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Background Advanced cancers are associated with more severe symptoms and greater impairment. Although most patients with metastatic cancer would benefit from rehabilitation, few patients receive appropriate rehabilitation therapy. We explored the use of rehabilitation therapy by cancer patients. Our data represented the entire population of Korea. The analyses were performed according to cancer type and stage. Methods We extracted rehabilitation utilization data of patients newly diagnosed with cancer in the period of 2011–2015 from the Korea Central Cancer Registry, which is linked to the claims database of the National Health Insurance Service (n = 958,928). Results The utilisation rate increased during the study period, from 6.0% (11,504) of 192,835 newly diagnosed patients in 2011 to 6.8% (12,455) of 183,084 newly diagnosed patients in 2015. Patients with central nervous system (28.4%) and bone (27.8%) cancer were most likely to undergo physical rehabilitation. The rehabilitation rate was higher in patients with metastatic than localised or regional cancer (8.7% vs. 5.3% vs. 5.5%). Conclusion This claims-based study revealed that rehabilitation therapy for cancer patients is underutilised in Korea. Although patients with metastasis underwent more intensive rehabilitation than patients with early stage cancer, those without brain and bone tumours (the treatment of which is covered by insurance) were less likely to use rehabilitation services. Further efforts to improve the use of rehabilitation would improve the outcomes of cancer patients., Graphical Abstract

Background As the survival rate of cancer patients increases, the clinical importance of rehabilitation provided by healthcare professionals also increases. However, the evidence supporting the relevance of rehabilitation programs is insufficient. This study aimed to review the literature on effectiveness in physical function, quality of life (QOL) or fatigue of supervised physical rehabilitation in patients with advanced cancer. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following the Cochrane guidelines. We narratively described the results when meta-analysis was not applicable or appropriate. Literature databases including Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, as well as several Korean domestic databases, were searched up to June 2017 for studies that investigated the effectiveness of supervised physical rehabilitation programs on physical function, QOL or fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated independently by paired reviewers. Results Eleven studies with 922 participants were finally selected among 2,459 articles. The meta-analysis revealed that after physical exercise, the physical activity level and strength of patients with advanced cancer increased significantly. The QOL showed a statistically significant improvement after physical rehabilitation according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer version C30. Though some of measurements about cardiovascular endurance or strength in several studies were not able to be synthesized, each study reported that they were significantly improved after receiving rehabilitation. Conclusion Supervised physical rehabilitation for patients with advanced cancer is effective in improving physical activity, strength, and QOL. However, more trials are needed to prove the effectiveness of supervised exercise and to strengthen the evidence., Graphical Abstract

Purpose To explore how symptom perception affects functioning in patients with advanced cancer. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of 459 advanced cancer patients at the national cancer center. Functioning was assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) II, and symptoms were evaluated using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to develop a structural model based on different symptom perceptions, such as somatic sensation and experienced symptoms. Results The structural model of disability revealed a significant direct pathway involving somatic sensation (β = 16.11, p < 0.001). Experienced symptoms significantly affected somatic sensations (β = 0.717, p < 0.001) but were not directly associated with disability. Unidimensional models exhibited a poor fit. In contrast, a complex model with first-order (somatic sensation) and second-order (experienced symptoms) factors provided an excellent fit, with comparative fit indexes (CFIs) and Tucker Lewis indexes (TLI) of more than 0.950 threshold. Conclusions Our findings suggest that relationships to functioning may vary between somatic sensations versus experienced symptoms. The structure of symptoms is best conceptualized by direct somatic sensation and indirect experienced symptoms. A better understanding of symptom perception and the relationship between symptoms and function would facilitate the development of effective rehabilitation programs.

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains a common complication of anesthesia. We tried to assess the amount patients were willing to pay for a hypothetical antiemetic that would completely prevent PONV. Methods: Trained residents interviewed 86 patients, who were scheduled to undergo general anesthesia, and questionnaires were completed. Results: Patients were willing to pay a median of 30,000 won for an antiemetic that would completely prevent PONV. The amounts patients were willing to pay correlated with age, previous history of PONV, and patient income. Conclusions: Patients assigned a value for avoidance of PONV. It is sugge sted that more efforts to prevent PONV would be helpful for the increase in patient satisfaction. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 57: 151∼4)

Most of the current biped robots with active revolute joints walk with their knees bent while a human walks without bending his or her knees in “natural” gaits. This paper proposes a method to generate natural locomotion trajectory for biped robots without bending knees based on a 2-DOF model of an inverted pendulum. In addition to the natural leg motion, this paper proposes a foot trajectory that has heel-contact landing and toe-off liftoff phases similar to the human foot. The trajectory is parameterized and optimized with a genetic algorithm based on energy consumption. In simulation of locomotion of biped robot, D2, which has a double deck structure of parallel mechanisms, the resulting trajectory looks natural and requires approximately 28% less energy than the one generated by the LIPM method. In addition to proposing the method to generate trajectory for a biped robot, this paper introduces the mechanism of serially linked parallel-mechanism for a biped robot with knees.

Sick sinus syndrome is caused by sinus node dysfunction that renders it unable to function as a pacemaker. Patients with sick sinus syndrome are often asymptomatic or have symptoms that are mild and nonspecific. Lidocaine (0.5 mg/kg) injection is used for reduction of pain associated with intravenous injection of propofol. Episodes of marked bradycardia with sinus arrest after prophylactic lidocaine injection are reported in a 69-y-old man with no apparent preoperative cardiac disease or electrocardiographic abnormality. Surgery was postponed, and he was later diagnosed with sick sinus syndrome.

Background: The regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) decreases significantly during ordinary anesthetic recovery in pediatric patients anesthetized with sevoflurane or desflurane. The present study examined the relationship between rSO2 and the clinical parameters associated with the degree of anesthetic recovery. Methods: Twelve pediatric patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 were assigned randomly to receive anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane. All children underwent general anesthesia for minor surgery. After surgery, the rSO2, the age-adjusted MAC fraction of anesthetic concentration (FE), and the bispectral index (BIS) were recorded over a 10-minute period. The correlations between rSO 2 and candidate predictors, such as FE, BIS, anesthetic, and duration of anesthesia, were analyzed. Results: All children recovered uneventfully. The lowest observed rSO 2 reached 63% and the maximum decrease in rSO2 was 24%. The mean blood pressure and heart rate were maintained within clinical ranges. The decrease in rSO 2 correlated positively with the FE (r = 0.25, P = 0.00) and the duration of anesthesia (r = 0.24, P = 0.01), and inversely with the use of sevoflurane (r = -0.30, P = 0.00). Conclusions: Despite normal parameters, cerebral desaturation occurred during the emergence of ordinary general anesthesia even without hemodynamic compromise or arterial desaturation. Cerebral desaturation might be associated with the degree of anesthetic recovery and the use of sevoflurane. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 59: 9-12)

Objective This retrospective case series study of the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) augmentation on clozapine-resistant schizophrenia was conducted by EMR review. Methods Clozapine-resistance was defined as persistent psychotic symptoms despite at least 12 weeks of clozapine administration with blood levels over 350 ng/mL in order to rule out pseudo-resistance. Seven in-patients who were taking clozapine and treated with ECT were selected. We analyzed the psychopathology and subscales changed by ECT. Results The average number of ECT sessions was 13.4 (±4.6). Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score was significantly reduced by 17.9 (±12.8) points (p=0.0384) on average, which represented a reduction of 25.5% (±14.3). 71.4% (5/7) of patients were identified as clinical remission, with at least a 20% reduction in PANSS score. PANSS reduction was associated with number of ECT sessions, stimulus level in the final session, and blood clozapine levels before ECT. However, the negative subscale on the PANSS were not reduced by ECT in any patient. We did not observe any persistent adverse cognitive effects. Conclusion This study supports that ECT augmentation on clozapine-resistant schizophrenia reveals clinically effective and safe. Further research should be done involving a larger number of patients to investigate the effectiveness of clozapine/ECT combination therapy.

BACKGROUND Implantation of xenogenic chromaffin cells into the spinal subarachnoid space can produce analgesia in neuropathic pain models. However, transplantation of xenogeneic chromaffin cell has a potential risk of viral or bacterial infections from animals to humans including encephalopathy due to prion transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of developing a homogeneic source of therapeutic chromaffin cells. METHODS Anti-allodynic effects of human chromaffin cells (HCCs) were evaluated in a neuropathic pain model in rats induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. HCCs encapsulated with alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate were intrathecally implanted into rats (n = 10), while empty capsules were intrathecally implanted as a control (n = 8). Levels of norepinephrine from encapsulated HCCs before and after nicotinic stimulation were measured. We then perfomed a behavior test (cold allodynia) with acetone. In addition, to assess the potential contribution to pain reduction of opioid peptides released from the HCCs, all animals were injected with naloxone. RESULTS The concentration of norepinephrine after nicotine stimulation was significantly increased compared to basal levels. Intrathecal implantation of encapsulated HCCs, significantly reduced cold allodynia as compared to rats receiving empty capsules (P < 0.05). Fifteen minutes after the injection of naloxone, cold allodynia significantly decreased in rats with HCCs (P < 0.05), while the degree of cold allodynia in control animals was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS From these results, it appears that HCCs have a possibility as an analgesic source for transplants delivering pain-reducing neuroactive substances.

BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to determine the effect-site concentration of remifentanil needed to prevent haemodynamic instability during tracheal intubation with inhaled desflurane induction. METHODS One hundred American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II female patients were randomized to receive an effect-site concentration of remifentanil of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 ng/ml. Induction of anaesthesia was started with intravenous injection of propofol 2 mg/kg. Ninety seconds after the completion of propofol injection, rocuronium (0.8 mg/kg) and remifentanil were administered simultaneously with 3% desflurane inhalation. Tracheal intubation was attempted 150 sec after the commencement of remifentanil administration. RESULTS A probit model of remifentanil concentration was predictive of successful intubation without development of hypertension (P for goodness-of-fit = 0.419). The effect-site concentration of remifentanil needed to achieve successful intubation without development of hypertension in 95% of the patients was 3.3 ng/ml (95% confidence interval, 2.6-4.8 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS The effect-site concentration of remifentanil of 3.3 ng/ml is effective in blunting the haemodynamic response in 95% of the patients when 2.0 mg/kg of propofol induction was followed by 3% desflurane inhalation.

The estimation of plasma hemoglobin concentration (Hb) is among one of the daily activities in the practice of clinical anesthesiology. The near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain (rSO(2)) represents a balance between cerebral oxygen delivery and consumption. This study was designed to assess the value of rSO(2) in the prediction of the Hb level while other variables were mathematically controlled. Thirty healthy adult patients undergoing spine surgery, expected to have a moderate degree of intraoperative bleeding, were enrolled in this study. General anesthesia was given and ventilation was mechanically controlled. Measurement of Hb and PaCO(2) were performed at random periods of time. We obtained a total of 97 data combinations for the 30 study patients. The Hb was regressed by independent variables including rSO(2) and PaCO(2). A multilinear regression analysis was performed and the final regression equation was expressed only with statistically significant variables. The measured Hb was tightly regressed with three variables. The final regression equation was Hb=+8.580+0.238.rSO(2)-0.338.PaCO(2)-0.004.anesthetic exposure duration (Tmin) (p=0.000, r(2)=0.809). Near-infrared spectroscopy was shown to be a valuable predictor of plasma Hb in the clinical anesthesiology setting.

Ko et al. [1] described that the Optiscope® for tracheal intubation did not reduce the hemodynamic changes, but showed similar hemodynamic changes compared to the laryngoscope. They have named several reasons to back the similar hemodynamic changes with Optiscope® or laryngoscope. One of them is that the irritation by the tube passing through the vocal cords has a larger effect on blood pressure and heart rate than that caused by the Optiscope® or the laryngoscope. Although passing the tube through the vocal cords is a significant stimulation, it may not be as strong as difference on the hemodynamic changes due to intubation methods or devices. If so, previous studies may not have shown the hemodynamic differences with various ways to intubate. We suggest a different approach to explain the hemodynamic changes. The total intensity of the stimulation during laryngoscope is expressed with intensity of its average force and manipulation time [2,3]. Ko et al. described that the median intubation time (interquartile range) was significantly longer in the Optiscope® group, at 20.5 (16.75-28.5) sec, compared to that of the laryngoscope group, at 16.0 (14.75-20.0) sec (P < 0.01). Both groups had similar hemodynamic changes, despite of the longer stimulation time in the Optiscope® group. Therefore, we can say that the intensity of its average force in the Optiscope® group may be lower than in the laryngoscope group, and shortening of manipulation time in the Optiscope® group can reduce the degree of hemodynamic changes. It may be connected to the experience of a performer as Ko et al. have discussed.

Background: Recently developed taper-shaped cuffs (TG cuffs) of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) are known to have a more potent sealing effect than cylindrical high-volume low-pressure cuffs (HL cuffs) of conventional ETTs. The aim of this study was to compare TG cuffs with HL cuffs of ETTs in a bench-top model with regard to air leakage under various positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP). Methods: HL cuffs and TG cuffs made from PVC were included (HL group vs. TG group). A model trachea with an internal diameter (ID) of 22 mm was attached to a test lung. The test lung was ventilated using an anesthesia respirator with volume controlled mode and PEEPs of 0, 5, 10, or 15 cm H2O. Using spirometry, percentages of expired to inspired tidal volumes (TVe/i) were calculated as a measure of air leakage. Results: With regard to PEEPs, the HL group showed significantly higher air leakage compared to the TG group (p < 0.0001), and a higher PEEP resulted in greater air leakage (p < 0.0001). Air leakage with higher PEEP was greater in the HL group than in the TG group at ID 7.0 mm and 7.5 mm (p = 0.0467, p = 0.0045) Conclusions: This study shows the superior sealing ability of the TG cuff during ventilation at various PEEPs.

The aim of this study was to develop a nonlinear mixed-effects model for the increase in cerebral oximetry (rSO(2)) during the rapid introduction of desflurane, and to determine the effect of hypocapnia and N(2)O on the model. Twelve American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status class 1 and 2 subjects were allocated randomly into an Air and N(2)O group. After inducing anesthesia, desflurane was then increased abruptly from 4.0 to 12.0%. The PET(CO2), PET(DESF) and rSO(2) were recorded at 12 predetermined periods for the following 10 min. The maximum increase in rSO(2) reached +24-25% during normocapnia. The increase in rSO(2) could be fitted to a four parameter logistic equation as a function of the logarithm of PET(DESF). Hypocapnia reduced the maximum response of rSO(2), shifted the EC(50) to the right, and increased the slope in the Air group. N(2)O shifted the EC(50) to the right, and reduced the slope leaving the maximum rSO(2) unchanged. The N(2)O-effects disappeared during hypocapnia. The cerebrovascular reactivity of rSO(2) to CO(2) is still preserved during the rapid introduction of desflurane. N(2)O slows the response of rSO(2). Hypocapnia overwhelms all the effects of N(2)O.

Lower back pain commonly develops following spinal anesthesia. This pain is likely caused by strain on the ligaments associated with paraspinous muscle relaxation and positioning during the operation. We describe a case involving a healthy 61-year-old woman with a varicose vein that was scheduled for phlebotomy under spinal anesthesia. Two days after spinal anesthesia, the patient experienced severe lower back pain that was markedly aggravated by twisting and extension of the spine, but subsided with rest. Immediately after a lumbar medial branch block was performed at the area of tenderness the pain subsided. Thease results suggest that immediate treatment of acute lower back pain is important for preventing progression to chronic low back pain.

Background: It is known that sympathetic stimulation and increase in cerebral blood flow velocity can be induced by desflurane. Cerebral oxygen balance could be disturbed during desflurane induction. Aim of this study was to elucidate that cerebral oxygen imbalance induced by desflurane mask induction can be reduced by combination of remifentanil and hypocapnia. Methods: Twenty ASA 1-2 subjects were allocated randomly into 5 groups divided by concentration of remifentanil (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ng/ml). After confirmation of attaining proposed concentration of remifentanil, propofol and vecuronium were administered and mechanical ventilation was done with 8% desflurane with facial mask. Subsequently, changes in regional cerebral oxygen saturation (△rSO2), arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, estimated alveolar concentration of desflurane (P(DESF)), and end-tidal concentration of carbon dioxide (PET(CO2)) were recorded for the following 10 minutes. According to concentration of desflurane and remifentanil, △rSO2 and hemodynamic factors were checked. Results: During desflurane induction, changes in cerebral oximetry reached up to+10% (6 [first quartile], 13 [third quartile]). Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac index were changed within clinical ranges. The △rSO2 showed S-shaped increasing pattern according to increasing P(DESF). Hypocapnia and concentration of remifentanil reduced the maximum △rSO2 (P=0.0046, P=0.0060). Hypocapnia also shifted the curve to left (P=0.0001). Conclusions: During 8% desflurane induction, regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) increases maximum +25%. Hypocapnia and use of remifentanil can reduce the increase in regional cerebral oxygen saturation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2009;56:543~51)

Background: Many reports with hypnotics and opiates have been published for nonrelaxant tracheal intubation. In addition to its immediate onset and short duration time, remifentanil can well prevent responses against short and strong stimulation like tracheal intubation. However, the high concentration of remifentanil for nonrelaxant tracheal intubation can cause hemodynamic instability, thus we tried to estimate the predicted effect-site concentration of remifentanil for smooth intubation and provoking hypotension. Methods: Forty three ASA I and II patients were randomly selected to receive an effect-site-controlled infusion of remifentanil 0, 2, 4, 6 ng/ml and propofol 2 mg/kg. Trachea was intubated after 3 minutes of manual breathing support with desflurane 6 vol%. The vital signs, end-tidal concentration of desflurane and responses of patients were recorded before intubation for 3 minutes and until 2 minutes after intubation every minute. The effective effect-site concentration (ECe) was calculated at 95% successful rate of smooth intubation and at 50% of provoking hypotension (equal to or under 55 mmHg). Results: The estimation results of the logistic regression stated that 95% ECe of remifentanil for smooth intubation was 8.0 (5.0-14.3) ng/ml and 50% ECe for provoking hypotension equal to or under 55 mmHg before intubation was 5.0 (2.6-9.7) ng/ml. Conclusions: Remifentanil at 8.0 ng/ml provided good conditions for smooth intubation without muscle relaxants but could provoked hypotension. Consequently, we recommend the careful observation of the blood pressure with the use of remifentanil and the evaluation of the suitable measures to maintain the blood pressure for nonrelaxant tracheal intubation.

Background: To determine if positive pressure pneumoperitoneum has adverse effects on autonomic nervous system function, we examined baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Methods: Twenty adult patients scheduled for laparoscopic gynecologic surgery were selected for the study. After general anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane, continuous electrocardiography and blood pressure were monitored. Spontaneous BRS was achieved using sequence method immediately before, and 5 minutes after, pneumoperitoneum. Heart rate variability (HRV) was also determined. Results: After pneumoperitoneum, BRS decreased from 12.9 ± 1.8 ms/mmHg to 8.1 ± 1.1 ms/mmHg (P ＜ 0.05), and the power of the high frequency band decreased from 237.8 ms 2 /Hz to 49.6 ms 2 /Hz (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions: Compared to recordings obtained before pneumoperitoneum, BRS was decreased during pneumoperitoneum. This may predispose patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery to hemodynamic instability in addition to pneumoperitoneum itself. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2008; 55: 662～5)

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a simple and safe method for airway control in children.We therefore determined, with meaningful confidence intervals, the time required for successful insertion of LMA in 95% of children with 8 vol% inspired sevoflurane and no muscle relaxant. Methods:Forty-six patients, ASA physical status I or II, aged 12−108 months old who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery were included.Patients received 5 mg/kg of thiopental and 0.02 mg/kg of atropine intravenously.After loss of the eye lid reflex, we applied an anesthesia circuit prefilled with 8 vol% dialed sevoflurane in 100% O2.A classic LMA (# 2) insertion was attempted after a predetermined induction time.A probit analysis was used to determine the induction time required to achieve 50% and 95% success rates during LMA insertion. Results:A probit model of induction time was predictive of successful intubation (P = 0.155).The induction times needed to achieve 50% and 95% successful LMA insertion were 125 s (95% confidence interval, 52−146 s) and 208 s (178−382 s), respectively. Conclusions:Ninety five percent success can be obtained with approximately 208 s for ages one to 9 years with classic LMA (# 2).The induction time can vary by LMA size and induction methods.Therefore further studies using different sizes of LMA and induction methods are needed.