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Grapes are used worldwide and are rich in polyphenols, such as anthocyanins and stilbene compounds. Wild grapes contain abundant stilbene compounds, which are beneficial to humans. This study examined the polyphenol content and gene expression involved in skin coloration in the ripening stage of Ampelopsis spp. Accession compared to ‘VC-1’ (Vitis coignetiae) and ‘Super Hamburg’ (V. labruscana). The flavonoid content was generally higher in the Ampelopsis fruit than in the other grape lines, and the highest content among Ampelopsis accessions was found in ‘YG10075’ at 9.67 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per g fresh weight. The anthocyanin content was highest in ‘VC-1’ at 1.2% (w/w), and the Ampelopsis accession with the highest anthocyanin content was ‘YG10062’ with 0.27%. The resveratrol content was highest in ‘VC-1’ at 70.4 μg/g, and the Ampelopsis accession with the highest resveratrol content was ‘YG10075’ with 48.5 μg/g. Expression levels of genes involved in skin color development increased during maturation in ‘VC-1’ and ‘Super Hamburg’, but decreased with maturation in Ampelopsis ‘YG10042’, ‘YG10075’, and ‘YG10062’. The expression of the genes related to stilbene compound synthesis, skin coloration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was high in the leaves of ‘YG10045’, young berries of ‘YG10075’, and ripe berries ‘YG-Songni4’. The gene expression showed different patterns depending on the accession of Ampelopsis, the organ, and the ripening stage. Our results indicate that ‘YG-Songni4’ is the most valuable Ampelopsis spp. accession with the highest expression of genes related to synthesis of stilbenic compounds throughout all organs. This accession could be a useful genetic resource in grape breeding programs.

This study examined relationships between temperature, precipitation, geo-topography, and the spring phenology of Fuji and Hongro apple cultivars along spatial gradients across South Korea. Phenology data was gathered from 2011 to 2014 in 42 uniformly managed research orchards which span a range in climate, latitude, and elevation. We used linear models and spatially explicit forecasts to study apple phenology under climate change scenarios. Given dry winters and complex terrain in South Korea, we hypothesized that, in addition to temperature, precipitation and geo-topographic factors influence apple phenology. We also expected responses to climate variation to be similar between (spatial) and within (temporal) orchards, given the controlled conditions and the use of apple clones in this study. With other factors held constant, phenological sensitivity ranged from − 3.2 to − 3.4 days °C−1 for air temperature and − 0.5 to − 0.6 days cm−1 for March precipitation in a combined model. When modeled without temperature, phenology changed by up to 10 days over the full range in March precipitation. Spring temperatures and precipitation in March had very little cross-correlation (r

Due to recent abnormal weather caused by global warming, peach flowering has gradually accelerated, and spring frost damage caused by premature de-acclimation has increased. In this study, under a simulated spring frost environment using a Soil–Fruit–Daylit–System (SFDS) chamber, we investigated whether treatment with 2% cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) could enhance the freezing tolerance of the flower buds from 2-year-old whole peach trees. Visual changes in the ice propagation were observed using an infrared camera at the same time. After the peach flower buds in the calyx red stage were placed in the SFDS chamber with a minimum temperature of −4 °C for ~20 h, the percentage of browning in the pistils and stamens was 57.0% in the control group and 14.1% in the group treated with 2% CNCs. During the first pink stage, the percentages of browning in the pistils and stamens in the control group and the group treated with 2% CNCs were 98.2% and 70.3%, respectively. However, when peach flower buds in the group treated with 2% CNCs were exposed to a −6 °C-targeted chamber, they could not mitigate frost injury. Almost all flower buds were damaged. Infrared thermal images showed that the first exotherm in the control group began at 2:33:03 am, whereas that of the group treated with 2% CNCs began at 3:01:33 am. The control started to express exothermic behavior at −4.2 °C, while the group treated with 2% CNCs started expressing exothermic behavior at −5.1 °C. Thus, treatment with 2% CNCs enhanced the freezing tolerance by −0.9 °C and delayed the first instance of exothermic behavior by ~28 min. These results indicate that treatment with 2% CNCs could mitigate the frost damage of peach flower buds in a frost environment of −5 °C.

The effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on vine growth and characteristics of fruits of three-year-old 'Campbell Early' grapevine were investigated. The treatment groups consisted of a control group (ambient temperature and 390 µL·L -1 CO 2), an elevated temperature group (ambient temperature + 4.0°C and 390 µL·L -1 CO 2), an elevated CO2 group (ambient temperature and 700 µL·L -1 CO 2), and an elevated CO2/temperature group (ambient temperature + 4.0°C and 700 µL·L -1 CO 2). The average shoot length was 312.6 cm in the elevated CO2/temperature group, which was higher than the other groups; with 206.2 cm in the control group and 255.6 cm and 224.8 cm in the elevated temperature group and elevated CO2 group respectively. However, the shoot diameter showed a tendency of decreasing in the elevated temperature and elevated CO2/temperature groups. The equatorial diameter of berries was increased in the higher carbon dioxide concentration, and the soluble solid content was the highest in the elevated CO2 group, with 14.6 °Brix among all treatment groups and the lowest in the elevated temperature group (13.9 °Brix). The harvest date was approximately 11 d earlier in the elevated CO2/temperature group and 4 to 2 days earlier in the elevated CO2 group and elevated temperature group, respectively. Regarding the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration during the growth period, higher photosynthetic rates were observed in the elevated CO2 group and the elevated CO2/temperature group during the early stage of growth; however the photosynthetic rate was reduced dramatically in summer, which was contrary to transpiration.

Accumulated nutrient reserves provide an important energy source for deciduous fruit trees in their initial growth and development the following spring. This study investigated the effect of mid-season defoliation on the growth and accumulation of carbohydrate reserves of kiwifruit vines in Korea. The ‘Goldrush’ (Actinidia chinensis) vine was used for this experiment, following de-blossoming in spring. The vines were artificially defoliated to varying degrees at 1 month intervals from Jul. 15 to Oct. 14. The degree of defoliation was 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100%. From Jul. 15 to Sep. 15, the dry weight of kiwifruit vines with 50% or more defoliation was reduced as compared to the control. In particular, 75 and 100% defoliation on Aug. 16 resulted in decrease of 79.2 and 83.1 g from the control vines (145.6 g), respectively. Defoliation on Aug. 16 decreased both the aboveground and underground dry weight of the vines. Most carbohydrate reserve of the young vines (which did not have fruit) accumulated in the roots. Defoliation on Aug. 16 and Sep. 15 reduced the accumulation of carbohydrate reserves, which was correlated with a decline in vine dry weight. For vines with 75% or more defoliation on Aug. 16 and Sep. 15, about less than half amount of starch accumulated in the roots as compared to the control (4.3 g per vine). In contrast, the accumulation of soluble sugars was not significantly influenced by defoliation, except for vines with 75% or more defoliation on Aug. 16. In conclusion, 75% or more defoliation on Aug. 16 and Sep. 15 has a negative impact on the growth and carbohydrate reserve of a new cultivar, ‘Goldrush’.

Low temperature is one of the major environmental factors that affect productivity including reduced growth and budding of vines, and changes of metabolic processes in grape (Vitis spp.). To screen the specific expression of abiotic stress-related genes against cold treatment in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Campbell Early’ grapevines, expression of various defense-related genes was investigated by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Among the 67 genes analyzed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR, 17 and 16 types of cDNA were up-regulated, while 5 and 6 types were down-regulated in cold-treated ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Campbell Early’ grapevines, respectively. Genes encoding carotene (Cart3564 and Cart4472), chalcone isomerase (CHI), cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavonol synthase (FLS), endo-β-glucanase precursor (Glu), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), leucine-rich repeats (LRR), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), proline rich protein 2 (PRP2), small heat shock protein (sHSP), temperature induced lipocalin (TIL), and thaumatin-like protein (TLP) were up-regulated, while those encoding CBF like transcription factor (CBF1), chitinase-like protein (CLP), cold induced protein (CIP), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were down-regulated by low temperature treatment in both in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Campbell Early’.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of climatic factors on fruit growth in 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). For ten years from 2000 to 2010, average full bloom date was April 19th and standard deviation was 4.2 days. Average fruit diameter 160 days after full bloom (DAFB) was 102.4 mm and standard deviation was 7.5 mm. Variance coefficients among climatic factors were higher in rainfall amount and sunshine hours than temperature. Only sunshine hours of climatic factors accumulated during the 160 DAFB had significant positive relationship () with fruit diameter 160 DAFB. Between full bloom date and fruit diameter 160 DAFB had no significant relationship. Fruit growth in 2004, as continuous rain fall and short sunshine hours, showed opposite pattern compared to that in 2009. Therefore, fruit growth of 'Niitaka' pear was more influenced by the accumulated sunshine hours than accumulated temperature.

The effects of global warming and CO2 level were investigated on tree growth and fruit characteristics of ‘Niitaka’ pear. The treatments consisted of ambient temperature and 390 μL·L−1 CO2 (control group), ambient temperature + 4°C and 390 μL·L−1 CO2 (elevated temperature group), ambient temperature and 700 μL·L−1 CO2 (elevated CO2 group), and ambient temperature + 4°C and 700 μL·L−1 CO2 (elevated climate group). Fruit weight was the highest in elevated CO2 group (543.0 g), but lowest in elevated temperature group (394.3 g). Flesh firmness at harvest was the highest in elevated temperature group. For fruit skin color, Hunter L* and b* values were not significantly different among treatments, while Hunter a* value was higher on those treated with higher temperature and CO2 concentration. Photosynthetic rate in July and August was high in plants under elevated CO2 concentration. In contrast, the elevated temperature and elevated climate groups showed relatively high photosynthetic rate in early July, then became far lower than those of the control and the elevated CO2 group in late August. Rapid increase in fruit diameter was observed on fruits grown under elevated climate, then slowed down after the middle fruit growth stage. Soluble solids content increased at harvest time in groups with elevated CO2.

The management standard on soil conditions in ‘Fuji’ apple to produce high quality fruit were not yet made. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the optimum soil environmental conditions of ten contents on production of high quality fruit in ‘Fuji’ apple. The soil and fruit characteristics were analyzed at total 60 orchards in major apple producing areas such as Chungju, Moonkyeung, yeongju, andong, yeosan and yeongcheon (10 orchards an area). The soil environmental factors affected fruit weight was highest relative contribution in saturated hydraulic conductivity of 36.5%. The bulk density and soil pH were low as relative contribution. The fruit weight was influenced by soil physical properties more than soil chemical properties. The soil environmental factors affected sugar content were hydraulic conductivity of 28.3% and organic matter content of 18.2%. The cultivation layer depth and soil pH were low as relative contribution. The fruit coloring was highest relative contribution in saturated hydraulic conductivity 55.9%. while soil pH, cation and soil texture were low. Fruit coloring was high influenced over 70% by soil physical properties. Finally, relative contribution on fruit quality related with sugar content, fruit weight, and coloring were high influenced by saturated hydraulic conductivity of 21.% and organic matter content of 18.7% but bulk density and cultivation layer depth were low relative contribution. The fruit growth and saturated hydraulic conductivity in ‘Fuji’ apple were very closely related. Therefore, orchard soil management to produce high quality fruit was very importance drainage management and organic matter application. We concluded that scientific soil management is possible by qualifiable of soil management factors.Key words

The study was conducted to investigate the correlation analysis between fruit quality and climatic parameters in grapevines. `Campbell Early`, one of the major grape cultivars, occupies more than 70% of cultivated areas in Korea. Recent research results have shown that the movement of cultivation area of fruit production resulted from the temperature increase. In this study, we investigated the relationship between fruit quality and climatic conditions in 13 major `Campbell Early` grape producing areas (i.e., Sacheon, Jinju, Naju, Dangjin, Cheonan, Gimcheon, Yeongdong, Okcheon, Sangju, Suwon, Yeongju, Gangneung, Chuncheon, and Yanggu). The earliest and latest full blooming days of grapevines were ovserved on May 25 in Sacheon area and on June 7 in Yanggu area, respectively. At least 90 days are required for grapes to mature enough for the production of highquality fruits. The southern areas with less than 90 days of maturity period had difficulty in the production of good fruit. However, the areas with longer maturity period of 100 to 110 days produced grapes with with high sugar content and good coloring. The fruit qualities of `Campbell Early` grapes are more closely related with temperature than other climatic factors. High temperature resulted in fruits with high acidity and delayed the coloration of the fruit skin in the southern area. The fruit skin was thin in the southern area and inclined to be thicker in the northern areas. Therefore, grape should be cultivated in regions with long maturity period to have high quality.

The lateral buds of non-branching chrysanthemum cultivars are affected by temperature and exogenous plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment. The number of axillary buds, endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and t-zeatin riboside (t-ZR) concentrations by planting date and PGR treatments were investigated in three genotypes. Two non-branching genotypes, ‘Iwanohakusen’ and ‘01B1-8’ and branching type ‘Jinba’ were planted on May 2 and June 29. ‘Jinba’ always bore axillary buds and ‘01B1-8’ showed stronger non-branching traits than ‘Iwanohakusen’. Only 22.9% viable buds developed in the axils of ‘01B1-8’ whereas 68.7% developed in ‘Iwanohakusen’ on the May 2 planting date group. When planting was delayed from May 2 to June 29, the number of axillary buds decreased in both non-branching genotypes. Endogenous IAA concentrations remained unchanged and t-ZR concentrations decreased in all the three genotypes when the planting date was delayed. This reduced t-ZR level corresponds to the increased ratio of IAA/t-ZR. The number of viable axillary buds increased from 21.7% to 50.1% upon ethephon treatment and to 30.3% by synthetic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) treatment in ‘01B1-8’. Viable axillary buds of ‘01B1-22’ increased from 17.1% to 25.1% and 29.1% respectively. Ethephon and BAP application decreased endogenous IAA contents and increased t-ZR contents. Elevated concentrations of t-ZR rather than IAA probably account for axillary bud formation in non-branching chrysanthemum. Just as the non-branching genotypes, the branching type cultivar ‘Jinba’ showed similar changes in IAA and t-ZR contents according to planting date and exogenous PGR treatments. These results showed that genotypic difference of branching patterns is not a result of concentration-dependent reaction.

The effects of nutrient concentration and pH, two major chemical properties of soil, on plant responses were investigated with seedlings of tomato, which is widely grown in greenhouses, as the model plant. An experiment with four levels of nutrient concentration [None (NC 0), 1 (NC 1), 5 (NC 5), and 10 folds (NC 10)], in combination with three pH levels (4, 6, and 8), was conducted. The fresh and dry weight and leaf area of tomato seedling increased until NC5, but decreased at NC10. Transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and evapotranspiration reduced with increasing nutrient concentration. The responses to the pH levels differed by the nutrient-concentration levels. The unsuitable root zone pH, pH 4 and pH 8, caused more reductions of transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and evapotranspiration than pH 6 does under high nutrient concentrations, specifically pH 8 strongly depressed these. At pH 8, fresh and dry weight and areas of shoot and root sharply reduced more than at pH 4. Total nitrogen (...

Various cultural practices have been promoted as management options for enhancing soil quality and health. The use of soil management methods can cause changes in fertility by affecting soil chemical properties. This study aimed to evaluate interactions between soil chemical properties and soil management methods in protected cultivation, and to classify soil management methods that similarly affect soil chemical properties. Water-logging and irrigation reduced soil pH and available P2O5 content. Application of animal manures has a positive effect on levels of organic matter, Av.P2O5, K, Zn, and Cu. The electrical conductivites tened to be low in the application of organic amendments, including rice and wood residues. Deeper plowing caused a reduction in Ca content. Practicing soil nutrient-considering fertilization and fertigation did not exert an influence on nutrient element contents. In a cluster analysis of the soil management methods according to major nutrients, low similarities were found with deeper plowing and crop rotation with rice in comparison with other practices. In a cluster analysis by minor nutrient characteristics, crop rotation and application of animal manures and rice residues were linked at a high Ward`s distance, while other practices were found to be relatively low distinct. Each soil management method has a similar or different effect on soil chemical properties. These results suggest the necessity of establishing limits and standards according to the effects of soil management methods on soil chemical properties for economic soil practices.

Information on the expected geographical shift of suitable zones for growing crops under future climate is a starting point of adaptation planning in agriculture and is attracting much concern from policy makers as well as researchers. Few practical schemes have been developed, however, because of the difficulty in implementing the site-selection concept at an analytical level. In this study, we suggest site-selection criteria for quality Fuji apple production and integrate geospatial data and information available in public domains (e.g., digital elevation model, digital soil maps, digital climate maps, and predictive models for agroclimate and fruit quality) to implement this concept on a GIS platform. Primary criterion for selecting sites suitable for Fuji apple production includes land cover, topography, and soil texture. When the primary criterion is satisfied, climatic conditions such as the length of frost free season, freezing risk during the overwintering period, and the late frost risk in spring are tested as the secondary criterion. Finally, the third criterion checks for fruit quality such as color and shape. Land attributes related to these factors in each criterion were implemented in ArcGIS environment as relevant raster layers for spatial analysis, and retrieval procedures were automated by writing programs compatible with ArcGIS. This scheme was applied to the A1B projected climates for South Korea in the future normal years (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) as well as the current climate condition observed in 1971-2000 for selecting the sites suitable for quality Fuji apple production in each period. Results showed that this scheme can figure out the geographical shift of suitable zones at landscape scales as well as the latitudinal shift of northern limit for cultivation at national or regional scales.

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith (PM) equation is one of the most widely used equations for predicting evapotranspiration (ET) of crops. The ET rate and the base crop coefficients (Kcb) of the two different grape vines (i.e., Campbell Early and Kyoho) cultivated in Suwon were calculated by using the FAO PM equation. The ET rate of Campbell Early was 2.41 mm day−1 and that of Kyoho was 2.22 mm day−1 in August when the leaf area index was 2.2. During this period, the Kcb of Campbell Early based on the FAO PM equation was on average 0.49 with the maximum value of 0.72. On the other hand, the Kcb of Kyoho was averaged to be 0.45 with the maximum value of 0.64. The seasonal leaf area index for two grape cultivars was measured as 0.15 in April, 0.5 in May, 1.4 in June, 2.2 in July-September, and 1.5 in October. The Kcb of Campbell Early showed a seasonal variation, changing from 0.03 in April to 0.11 in May, 0.31 in June, 0.49 in JulySeptember, and 0.33 in October. The magnitudes and the seasonality of Kcb of Kyoho were similar to those of Campbell Early.

Most deciduous trees in temperate zone are dormant during the winter to overcome cold and dry environment. Dormancy of deciduous fruit trees is usually separated into a period of rest by physiological conditions and a period of quiescence by unfavorable environmental conditions. Inconsistent and fewer budburst in pear orchards has been reported recently in South Korea and Japan and the insufficient chilling due to warmer winters is suspected to play a role. An accurate prediction of the flowering time under the climate change scenarios may be critical to the planning of adaptation strategy for the pear industry in the future. However, existing methods for the prediction of budburst depend on the spring temperature, neglecting potential effects of warmer winters on the rest release and subsequent budburst. We adapted a dormancy clock model which uses daily temperature data to calculate the thermal time for simulating winter phenology of deciduous trees and tested the feasibility of this model in predicting budburst and flowering of Niitaka pear, one of the favorite cultivars in Korea. In order to derive the model parameter values suitable for Niitaka, the mean time for the rest release was estimated by observing budburst of field collected twigs in a controlled environment. The thermal time (in chill-days) was calculated and accumulated by a predefined temperature range from fall harvest until the chilling requirement (maximum accumulated chill-days in a negative number) is met. The chilling requirement is then offset by anti-chill days (in positive numbers) until the accumulated chill-days become null, which is assumed to be the budburst date. Calculations were repeated with arbitrary threshold temperatures from to (at an interval of 0.1), and a set of threshold temperature and chilling requirement was selected when the estimated budburst date coincides with the field observation. A heating requirement (in accumulation of anti-chill days since budburst) for flowering was also determined from an experiment based on historical observations. The dormancy clock model optimized with the selected parameter values was used to predict flowering of Niitaka pear grown in Suwon for the recent 9 years. The predicted dates for full bloom were within the range of the observed dates with 1.9 days of root mean square error.

This study was conducted to quantify the soil respiratory emission (SR) in an apple orchard and to determine its relationship with key environmental factors such as air temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture content. Experiment was made over the period from 23 April 2007 to 31 March 2008 in `Fuji` apple orchard of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The SR was measured by using the automatic opening/closing chamber system based on a closed method. Diurnal variations in SR showed an increase around 0700 hours with increasing soil temperature, its peak between 1400 and 1500 hours, and then a gradual decrease thereafter. Daily variations in SR depended largely on soil and air temperatures over the year, ranging from 0.8 to 13.7 g . During the rainy spell in summer (JulyAutumn) with higher temperature and more precipitation, the SR was lower than that in the spring (MayJune) with moderate temperature. The SR showed a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature ($r^2

The application in agricultural fields of pig slurry composting biofiltraton amending smell and nutrient unevenness, it is important for the appropriate nitrogen nutrient management to promote the availability of the crops and to minimize the risk of adversely environmental effects. The objective of this study was to determine the application rates of the preplant pig slurry composting biofiltration for red pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) by considering the yield response and the fruit quality such as sugar, capsaicinoid content. Red peppers were grown on plastic film ground under five different pig slurry(PS) application rates and mineral fertilizer(MF 100%) as a control. The effects of a single application of five different doses of PS: PS 0%(no kg N ), PS 50%(51.5 kg N ), PS 75%(77.3 kg N ), PS 100%(103 kg N ) and PS 125%(129 kg N ) were compared with the recommended mineral treatment(103 kg N ) in the pre-planting. The sidedressing N application(87 kg N ) was applied to the mineral fertilizer in all treatments. Red peppers were harvested at the mature red stage through five times from 72 days after transplanting(DAT) to 133 DAT. The results indicated that the yield of red pepper was increased with the increase of the N application rates from PS 0% to PS 100%. The highest yield was obtained in PS 100% by 20,843 kg , although there were no significant differences in yield among PS 100, PS 125% and MF 100%. In addition, The contents of soluble sugar and capsaicinoids were not significantly different in all treatments. Accordingly, fertilization recommendations of red pepper to substitute PS for the mineral fertilizer were considered to PS 100%.

This study was carried out to establish the reasonable level of nitrogen (N) fertilization based on soil nitrate nitrogen content for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under plastic film house. Cucumber plants were cultivated with standard and free N fertilization in eight soils which had various amount of ranging from 67 to 343 mg/kg. The yield of cucumber was in the range of 1006 to 2369 g/plant depending on the nitrogen supplying capability of soils. The amount of in the soil was negatively correlated with agronomic efficiency (AE) and N use efficiency (NUE). The critical level of soil content for cucumber in N free fertilization was found to be about 260 mg/kg in Cate-Nelson analysis of variance between soil and AE or NUE. Also the same critical soil content was found in the yield and amount of N uptake of cucumber under N free fertilization. A standard N fertilization was required when soil content was below 70 mg/kg. The optimal application rate of N fertilizer for cucumber in the soils containing between 260-70 mg/kg could be recommended by the equation Y=-1.032X+269.2 (Y: N fertilization rate, kg/ha; X : soil content mg/kg).

We investigated the mechanism on occurring of briny injury in four fruit species (apple, pear, grape, peach). Briny injury of apple, pear, peach, and grape was induced by the foliar splay of saline solutions. Browning symptom was initiated one hour after the spray of 3% NaCl in apple, pearl and peach trees. while two hour were needed for grape, but the latter developed the symptom faster than the formers. Foliar spray of 3% NaCl resulted in 4-fold increase in ethylene production 24 h after the spray, and the production was returned to early stage rate after 72 h. Ethylene production of control was nearly constant with slight decrease after 4 h. Browning and defoliation response to the spray of 3% NaCl on lower side were not different from the spray on both sides regardless of fruit species, while no injury symptoms occurred by the spiny on upper side. In saline damage for treated date, lateral bud was only germinated in apple at 30 July. A shoot apex was 100% grew in all fruit tree. In result for hormonal content of leaf and shoot apex, control was high t-zeatin content in leaf. However, IAA and ABA content was increasing in high saline concentration.

This study was conducted for 10 days from 17 July to 26 July in 2005 to measure the amount of xylem sap flow under short-term variation of soil moisture regimes at -20 kPa, -50 kPa and -80 kPa in eight-year-old 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees with different fruit loads. Fruit load was adjusted as three different treatments with standard (100%), 1/2 times (50%) and 2 times (200%) on the basis of optimum fruiting number per tree as the standard fruit load of Fuji cultivar. Trees with standard fruit load during the experimental period showed higher xylem sap flow at -50 kPa of soil moisture regimes than those of trees with 1/2 times and 2 times fruit load. Trees with 1/2 times and 2 times fruit load had similar patterns of the diurnal changes of xylem sap flow, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and maximum evapotranspiration (ETm). However, trees with 2 times fruit load at -50 kPa and -80 kPa of soil moisture regimes produced lower amount of xylem sap flow than ETm. Trees with standard fruit load produced L/tree more amount of xylem sap flow than ETm at all soil moisture regimes. But xylem sap flow of tees with 2 times fruit load had 21% lower at -50 kPa and lower at -20 kPa and -80 kPa of soil moisture regimes, respectively than that of trees with standard fruit load. Shoot growth and leaf area were significantly the highest in trees with standard fruit load while those of trees with 2 times fruit load recorded significantly lowest. Leaf water potential of trees with standard fruit load was lower than that of trees with 1/2 times and 2 times fruit load. It indicated that tees with standard fruit load had higher water use for transpiration than other treatments and tees with 2 times fruit load received more stress for the transpiration process under low soil moisture regimes. Consequently, 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees, the fruit load and soil moisture should be maintained optimum to increase xylem sap flow and transpiration during higher growth period.

Effects of difference between day and night temperatures (DIF) and cytokinins on in vitro growth of `Campbell Early` grape plantlets were investigated, Shoot growth was suppressed by -7DIF (18/). Effects of BA and TDZ were not affected by DIF. 0DIF (25/) enhanced the growth with increasing cytokinin level. Kinetin at 10 M was the most effective for shoot growth with 87 mm among cytokinins used except for control. Zeatin and kinetin each at 5 M significantly increased shoot growth to respective 162 and 110 mm. In 0DIF, two-fold increase of 162 mm was obtained by 5 M zeatin. In control, no further shoot proliferation was observed regardless of DIF. In 0 and ＋7DIF (25/18), 4 shoots were observed with 10 M BA. Zeatin, 2iP and kinetin resulted in poor shoot proliferation while BA at 10 M resulted in profuse branching in all DIFs.

Effect of cytokinins (BA, TDZ, zeatin, 2iP, and kinetin) applied either singly or in combination on in vitro growth of two grape cultivars (`Cabernet Sauvignon` and `Campbell Early`) was investigated as a serial work for mass production of grapevine nursery stocks. In single treatment, shoot growth of two cultivars was most favorable in control. Shoot proliferation was satisfactory with 10 M BA regardless of cultivars and cytokinin combinations, followed by TDZ. Other treatments resulted in very poor or no branching. Total explants ready for subculture produced by 10 M BA outnumbered those by other treatments. TDZ was also effective. TDZ significantly increased the fresh weight and callus formation while shoot growth was unsatisfactory. Shoot growth response of two cultivars in combined treatments was also most favorable in control as was in single treatments. When TDZ was combined with zeatin, 2iP, and kinetin which failed to induce branching, proliferous branching was induced though the shoot number was behind that of single treatments of BA and TDZ. TDZ was very effective for total number of explants and fresh weight, showing 10-fold increase.