS 10.5 software, and the flood susceptibility index (FSI) map of the study area was obtained. The flood susceptibility map of the study area was obtained by dividing the FSI into 5 subclasses (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high) according to the natural breaks classification method. Thereafter, suitable and unsuitable areas in terms of biocomfort, which affects people's health, peace, comfort, and psychology and is significant in terms of energy efficiency, were determined. At the last stage of the study, the most suitable settlement areas that were suitable in terms of both biocomfort and low levels of landslide and flood risks were determined. The calculated proportion of such areas to the total study area was only 2.1%. Therefore, because these areas were insufficient for the establishment of new settlements, areas that had low landslide and flood risks but were unsuitable for biocomfort were secondarily determined; the ratio of these areas was calculated as 56.8%. The remaining areas were inconvenient for the establishment of settlements due to the risk of landslides and floods; the ratio of these areas was calculated as 41.1%. This study is exemplary in that the priority for the selection of settlement areas was specified, and this method can be applied for selecting new settlements for each region considering different criteria. Due to the risk of landslides or flooding in the study area, the areas unsuitable for establishing a settlement covered approximately 41.1% of the total study area. The areas that had low flood and landslide risks but were suitable for biocomfort constituted only 2.1% of the study area. In approximately 56.8% of the study area, the risk of landslides or floods was low, and these areas were unsuitable in terms of biocomfort. Therefore, these areas were secondarily preferred as settlement areas. The most suitable areas for settlements constituted only 0.19% of the total study area, and these areas will not be able to meet the increasing demand for settlement area. Therefore, it is recommended to select areas that do not have the risk of landslides and floods but are unsuitable for biocomfort. This study reveals that grading should be performed in the selection of settlement areas. When choosing a settlement area in any region, possible natural disasters in the region should be identified first, and these disasters should be ordered in terms of their threat potential. Moreover, biocomfort areas suitable for settlements should be considered. In the next stages of settlement area selection, the criteria that affect the peace and comfort of people, such as distance to pollution sources, distance to noise sources, and proximity to natural areas, should also be evaluated. Thus, a priority order should be created for the selection of settlement areas using various other criteria.

What is the effect of residing in ethnic enclaves on immigrants’ future political participation? We study a comprehensive refugee placement reform that was implemented in Sweden in the mid-1980s in...

This research undertakes an examination of the employment opportunities and experiences of black Caribbean women in Canada, particularly within the context of the growing trend towards precarious jobs—casual, part-time and low paying—in the restructured Canadian labour market. The specific purview of this study is the labour history and employment experience of a representative group of black Caribbean women who work as Personal Support Workers in nursing homes across the Greater Toronto Area. A main concern of the study is to understand the ways in which precarious work affects these women’s settlement and integration experiences, particularly their ability to gain economic independence; this, in turn, affects a number of variables related to their, and others, perception regarding their status and place in Canada. By focusing on the case of Personal Support Workers, the study aims to shed light not only on the employment experiences of black Caribbean women in this sector but also to examine more closely the policies and employment practices that create labour market “niches” or labour “segregation” along racial and gender lines.

This paper aims to tell the story of Leslieville, a small neighbourhood in Toronto's east end, from its early settlement in the 1850s to the present. Looking back at the area's progression from farming village, to working-class industrial centre, to gentrifying creative hub, provides the historical context for a further consideration of the current challenges and conflicts that are impacting the community today. In 2008 a land dispute over a proposed big-box style retail development divided the community and instigated a yearlong battle at the Ontario Municipal Board between Toronto city council and private developers. In tracing the historical growth of Leslieville and analyzing the current development issues, this study examines how urban development and cultural policy have influenced the transformation of this unique Toronto neighbourhood. An application of the theoretical literature on gentrification and photographs are provided in order to supplement the analysis. By identifying Leslieville as a neighbourhood in transition and examining it as a case study in the process and impact of gentrification and neighbourhood change this research contributes to a further understanding of the nature of urban space and how it should be developed to serve the interests of Toronto's diverse population.

In recent years, governments, researchers, non-government organisations, service providers and international institutions have become increasingly concerned with how to best support the settlement of refugees in UNHCR resettlement nations. Anxieties about the formation of a refugee underclass and the intergenerational impacts of social stratification motivate such inquiries. Settlement is often viewed through either of two lenses; the biomedical frame or the social inclusion frame. These frameworks are complementary rather than exclusive. It is from this combined theoretical perspective that this paper explores the impacts of family separation on the settlement of refugees in Australia. Drawing on focus groups and in-depth interviews across three refugee background communities in metropolitan Melbourne, the paper finds that family separation has pervasive impacts on the wellbeing of the participants and on their capacity to participate and direct their own futures. Family separation is found to be a barrier to settlement and therefore a crucial consideration for the design and provision of settlement services to people with refugee backgrounds.

Erlitou is one of the most important settlements in early China, a prime site for the investigation of early cities and states. Traditionally, it has been described, dated and explained in terms of dynastic succession – the dynasties of the Xia and the Shang being the ethnically-distinct actors and prime movers that made history here. In a brilliant analysis, the authors decouple the semi-legendary textual histories from the up-to-date archaeological sequence at Erlitou itself. This article strikes a blow for archaeological reasoning that will be felt far beyond the Yellow River.

In 2014, the provincial government unveiled a new courthouse in Thunder Bay, Ontario, featuring a conference area designed to emulate an Anishinaabe roundhouse. The “Aboriginal Conference Settlement Suite” epitomizes efforts to support Indigenous justice within the criminal justice system. However, despite similar efforts in the past, the circumstances of Indigenous peoples in Canada have not improved. This ongoing commitment to legal solutions is emblematic of mainstream views of law as a problem-solving instrument. Notwithstanding awareness of its failings, law reformers remain dedicated to using law as a tool for social change. Employing a case study method focusing on the new courthouse, I challenge a prevailing wisdom that law reform outputs are manageable and in our control. I argue that similar to a courthouse, which is a concrete, physical structure as well as a symbol of justice, so too is the legal instrument both material and metaphorical, with concrete outcomes and symbolic forms. While treating law as a literal tool may give law reformers a longed-for sense of mastery, this approach belies law’s diffuse constitutive power and the various paradoxes in reformers’ actions. Accepting law’s dual nature is essential for candid and accurate assessments about the possibilities and limits of change through law.

The purpose of this paper is to: Explain the legal study of the implementation of Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) in the stage of selecting the regional head of Tuban Regency. This research is a type of qualitative research. This research emphasizes on election management institutions, so the main approach used is the institutional network approach to Bawaslu, namely through a legal approach and a conceptual approach. Meanwhile, the legal material uses laws related to elections and its derivatives, namely the Bawaslu regulations in dealing with election violations. The realization of the neutrality of the State Civil Apparatus in the Pilkada can be carried out by optimally involving several related institutions, including the State Civil Apparatus Commission (KASN), Bureaucratic Leaders, Regional Inspectorates, and the Regional Civil Service Agency, the General Election Commission (KPU) and the General Elections Supervisory Agency (KPU). BAWASLU). The results of this study can be explained in the context of the Tuban Regency Pilkada on the legal settlement of findings of violations at the pilkada stage by ASN, the Tuban Regency Bawaslu then sends the results of the study and findings to the State Civil Apparatus Commission and by the institution a warning letter of recommendation is issued to the candidate.

This article is an attempt to critically analyze the policy of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump regarding the southern border of the USA with Mexico. The paper analyzes the approach of Washington under the administration of D. Trump to the problem of the joint border between USA and Mexico, as well as conducts a comprehensive assessment of the main programs underlying the most pressing changes in D. Trumps policy in this area. In particular, the paper focuses on the structure of migration flows between 2017 and 2019, as well as on the reasons behind those changes. The author looks at the root causes of the unprecedented increase in the flow of potential migrants and refugees, and correlates them with the ongoing political, economic and humanitarian crises in the Central American sub-region. An important focus is given to the increasing role of Mexico in the settlement of this issue, as well as to the potential impact of such cooperation between the authorities of the United States and Mexico on the situation in Central America and Latin America in general. The significance of this paper is determined by the objective necessity of academic evaluation of the Donald Trumps administration impact on the United States governmental and foreign policy course. The author argues that the approach of the 45th president of the United States regarding traditionally sensitive issues like US - Mexico border control and migration has been mostly based on coercive tactics with obvious disregard towards social basis and root-causes of the issue at hand. One of the most distinguished traits of this approach is the practice of outsourcing managing the problem of refugees from Central America to the border-country, which in this specific case is Mexico.

Multi-faceted partnership is developing between Russia and the UAE - in the trade, economic, political, humanitarian spheres, as well as in the field of high technologies. The positions of both countries on pressing international problems are close to each other particularly on security issues, fighting against terrorism, and the conflict settlement in the Middle East. There is a tendency for the establishing of the close bilateral relations in strategically important areas. The historical visit of President Putin to the UAE on October 15, 2019 was a clear proof of the development of friendly relations and close interaction between the two countries.

The COVID-2019 pandemic has sparked a wave of discussions on further understanding the positive and negative aspects of urbanization, and the possible loss of the city's advantages. The problem has socio-economic, environmental, medical, architectural, managerial aspects and recommendations for changing the strategy of economic development, development of territories and settlement. The need to revise various decisions and types of socio-economic policy and regulation is largely manifested.

By now (we mean 2020) digitalization has completely replaced the more general modernization and innovation from both the political vocabulary and the sci-entific agenda. It is difficult to say how long this trend will continue and what kind of socio-technological phenomenon will replace it. It can be cyberization, within which a person will begin to bring himself into line with the canons of the sci-fi cyberpunks and combine biological with technological (and digital at the same time) in his body, or vice versa, some kind of reactionary naturalization. Anyway, now the widespread adoption of digital technology is an indisputable and obvious fact. And this process applies to all spheres of societys life, without bypassing legal proceedings and out-of-court settlement of disputes (or in other words - alternative dispute resolution), which can be significantly improved using digital technologies. This article analyses the practice and legislative regulation of the use of digital technologies in various forms of legal proceedings and such types of out-of-court dispute resolution as arbitration and mediation. Comparative legal method allowed to compare Russian and foreign legislations as well as approaches to determining the permissible limits of the use of digital technologies, including their intellectual variety. Individual proposals have been formulated to improve Russian legislation.

Based on long-term ethnographic research in one eastern Slovak village, this paper explores the complex issue of the role of place in the (self-)identification of Roma. Applying both a diachronic and a synchronic perspective, the author focuses on the mechanisms of the territorialisation of the Roma that led to the preservation of the historical continuity of the Romani settlement and to its territorial stigmatisation. He shows how local identification and position in the residential structure of the village studied here translated into a more enduring differentiation among Roma themselves. The author argues that crucial to understanding this process is the racialised category of 'Gypsyness', through which the Roma were singled out as 'less local'. 'Gypsyness' was also strongly associated with the space of the settlement and at the same time served as a generally accepted reason for its very existence. By setting up their own strategy of social mobility and striving to achieve full-fledged local belonging, the Roma, to a large extent, subscribed to the dominant logic of 'Gypsyness' and thus reproduced it, but they also transformed some of its characteristics, integrating it into their own understanding of their sociability in an environment of historically rooted non-Romani dominance.

This paper uses the method of applied analysis of regional complexes developed at the Centre for Comprehensive Chinese Studies and Regional Projects, MGIMO University (Moscow, Russia). Its scientific relevance is defined by the importance of understanding the international and political situation in and around Myanmar. The aim of this study is a scientific exploration of the Rohingya crisis by means of applied methods of regional analysis, designed by the author. This methodology aims to trace scenarios of the development of international and political situations in the region based on the types of interactions within the Southeast Asian regional complex. The article offers the authors own definition of regional complex that builds on the works of Alexei D. Voskressenski, introduces an algorithm of scenario analysis, outlines six ideal types of regional complexes, and defines stable and unstable types of regional complexes. The first part of the article is devoted to current approaches in the study of regional problems in International Relations and World Regional Studies; the second part describes the authors conception of applied international political analysis of regional complexes; and the third part contains an example of the application of scenario analysis to specific regional and domestic affairs - in this case, the contemporary situation in Myanmars Rakhine State. The research yields the following results: 1) by using a combination of the methods of news monitoring and event analysis, the author collected information on political processes in Rakhine over the last five years; 2) this information was arranged according to the matrix compiled by the author, which characterized the situation development according to the negative (-5-1) and positive (+1+5) scenarios; 3) based on the results of the aforesaid analysis, the author comes to a conclusion on the character and intensity of the Rohingya crisis and describes possible ways of its settlement.

The dromos of god Thoth (Hermes) at Hermopolis Magna was the back bone of the ancient city of Hermopolis Magna, it ran from the east to the west and attracted all the city institutions at it’s both sides. This paper aims to highlight the historical and archaeological importance of the dromos through displaying the settlement planning and the major public place for different activities like healing, dream interpretation, religious celebrations, governmental declarations, and commercial activities. The archaeological remains alongside the dromos confirm its major role, so, the remains of the Gate of the Sun at the eastern side, passing to the exedra then to the komsterion which was near to the chapel of the royal cult, alongside the northern side of the dromos we could find the remains of the tertrastyli, also, the Bank of Athena. This study depends on analyzing methodology of the archeological sites of Hermopolis Magna, which locate the dromos from the north to the south of the city, but the Results of the study reveals that the dromos was running from east to west of Hermopolis Magna.

The article analyzes the role of ethno-confessional factor in the social and political life of two Eastern Mediterranean Arab countries - Lebanon and Syria. It is emphasized that ethnic and confessional diversity in combination with cultural and civilizational specifics predetermines the peculiarities of political processes in the countries and their foreign policy orientations. The authors note the tendency of wide involvement of various ethnic and confessional groups in political processes. The authors come to the conclusion about significance of ethnic and confessional factors in the development of traditional societies in the Middle Eastern countries, including Syria and Lebanon. The ethno-confessional factor can both consolidate and mobilize society, as well as increase the potential for conflict and complicate the settlement process in multi-ethnic and multi-confessional countries of the region.

The Babile Elephant Sanctuary in Ethiopia was established in 1970 specifically to protect its elephants Loxodonta africana. They were once part of a larger population that ranged in eastern Ethiopia and northern Somalia but that was largely extirpated during the 20th century. Since its establishment, the Sanctuary has experienced severe anthropogenic pressure, inadequate government support, and civil conflict. Mapping was undertaken to analyse the rate of human immigration into the Sanctuary in 2006, 2014 and 2017, as part of an assessment of the Sanctuary's effectiveness in protecting its resident elephant population and in mitigating anthropogenic pressures. From 2006 to 2017 the number of illegal houses in the Sanctuary increased from 18,000 to > 50,000, of which > 32,000 were in the area in which elephants range. This settlement, coupled with high demand for natural resources, has resulted in significant habitat destruction and could also have exacerbated human–elephant conflict. Elephant conservation and monitoring by the Born Free Foundation were challenging because of ethnic conflict; rural and political stability is required if efforts to protect wildlife are to be successful. Unless these issues are resolved and the integrity of the Sanctuary is restored, this elephant population will be extirpated in the near future.

Law enforcement in the Military Court System in the settlement of criminal cases committed by TNI soldiers is seen as not yet fully guaranteeing legal protection for the rights of suspects, this is due to the absence of a control agency that oversees the actions of law enforcement officers in carrying out their duties and authorities as is the case in the system. General Court. This condition should not drag on indefinitely, because it will affect the law enforcement process and harm the suspect to fight for his rights to obtain justice which results in human rights violations (TNI soldiers). The purpose of the establishment of the Pretrial Institution is as stated in the Elucidation of Article 80 of the Criminal Procedure Code which states that this article intends to uphold law, justice, and truth through horizontal supervision. Settlement of criminal cases in Indonesia in addition to the Code of Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) which applies to civil society, we also recognize the existence of the Military Criminal Procedure Code which is regulated in Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Courts, namely the law that regulates the procedure for resolving criminal cases. a criminal case committed by a TNI soldier. The Law on Military Courts includes the provisions of the litigation process (Military Criminal Procedure Law) starting from the investigation stage, submission of cases, the examination process at trial to the implementation of decisions. 31 of 1997 does not regulate pretrial. In several cases in the Military Court where a suspect was detained without a warrant for detention or was late in obtaining a warrant for detention, therefore such actions may conflict with the principles applicable in the provisions of criminal law so that they do not respect the position of the suspect as a creature created by God, even the act can lead to human rights violators. Therefore, in the military justice system in Indonesia, pretrial institutions are needed as a form of horizontal external supervision.

Urbanisation has been studied almost from the middle of twentieth century by historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, sociologists and city planners who have interpreted it variously. An urban centre would engage with specific functions particularly with regard to the hinterland. In urbanisation comparatively small settlements and simple communities develop into specialised centres and complex societies. As the process of urbanisation is examined from an archaeological or historical viewpoint, the major parameters frequently applied to situate urbanisation are location and size of settlements, large structures, art, writing and standardised medium of exchange. The issue of urbanisation has been studied in detail with respect to Northern India as compared to Deccan and particularly Karnataka. Sannati (Taluk Chittapur, district Gulbarga) in North Karnataka is the main site of investigation. It is a Maurya-Satavahana settlement with some remains belonging to the megalithic Iron Age. Sannati and the nearby settlements of Kanaganahalli are rich in Buddhist structures, sculptures and other antiquities. The author has made an effort to understand if the early historic material culture showed maturity when compared with the antecedent cultures. How did the external powers, such as Mauryas and the Satavahanas influence local development? Did the socio-political order meet the benchmarks of urbanisation? The author in this study has tried to locate urban contours in North Karnataka, especially at Sannati even when compared with other urban landscapes in northern India and the Deccan.

The article deals with the under-researched topic about the role and significance of the Torgut tulku linage of Andzhatan Lamas in the history of Buddhism among the Oirats (Kalmyks). It also deals with the history of their relations with the authorities of Tibet and the Qing Empire. The source is the inscription found on the stele to the 19th Andzhatan Lama Lobsang Danbi Nime (1918–1985). It is written in Oirat and Chinese and comprises the data about his predecessors, the most famous and authoritative lamas of this linage (i. e. Lobsang Gelek and Lobsang Tenzin). The data found about these lamas in Russian archival documents as well as Chinese and Kalmyk (Torgut) sources are scarce and contradictory. The article aims to systematize the information about the individual incarnations of the Andzhatan Lama and confirm their authenticity where possibly. The authors confine their research to the topics as follows: a) Louzan, the son of the Kalmyk Taishi Kho-Urluk, and Lobsang Gelek, the first Anjja (Andzhatan) Lama; b) the role of Lobsang Tenzin, the Seventh embodiment of Andzhatan Lama in the exodus of Kalmyks and their settlement in the territory of the former Dzungaria in 1771; c) features and history of this embodiment line, its significance in the development of religious and political links between the Qing and the Oirats.

В статье анализируются правовые и организационные аспекты профилактики побегов из колоний-поселений. Автор акцентирует внимание на недостатках и трудностях в обеспечении контроля и надзора за осужденными-поселенцами. Это связано с тем, что нормы пенитенциарного законодательства наделяют осужденных значительным объемом льгот в период отбывания наказания в колониях-поселениях. Отсутствие вооруженной охраны, наличный оборот денежных средств, свобода передвижения по территории колонии, использование труда осужденных на отдельных объектах в пределах субъекта Российской Федерации по месту дислокации учреждения обуславливают невозможность обеспечения должного надзора. В указанных условиях традиционные формы надзора и контроля мало результативны. Автор аргументирует эффективность использования инновационных технических средств контроля и надзора за осужденными, содержащимися в колониях-поселениях, для профилактики побегов. Однако данный вид контроля невозможно осуществлять без внесения изменений в законодательство. На основании изучения нормативной базы, регламентирующей индивидуальную профилактику правонарушений в пенитенциарных учреждениях, а также рекомендаций практических работников, автор делает вывод, что действующие нормы не отвечает современным реалиям. Автор обосновывает расширение круга подучетных лиц, с одновременным увеличением юридического значения профилактического учета посредством закрепления возможности использования технических средств контроля и надзора за ними. The article analyzes the legal and organizational aspects of the prevention of escapes from the settlement colonies. The author focuses on the shortcomings and difficulties in the government of control and supervision over convicted settlers. This is due to the fact that the norms of the penitentiary legislation endow convicts with a significant amount of benefits during the period of serving their sentences in settlement colonies. The lack of armed guards, cash circulation of funds, freedom of movement across the territory, the use of convicts' labor at certain facilities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation at the location of the institution make it impossible to ensure proper supervision. Under these conditions, the forms of supervision and control are not very effective. The author argues the effectiveness of the use of innovative technical means of control and supervision over convicts held in settlement colonies for the prevention of escapes. However, this type of control cannot be carried out without amending the legislation. Based on the regulatory framework governing the individual prevention of offenses in penitentiary institutions, as well as the recommendations of practitioners, the author concludes that the current application of the measure does not correspond to modern realities. Use of technical means of preventive control over them.

Using two cases, Anapu and São Manoel, located in the Brazilian Amazonian, this paper discusses the relationships between smallholders' capacity for collective action, smallholders' potential to unite and defend their territories, and the role of the state. In November 2017 a forest reserve of the settlement in Anapu was invaded by near 200 armed illegal squatters. We show how this event resulted from a gradual increase in internal tensions and loss of trust, thereby undermining attempts for collective action. A large reason for the lack of a functioning social network, reciprocal interactions and social trust is the migratory background of the settlers, which hinder the creation of extended kin networks, intermarriages between kin groups, as well as other forms of long-term networks of cooperation. This becomes clear when comparing Anapu to the social organization of the settlement of São Manoel in central Maranhão, which has been strong and functional for several decades. The reasons for the latter?s social coherence and trust is that it formed around interlinked extended kin groups. Collective resistance against a predatory large landowner in the 1980s contributed to forging trust and cohesion that could effectively be used to acquire and maintain collectively owned fields and cattle, to formalize an association and a cooperative and to negotiate social tensions within the community. The reciprocal network of São Manoel has made it possible for its settlers to use its more restricted natural resources to a sustainable extent, without negatively affecting the eco-system of their habitat. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-03T12:00:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Seeking-One.pdf: 580398 bytes, checksum: 08a6091612e213a7113fd5a9d9b4de5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

W 1892 r. Louis de Fleury, amator poszukiwań archeologicznych, skierował swe zainteresowania na cmentarzyska z grobami w obudowach kamiennych na północno-wschodnim Mazowszu. Na kilku z nich rozkopał łącznie około 20 grobów. Sprawozdanie z prac przekazał do Cesarskiej Komisji Archeologicznej w Petersburgu. W ciągu kolejnych kilkudziesięciu lat cmentarzyska te uległy praktycznie całkowitemu zniszczeniu. Tym samym, rezultaty prac L. de Fleury’ego pozostały głównym źródłem informacji o tych nekropolach, a więc i o zwyczajach pogrzebowych ludności zamieszkującej owo pogranicze Polski, ludów pruskich i Rusi w XI–XII w. W ciągu blisko 130 lat od czasu jego rozkopywań, w literaturze archeologicznej pojawiały się tylko niepełne i często mylne wiadomości na ich temat. Niniejsza publikacja jest pierwszą, w której szczegółowo omówiono wyniki prac L. de Fleury’ego oraz ich znaczenie dla poznania procesów osadniczych na Wysoczyźnie Kolneńskiej w 2 poł. XI w. i 1 poł. XII w.

The paper discusses the procedural features of concluding a settlement in the claim involving a corporation-participant for compensation of losses caused by the bodies of a legal entity, and aimed at recognizing as invalid a transaction made by a corporation and applying the consequences of its invalidity on appropriate corporate grounds. The author critically evaluates the procedural order applied to the peaceful settlement of a dispute in an indirect claim, provided for under paragraph 32 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 23 June 2015 No. 25, in terms of the possibility of an independent conclusion of a settlement by a corporation-participant. The author justifies the necessity of obtaining the consent of the corporation for the legal entity participant to conclude a settlement. Particular attention is paid to considering the specifics of concluding a settlement in the event that other members of the corporation join an indirect claim. The paper demonstrates the procedural features of concluding an amicable settlement when considering an indirect claim according to the rules of the class proceedings. To conclude the study, the author dwells on the issue of the need for corporate approval of a settlement containing signs of a major transaction and (or) an interested party transaction concluded within the framework of an indirect claim.

The territory of the island of Atauro, in Timor Leste, has been in the past the subject of internal conflicts between the three dialectal groups that compose the population, revealing the difficult life conditions on an island with limited water resources. The narratives about places given by the inhabitants allow us to understand the representations of the island space and to formulate some hypotheses on its settlement. The article explores the mythology of the birth of the island, the creative opposition of the elder and younger brothers, and the mentions of other populations that were annihilated or conquered, all of which are embodied in the landscape that supports the stories. These stories reveal the alternation of insular unity and singularity, the fickleness of ancient alliances and the centrality that the inhabitants give to their island, a microcosm of the world.

This article focuses on the Sealdah railway station in Calcutta, West Bengal, as a site of refugee ‘settlement’ in the aftermath of British India’s partition. From 1946 to the late 1960s, the platforms of Sealdah remained crowded with Bengali Hindu refugees from East Pakistan. Some refugees stayed a few days, but many stayed for months, even years. Relying on newspaper reports, autobiographical accounts and official archives, this article elaborates how a busy railway station uniquely shaped the experiences of partition refugees. Despite severe infrastructural limitations, the railway platforms of Sealdah provided these refugee residents with certain opportunities. Many preferred to stay at Sealdah instead of moving to any government facility. However, even for the most long-term residents of Sealdah, it remained a temporary home, from where they were either shifted to government camps or themselves found accommodation in and around Calcutta. The article argues that by allowing the refugees to squat on a busy railway platform for months and years, the state recognised a unique right of these refugees, their right to wait, involving at least some agency in the process of resettling.

The settlement indicates the spatial pattern of the human's functional activities at the local level, including residence, street structure, community areas, etc. Settlements represent one of the most dominant features made by men on the earth in the process of habitation. In the genetic term, settlements are the almost permanent abode of an organism. They represent "An organized colony of human beings together with the buildings, paths, and streets over which they travel." The settlement pattern is also an essential aspect of settlement geography for research. Within a particular region, different types of settlement patterns were found. The settlement pattern is controlled by various socio-economic, climatic, and different factors. In this research, the authors attempt to highlight the various settlements' patterns, sizes, and responsible factors.

Initial relations between the host society and migrants are likely to influence whether and to what degree migrants receive tangible and intangible settlement support that might affect their children's educational integration. As part of the 1980 Refugee Act, the United States officially began to provide settlement support to one group of migrants - refugees, thus institutionalizing more favorable host-society relations for refugees compared to non-refugee migrants. This article assesses the general idea that post-1980 US refugees will show higher levels of integration than non-refugees by testing the specific hypothesis that refugees’ foreign-born children will attain (by adulthood) higher levels of educational attainment than their non-refugee counterparts. As expected, we find that more schooling is completed among refugees’ children than among non-refugees’ children, all else being equal. We also observe that the level of governmental support at arrival is positively associated with educational attainment among refugees’ children. As expected, schooling differentials also drop in accordance with arrival-period declines in support due to drops in refugee children's schooling. The results highlight the pivotal roles that initial host-society/migrant relations play in fostering refugee integration and underscore the potential societal benefits from adopting and maintaining settlement policies for migrants.

В статье представлены результаты исследований 2019 г. на селище Ясковичи-1, открытом в 2017 г. на северной окраине Припятского Полесья. Памятник содержит выразительный горизонт позднеримского периода (рубежа II/III - середины IV в.), сопоставимый с древностями киевской культуры. На примере отдельных фрагментов посуды и вещей прослеживаются связи его жителей с носителями вельбарской культуры. Следующий горизонт памятника - пражской культуры -представлен отдельными находками и немногочисленными фрагментами керамики. Последние соотносятся преимущественно с ранними этапами развития пражского керамического комплекса в Припятском Полесье, не исключая фазы «0» - финала позднеримского времени и начала эпохи Великого переселения народов. The paper presents results of the excavations conducted at the open settlement of Yaskovichi-1 in 2019. The settlement was discovered in 2017 in the northern fringe of the Pripyat Polesie. The site contains a horizon dating to the late Roman period (the turn of the 3 - mid-4 centuries) rich with finds comparable with antiquities of the Kiev culture. Analyzing some fragments of the vessels and other items, the author traces down the links between its residents and the Wielbark population. The subsequent horizon of the site, i.e. that of Prague culture, is represented by individual finds and few fragments of ceramics. The latter are correlated, mostly, with the early development of the Prague ceramic assembly in the Pripyat Polesie, without excluding phase 0, which is the final stage of the Late Roman period and the beginning of the Migration Period.

В статье представлены результаты комплексного исследования медного боевого топора абашевской культуры, происходящего с территории Мало-Кизильского селища. Топор исследовался методами нейтронной томографии и радиографии, электронной сканирующей микроскопии; публикуются результаты его исследования методом ОЭСА. В результате установлено, что топор отлит из мышьяковистой меди месторождения Таш-Казган; специального воздействия на процесс охлаждения отливки не зафиксировано, отливка выполнена качественно, вредное воздействие растворимых примесей снивелировано, в металле выявлен малый процент литейных дефектов (0,18 % от его общего объема). Все это позволяет предположить его использование в качестве оружия ближнего боя, о чем косвенно свидетельствует и характер травм, зафиксированных на черепах из Пепкинского кургана. Радиоуглеродная AMS-дата для коллективного захоронения из этого могильника позволяет отнести время распространения подобного оружия в Среднем Поволжье к периоду к концу III или рубежу III-II тыс. до н. э. The paper reports on the comprehensive study of a copper battle axe attributed to the Abashevo culture which was discovered at the Malo-Kizilskoe open settlement. The battle axe was examined by neutron tomography and radiographic analysis, and electron scanning microscopy methods; the paper provides results of its examination by optical emission spectrometry. The analysis established that the axe was cast from the copperarsenic ore coming from the Tash-Kazgan deposit; special treatment during the cast cooling was not recorded, casting is of good quality. Harmful effect of dissoluble impurities was reduced to minimum, the metal shows a small percentage of recorded casting defects (0,18 % of its total volume). All this suggests that it was used as a close combat weapon which is also indirectly confirmed by the nature of injuries documented on the skulls from the Pepkino kurgan. The radiocarbon AMS-date of the multiple grave in this kurgan enables the authors to date the period when such weapons were used in the Middle Volga region to the end of III mill. BC or the transitional period from III to II mill. BC.

Crimes committed by children are currently experiencing a very significant increase. In Indonesia, the settlement of criminal cases against children is included in vulnerable children who need more attention in fulfilling their rights. However, there are still many violations of children's rights during their status as perpetrators of crimes and afterwards. This study aims to analyze the fulfilment of the formal education of criminal children by Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study. The results of the study explain that Indonesia as a country that has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child through Presidential Decree Number 36 of 1990 dated August 25, 1990, has further integrated children's rights into national law, namely into Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. Protection of children was created as an effort to educate and build quality and affluent children in education. These forms of protection include providing comfort, security, health, and adequate education. The existence of The Child Special Guidance Institute plays a vital role in fulfilling the educational needs of formal and non-formal children.

Contemporary Mexican migration to the United States is conventionally interpreted as voluntary economic migration, which obscures violence as a driver of migration and settlement. This shortcoming ...

From the beginning of its colonial settlement in Kenya, the British administration criminalized Kenyans. Even now, colonial modes of punishment, incarceration, closure, interrogation, curfew, confiscation, separation, displacement, and detention without trial are deeply embedded in the spatial and ideological arrangements of post-colonial Kenya. Initially assumed to herald a rupture from colonial modes of criminalization and punishment, the post-colonial period instead normalized them. Through ethnographic, scholarly, and visual encounters, the paper engages five interconnecting structures that engendered the legacy of a seamless system of control, containment, and punishment evident in the ‘afterlives’ of empire. These are settler colonialism, violence, racism, colonial corporeality, and capitalism. The paper attends to the violence and brutality that endures in the very geographies that were the urban targets of colonial siege and links the carceral practices of settler colonialism and the everyday post-colonial governance of Nairobi’s poor neighbourhoods, encounters with the debris and ruination of empire found in the material and spatial fabric of Mathare. We take up a critical encounter with colonial files to both discern the continuity and lineage of carceral practices and to disrupt the authorial totality and continuity the colonial archive files assembled. The paper includes archival and authored photographs