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In this study, we design an interface optimized for the platform by adopting deep learning in an asymmetric virtual environment where virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) users participate together. We also propose a novel experience environment called deep learning-based asymmetric virtual environment (DAVE) for immersive experiential metaverse content. First, VR users use their real hands to intuitively interact with the virtual environment and objects. A gesture interface is designed based on deep learning to directly link gestures to actions. AR users interact with virtual scenes, objects, and VR users via a touch-based input method in a mobile platform environment. A text interface is designed using deep learning to directly link handwritten text to actions. This study aims to propose a novel asymmetric virtual environment via an intuitive, easy, and fast interactive interface design as well as to create metaverse content for an experience environment and a survey experiment. This survey experiment is conducted with users to statistically analyze and investigate user interface satisfaction, user experience, and user presence in the experience environment.

Proper disposal of industrial brine has been a critical environmental challenge. Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) brine treatment holds great promise to the brine disposal, but its application is limited by the intensive energy consumption of its crystallization process. Here we propose a new strategy that employs an advanced solar crystallizer coupled with a salt crystallization inhibitor to eliminate highly concentrated waste brine. The rationally designed solar crystallizer exhibited a high water evaporation rate of 2.42 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun illumination when treating real concentrated seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine (21.6 wt%). The solar crystallizer array showed an even higher water evaporation rate of 48.0 kg m−2 per day in the outdoor field test, suggesting a great potential for practical application. The solar crystallizer design and the salt crystallization inhibition strategy proposed and confirmed in this work provide a low-cost and sustainable solution for industrial brine disposal with ZLD., Proper disposal of industrial brine remains a critical environmental challenge. Here, the authors devise a solar crystallizer and propose a salt crystallization inhibition strategy, which together provide a low-cost and sustainable solution for industrial brine disposal with zero liquid discharge.

With recent growing interest in biomimetic smart nanochannels, a biological sensory transduction in response to external stimuli has been of particular interest in the development of biomimetic nanofluidic systems. Here we demonstrate the MXene-based subnanometer ion channels that convert external temperature changes to electric signals via preferential diffusion of cations under a thermal gradient. In particular, coupled with a photothermal conversion feature of MXenes, an array of the nanoconfined Ti3C2Tx ion channels can capture trans-nanochannel diffusion potentials under a light-driven axial temperature gradient. The nonisothermal open-circuit potential across channels is enhanced with increasing cationic permselectivity of confined channels, associated with the ionic concentration or pH of permeant fluids. The photothermoelectric ionic response (evaluated from the ionic Seebeck coefficient) reached up to 1 mV·K-1, which is comparable to biological thermosensory channels, and demonstrated stability and reproducibility in the absence and presence of an ionic concentration gradient. With advantages of physicochemical tunability and easy fabrication process, the lamellar ion conductors may be an important nanofluidic thermosensation platform possibly for biomimetic sensory systems.

More than 600 GW of photovoltaic panels are currently installed worldwide, with the predicted total capacity increasing very rapidly every year. One essential issue in photovoltaic conversion is the massive heat generation of photovoltaic panels under sunlight, which represents 75–96% of the total absorbed solar energy and thus greatly increases the temperature and decreases the energy efficiency and lifetime of photovoltaic panels. In this report we demonstrate a new and versatile photovoltaic panel cooling strategy that employs a sorption-based atmospheric water harvester as an effective cooling component. The atmospheric water harvester photovoltaic cooling system provides an average cooling power of 295 W m–2 and lowers the temperature of a photovoltaic panel by at least 10 °C under 1.0 kW m–2 solar irradiation in laboratory conditions. It delivered a 13–19% increase in electricity generation in a commercial photovoltaic panel in outdoor field tests conducted in the winter and summer in Saudi Arabia. The atmospheric water harvester based photovoltaic panel cooling strategy has little geographical constraint in terms of its application and has the potential to improve the electricity production of existing and future photovoltaic plants, which can be directly translated into less CO2 emission or less land occupation by photovoltaic panels. As solar power is taking centre stage in the global fight against climate change, atmospheric water harvester based cooling represents an important step toward sustainability. Photovoltaic panel conversion generates heat that reduces the energy efficiency and lifetime of the panel. A photovoltaic panel cooling strategy by a sorption-based atmospheric water harvester is shown to improve the productivity of electricity generation with important sustainability advantages.

Graphene oxide membranes (GOMs) continue to attract intense interest because of their promising two-dimensional channels. However, finely adjusting a GOM's interplanar spacing for tunable molecular separation is still challenging in aqueous solution. Herein, we report tent-shaped interplanar channels that can be constructed by loading SiO2 nanospheres (diameter ≈ 30 nm) into ultrathin GOMs (thickness ≈ 20 nm). The tent-shaped structure takes advantage of the augmented space to accelerate the flux while utilizing the preserved circumjacent nano-channel as a molecular sieve. Particularly, by adjusting the density of intercalated SiO2 nanospheres, the concomitant interlayer channel can be finely tuned with molecular-level accuracy. Precise selectivity makes the SiO2 loaded GOM (SGM) capable of separating molecules with sub-nanometer differences. At the same time, under the premise of the same rejection, tunable channels endow SGMs with 1.3–63 times higher permeability than that of a pristine ultrathin GOM. This tent-shaped structure supplies a new avenue for GOM structural regulation, and the impressive performance demonstrates its great potential in the fields of water purification and membrane filtration.

Extracting osmotic energy through nanoporous membranes is an efficient way to harvest renewable and sustainable energy using the salinity gradient between seawater and river water. Despite recent advances of nanopore-based membranes, which have revitalized the prospect of blue energy, their energy conversion is hampered by nanomembrane issues such as high internal resistance or low selectivity. Herein, we report a lamellar-structured membrane made of nanoporous Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets, exhibiting simultaneous enhancement in permeability and ion selectivity beyond their inherent trade-off. The perforated nanopores formed by facile H2SO4 oxidation of the sheets act as a network of cation channels that interconnects interplanar nanocapillaries throughout the lamellar membrane. The constructed internal nanopores lower the energy barrier for cation passage, thereby boosting the preferential ion diffusion across the membrane. A maximum output power density of the nanoporous Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes reaches up to 17.5 W·m–2 under a 100-fold KCl gradient at neutral pH and room temperature, which is as high as by 38% compared to that of the pristine membrane. The membrane design strategy employing the nanoporous two-dimensional sheets provides a promising approach for ion exchange, osmotic energy extraction, and other nanofluidic applications.

MXene-based hydrogels have received significant attention due to several promising properties that distinguish them from conventional hydrogels. In this study, it is shown that both strain and pH level can be exploited to tune the electronic and ionic transport in MXene-based hydrogel (M-hydrogel), which consists of MXene (Ti

Salinity-gradient is emerging as one of the promising renewable energy sources but its energy conversion is severely limited by unsatisfactory performance of available semipermeable membranes. Recently, nanoconfined channels, as osmotic conduits, have shown superior energy conversion performance to conventional technologies. Here, ion selective nanochannels in lamellar Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes are reported for efficient osmotic power harvesting. These subnanometer channels in the Ti3C2Tx membranes enable cation-selective passage, assisted with tailored surface terminal groups, under salinity gradient. A record-high output power density of 21 W·m-2 at room temperature with an energy conversion efficiency of up to 40.6% is achieved by controlled surface charges at a 1000-fold salinity gradient. In addition, due to thermal regulation of surface charges and ionic mobility, the MXene membrane produces a large thermal enhancement at 331 K, yielding a power density of up to 54 W·m-2. The MXene lamellar structure, coupled with its scalability and chemical tunability, may be an important platform for high-performance osmotic power generators.

The energy shortage and clean water scarcity are two key challenges for global sustainable development. Near half of the total global water withdrawals is consumed by power generation plants while water desalination consumes lots of electricity. Here, we demonstrate a photovoltaics-membrane distillation (PV-MD) device that can stably produce clean water (>1.64 kg·m−2·h−1) from seawater while simultaneously having uncompromised electricity generation performance (>11%) under one Sun irradiation. Its high clean water production rate is realized by constructing multi stage membrane distillation (MSMD) device at the backside of the solar cell to recycle the latent heat of water vapor condensation in each distillation stage. This composite device can significantly reduce capital investment costs by sharing the same land and the same mounting system and thus represents a potential possibility to transform an electricity power plant from otherwise a water consumer to a fresh water producer., The increasing demand for energy and clean water has become a grand global challenge. Here the authors develop a membrane-distillation device that exploits sunlight and the heat dissipated by an integrated solar cell unit, enabling simultaneous efficient production of electricity and drinkable water.

Nanostructured graphene oxide (GO) membranes offer outstanding mass transport performances such as ultrahigh water flux and precise molecular sieving and thus have a great potential as a novel filt...

Reflood experiments at elevated pressures for small and medium break loss-of-coolant accidents were performed to investigate the influence of fuel deformation on the peak cladding temperature and local quenching behaviors. The typical experimental parameters such as initial water level, power, reflood rate, system pressure, initial wall temperature, and fluid temperature were varied to cover a wide range of flow conditions under a medium and high pressure. The experimental results showed remarkable differences in the peak cladding temperature and local quenching behaviors between the intact and deformed rod bundles due to the flow blockage effect. The present results implied that the fuel rod deformation can enhance the coolability of fuel rods by the flow blockage in the present fully blocked channel. Any bypass in a partially blocked channel may change those results due to a crossflow between intact and deformed rods. The experimental results were then used to validate the system analysis code, Multi-dimensional Analysis of Reactor Safety-KINS Standard (MARS-KS). The MARS-KS code showed good prediction of the present experimental data for most of the flow conditions.

With recent growing interest in biomimetic smart nanochannels, a biological sensory transduction in response to external stimuli has been of particular interest in the development of biomimetic nanofluidic systems. Here we demonstrate the MXene-based subnanometer ion channels that convert external temperature changes to electric signals via preferential diffusion of cations under a thermal gradient. In particular, coupled with a photothermal conversion feature of MXenes, an array of the nanoconfined Ti3C2Tx ion channels can capture trans-nanochannel diffusion potentials under a light-driven axial temperature gradient. The nonisothermal open-circuit potential across channels is enhanced with increasing cationic permselectivity of confined channels, associated with the ionic concentration or pH of permeant fluids. The photothermoelectric ionic response (evaluated from the ionic Seebeck coefficient) reached up to 1 mV·K–1, which is comparable to biological thermosensory channels, and demonstrated stability and reproducibility in the absence and presence of an ionic concentration gradient. With advantages of physicochemical tunability and easy fabrication process, the lamellar ion conductors may be an important nanofluidic thermosensation platform possibly for biomimetic sensory systems.

A sustainable supply of clean water is essential for the development of modern society, which has become increasingly dependent on desalination technology since 96.5% of the water on Earth is salt water. Thousands of desalination plants are producing massive waste brine as byproduct, and the direct discharge of brine raises serious concerns about its ecological impact. The concept of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) desalination is regarded as the solution, but the current ZLD technologies are hampered by their intensive use of energy and high cost. In this work, a 3D cup shaped solar evaporator was fabricated to achieve ZLD desalination with high energy efficiency via solar distillation. It produces solid salt as the only byproduct and uses sunlight as the only energy source. By rationally separating the light absorbing surface from the salt precipitation surface, the light absorption of the 3D solar evaporator is no longer affected by the salt crust layer as in conventional 2D solar evaporators. Therefore, it can be operated at an extremely high salt concentration of 25 wt % without noticeable water evaporation rate decay in at least 120 h. This new solar evaporator design concept offers a promising technology especially for high salinity brine treatment in desalination plants to achieve greener ZLD desalination as well as for hypersaline industrial wastewater treatment.

Solar steam generation, due to its capability of producing clean water directly by solar energy, is emerging as a promising eco-friendly and energy-efficient technology to address global challenges of water crisis and energy shortage. Although diverse materials and architectures have been explored to improve solar energy utilization, high efficiency in solar steam generation could be accomplished only with external optical and thermal management. For the first time, we report a deployable, three-dimensional (3D) origami-based solar steam generator capable of near full utilization of solar energy. This auxetic platform is designed based on Miura-ori tessellation and is able to efficiently recover radiative and convective heat loss as well as to trap solar energy via its periodic concavity pattern. The 3D solar steam generator device with a nanocarbon composite of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes being photothermal component in this work shows a very strong dependence between its solar energy efficiency and surface areal density. The device yields an extraordinary solar energy efficiency close to 100% under 1 sun illumination at a highly folded configuration. The 3D origami device can withstand a great number of folding and unfolding cycles and shows unimpaired solar steam generation performances. The unique structural feature of the 3D origami structure offers a new insight into the future development of highly efficient and easily deployable solar steam generator.

Summary The energy efficiency in solar steam generation by 2D photothermal materials has approached its limit. In this work, we fabricated 3D cylindrical cup-shaped structures of mixed metal oxide as solar evaporator, and the 3D structure led to a high energy efficiency close to 100% under one-sun illumination due to the capability of the cup wall to recover the diffuse reflectance and thermal radiation heat loss from the 2D cup bottom. Additional heat was gained from the ambient air when the 3D structure was exposed under one-sun illumination, leading to an extremely high steam generation rate of 2.04 kg m −2 h −1 . The 3D structure has a high thermal stability and shows great promise in practical applications including domestic wastewater volume reduction and seawater desalination. The results of this work inspire further research efforts to use 3D photothermal structures to break through the energy efficiency limit of 2D photothermal materials.

Solar-driven water evaporation is emerging as a promising solar-energy utilization process. In the present work, a highly stable, flexible and washable nonwoven photothermal cloth is prepared by electrospinning for efficient and durable solar steam evaporation. The cloth is composed of polymeric nanofibers as the matrix and inorganic carbon black nanoparticles encapsulated inside the matrix as light absorbing components. The photothermal cloth with an optimized carbon loading shows desirable underwater black properties, absorbing 94% of the solar spectrum and giving rise to a state-of-the-art solar energy utilization efficiency of 83% during the pure water evaporation process. Owing to its compositions and special structural design, the cloth possesses anti-photothermal-component-loss properties and is highly flexible, mechanically strong, and chemically stable in various harsh environments such as strong acid, alkalis, organic solvents and salty water. It can be hand-washed more than 100 times without degrading its performance and thus offers a potential mechanism for foulant cleaning during practical solar steam generation and distillation processes. The results of this work stimulate more research in durable photothermal materials aiming at real world applications.

Coolability of the partially blocked core in a large break loss-of-coolant accident (LB LOCA) is one of the most important thermal-hydraulic concerns for nuclear reactor safety analysis. During blowdown phase and early stage of reflooding phase in the LB LOCA, the prevailing wall-to-vapor convective heat transfer plays an important role on the decay heat removal process. Experiments on single-phase convective heat transfer to vapor were conducted in 5 × 5 heater rod bundles containing 3 × 3 ballooned rods of 90% flow blockage ratio with consideration of fuel relocation phenomenon. The obtained experimental data were used to assess the single-phase heat transfer enhancement models of the COBRA-TF code. The assessment results showed underprediction of local heat transfer downstream of the flow blockage. Therefore, a new correlation has been proposed to improve the prediction capability of the conventional models by more accurately describing the flow blockage effect. The new correlation predicted the local heat transfer satisfactorily within a 20% discrepancy of the experimental data for various kinds of flow blockage configurations.

Nanostructured graphene-oxide (GO) laminate membranes, exhibiting ultrahigh water flux, are excellent candidates for next generation nanofiltration and desalination membranes, provided the ionic rejection could be further increased without compromising the water flux. Using microscopic drift-diffusion experiments, we demonstrated the ultrahigh charge selectivity for GO membranes, with more than order of magnitude difference in the permeabilities of cationic and anionic species of equivalent hydration radii. Measuring diffusion of a wide range of ions of different size and charge, we were able to clearly disentangle different physical mechanisms contributing to the ionic sieving in GO membranes: electrostatic repulsion between ions and charged chemical groups; and the compression of the ionic hydration shell within the membrane's nanochannels, following the activated behavior. The charge-selectivity allows us to rationally design membranes with increased ionic rejection and opens up the field of ion exchange and electrodialysis to the GO membranes.

Salinity-gradient is emerging as one of the promising renewable energy sources but its energy conversion is severely limited by unsatisfactory performance of available semipermeable membranes. Recently, nanoconfined channels, as osmotic conduits, have shown superior energy conversion performance to conventional technologies. Here, ion selective nanochannels in lamellar Ti

Numerical and experimental analyses of open channel natural convection heat transfer of a finned plate were carried out. By varying the fin spacing, the heat transfer rates were calculated using FLUENT 6.3.26 for Prandtl numbers in the range 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 2000. Mass transfer experiments were carried out to verify the simulated data, exploiting the analogy between heat and mass transfer. The optimal fin spacing increased as the Prandtl number decreased. The calculated velocity and temperature profiles revealed the interaction between the thermal boundary layers on adjacent fins as a function of the Prandtl number. The observations of the overlap of the thermal boundary layers that develops at the corners of the fins, led the derivation of a simple heat transfer correlation that can be used to predict the heat transfer rate of a finned plate, based on an existing heat transfer correlation for a planar surface.

Clean water shortage has long been a challenge in remote and landlocked communities especially for the impoverished. Atmospheric water is now considered as an unconventional but accessible fresh water source and sorption-based atmospheric water generator (AWG) has been successfully demonstrated a reliable way of harvesting atmospheric water. The water vapor sorbents with high water uptake capacity and especially fast vapor sorption/desorption kinetics have become the bottleneck to a desirable clean water productivity in AWG. In this work, we developed a new nano vapor sorbent composed of a nano carbon hollow capsule with LiCl inside the void core. The sorbent can capture water vapor from ambient air as much as 100% of its own weight under RH 60% within 3 h and quickly release the sorbed water within just half hour under 1 kW/m2 sunlight irradiation. A batch-mode AWG device was able to conduct 3 sorption/desorption cycles within 10 h during one day test in the outdoor condition and produced 1.6 kgwater/kgsorbent. A prototype of continuous AWG device was designed, fabricated, and successfully demonstrated, hinting a possible way of large-scale deployment of AWG for practical purposes.

A test facility to investigate the flow characteristics inside reactor vessel for the Prototype Gen-IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor was constructed. In the test facility, reactor vessel and the main in-vessel components are linearly reduced at a scaling ratio of 1/5 and water is used as the working fluid. In the reactor vessel of the test facility, the main components such as core, UIS, PHTS pump and IHX are installed. The exteriors of the main components are conserved following the scaling ratio of 1/5, but the internal flow paths inside the fuel assemblies and IHXs are uniquely designed for precise measurement of flow rate and conserving the pressure drop characteristics. In order to determine the configuration and specific dimension of the internal flow path, separate analysis and experiment for validation are required. In the present paper, the basic design concept of internal flow path for fuel assembly simulator used for the reactor flow distribution test was established, and the detailed size of main design factors were estimated using commercial CFD code. The internal flow path of the simulator is composed of a receptacle, variable-resistance rotating orifice spool, venturi tube, and connection lines. The flow rate through the simulator could be estimated by measuring the differential pressure between inlet section and the throat of the venturi tube. The orifice spool is installed at the downstream of the receptacle, by which entire pressure drop through the simulator is controlled. A series of CFD analysis was conducted to estimate the throat diameter of the venturi tube and the size of the holes at the orifices. The geometry of the orifice is determined to obtain target pressure drop when the angle between two orifice plates is from 0° to 45°. The design specifications were applied to the fabrication of the fuel assembly simulators, and the performance of them was verified experimentally. The pressure drop of 112 fuel assembly simulators was successfully adjusted to be within ±1% of the target pressure drop. The relationship between the mass flow rate and differential pressure of the venturi tube was also obtained, and empirical correlation was suggested.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a serious liver disorder associated with oxidative stress. Black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) extract (BRE) can lower the risk of this disease. The hepatoprotective effect of BRE containing 3-(E)-(methylthio)methylene-2-pyrrolidinethione was evaluated in human hepatocyte carcinoma (HepG2) cells and in rat livers with carbon tetrachloride (CCl

This paper investigates the root cause of the latch on failure by a short turn-on input signal with a negative VS surge and proposes a new 1200 V HVIC with a high side edge trigger in order to solve the latch on failure. The proposed HVIC is fabricated using a 1.2 μm 1200 V BCDMOS process. The experimental results show the latch on failure no longer occurs on the new 1200 V HVIC because it doesn't overlap the VS recovery period and the RESET pulse period. The proposed HVIC can be applied to IPM modules (intelligent power modules) and APM modules (automotive power modules) which require a more robust HVIC solution.

The successful mechanical exfoliation and chemical synthesis of graphene has attracted considerable attention for the synthesis of other two-dimensional materials on graphene template. Chalcogenide materials such as Sb2Te3 are of interest due to the rhombohedral lattice structure with two-dimensional hexagonally closed-packed atomic layers along the c-axis. Here we synthesized c-axis-oriented Sb2Te3 nanoplates (NPs) on graphene substrates by the microwave-assisted solvothermal method. The microwave irradiation resulted in a higher temperature of graphene, compared with the synthesis solution, which was revealed by the single-mode microwave experiments and an analytical model based on energy balance and convective heat transfer. Besides, the lattice mismatch between c-axis-oriented Sb2Te3 and bridge sites of graphene was only 4%, which is also favorable for the graphene-templated Sb2Te3 synthesis. c-Axis-oriented single-crystalline Sb2Te3 NPs as large as 7 μm could be successfully synthesized on graphene w...

In this paper, we propose a different kind of Beacon signals transmission and receipt scheme to express more information in existing iBeacon. Because the user can only use Major and Minor of iBeacon, information available for the user is limited to 4byte. The proposed scheme makes it possible to use more information by transmitting consecutively a different kind of Beacon signals that major and minor are different. When it comes to using more information of iBeacon, it is possible to recognize people and objects using iBeacon and utilization range of iBeacon is widened further. Also, we verify operation of the proposed scheme through application implementation.

Wall-to-vapor convective heat transfer is the dominant heat transfer mechanism in the reactor core during the blowdown phase and the early stage of reflooding phase in a postulated large-break loss-of-coolant-accident (LB LOCA). Experiments on single-phase convective heat transfer to vapor were conducted in partially blocked rod bundles of 90% flow blockage ratio. The experimental results showed increase in local heat transfer just downstream of the blockage caused by flow separation phenomenon. The single-phase heat transfer enhancement models implemented in the COBRA-TF code underpredicted the local heat transfer in the downstream region of the flow blockage. Hence, a new correlation was proposed to improve the prediction capability of the COBRA-TF models by more accurately describing the flow separation effect. The new correlation predicted well various sets of experimental data within 20% discrepancy.

Electronic type-dependent separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), preserving pristine crystallinity and length, is of great interest since mixtures of semiconducting and metallic species are produced by current synthesis methods. Here we separated highly-enriched metallic SWNTs, synthesized by the arc-discharge method, by dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic channel. The design of microelectrodes was optimized to prevent the nanotube deposition on the electrodes for prolonged operation of the microfluidic chip. The average length of separated highly crystalline metallic SWNTs was relatively long (2–2.4 μm).

Thermoelectric power waves, where multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (MWCNT/TNA) directly convert chemical energy to electricity, have received considerable attention recently. However, the low Seebeck coefficient of carbon nanotubes has been regarded as a hurdle to increasing the electrical potential. Here, we present Sb2Te3-coated MWCNT arrays prepared by a sputtering method. An analytical model predicts an increase in Seebeck coefficient of the annular multishell structure by ∼75%. The heterostructure coupled with exothermic chemical reaction of TNA demonstrates an increase in peak electrical potential of 175% (∼198 mV), compared with typical outputs of bare MWCNT/TNA (∼72 mV). A serial connection of two repeating units increased the peak potential by up to 406 mV.

Application development platform is the most important environment in IT industry. There are a variety of platforms. Although the native development enables application to optimize, various languages and software development kits need to be acquired according to the device. The coexistence of smart devices and platforms has rendered the native development approach time and cost consuming. Cross-platform development emerged as a response to these issues. These platforms generate applications for multiple devices based on web languages. Nevertheless, development requires additional implementation based on a native language because of the coverage and functions of supported application programming interfaces (APIs). Wearable devices have recently attracted considerable attention. These devices only support Bluetooth-based interdevice communication, thereby making communication and device control impossible beyond a certain range. We propose Network Application Agent (NetApp-Agent) in order to overcome issues. NetApp-Agent based on the Cordova is a wearable device control platform for the development of network applications, controls input/output functions of smartphones and wearable/IoT through the Cordova and Native API, and enables device control and information exchange by external users by offering a self-defined API. We confirmed the efficiency of the proposed platform through experiments and a qualitative assessment of its implementation.

Background: Medication repurposing, the practice of using old drugs in new ways, is becoming more common. Old drugs that had previously fallen out of favor due to safety concerns, lack of efficacy, or development of more desirable therapeutic alternatives have been resurfacing in the literature and on pharmacy shelves. Developing new uses for old drugs may provide patients with access to helpful therapies but may also present challenges and risks. Objective: To explore the rationale for, and historical context of, the developing trend of recycling existing drugs for new, innovative uses, and to provide pharmacy practitioners with information about how to find clinical evidence regarding these new uses. Data Synthesis: The process of obtaining marketing approval for new drugs can take an average of over 10 years and exceed $1 billion. Repurposing old drugs (both approved and unapproved) for new uses requires considerably fewer resources since information about production needs, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics is already known. Other advantages of using old drugs include faster availability for patient use and known safety concerns for the original indication. Disadvantages of new uses for old drugs may include lack of clinical evidence, unknown safety for the new clinical context, limited availability of information about new uses, and liability or legal concerns. Several methods of identifying potential new uses exist, including the observance of previously unknown desirable pharmacologic effects during clinical use, new knowledge of a mechanism of action leading to exploration of innovative therapeutic areas, or screening compound libraries for targeted clinical activity. Conclusions: There are many examples of recycling existing medications for new purposes. Pharmacy practitioners should be aware of this developing trend and know how to find information about utilizing old drugs in new ways.

Background: Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are thought to have a lower likelihood of inducing extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) than are first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs). Clinical observations suggest that younger patients may be more sensitive to SGA-associated EPS than are adults and require therapy with anticholinergic agents. Objective: To determine the proportion of patients 5–18 years of age who received anticholinergic therapy during the initial stages of antipsychotic treatment, as well as to compare anticholinergic utilization across patients receiving aripiprazole, risperidone, and quetiapine. SGAs previously identified as the most commonly prescribed at the academic institution studied. Methods: Patients 5–18 years of age who were initiating a course of an antipsychotic between January 1, 2005, and September 1, 2008, were identified in a retrospective review of prescription and medical records. Data on demographic characteristics, antipsychotic and anticholinergic utilization, indications, diagnoses, and concomitant medications were collected from the medical record. Only the first therapeutic course of an antipsychotic identified was analyzed. Anticholinergic utilization at antipsychotic initiation and after 30 days was assessed. Results: A total of 235 antipsychotic treatment courses were identified. Of these, 152 patients met our inclusion criteria. Anticholinergic utilization at any time during the first 30 days of treatment was identified in 32 patients (21%), while EPS was documented for 12 patients (8%). FGA or polypharmacy (simultaneous use of ≥2 scheduled antipsychotic) use versus SGA use (OR 18.98; 95% CI 4.74 to 75.95) was the primary characteristic significantly associated with anticholinergic utilization within 30 days after initiation. Of the most commonly used SGAs, risperidone was the drug with which anticholinergics were most frequently prescribed (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Anticholinergic prescribing exceeded the incidence of EPS, as documented in the medical record (21% vs 8%), and differed across individual medications and antipsychotic class. Utilization of FGAs or polypharmacy was a key predictor of anticholinergic use.