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AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the clinical characteristics of periodontal tissues in THS smokers and to compare them with conventional cigarette smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 45 subjects participated in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups - 15 non-smokers, 15 cigarette smokers and 15 smokers of THS devices. All subjects underwent a clinical periodontal examination and periodontal indices were measured: approximal plaque index, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and tooth mobility. A PCP-15 (HuFriedy, USA) periodontal probe was used for all measurements. Values were compared between groups. RESULTS: Cigarette smokers had a significantly higher level of plaque accumulation compared to the other two groups (p

Introduction: Candida species (Candida spp.) is a part of the normal flora in the oral cavity. Candida may cause various forms of infections, from superficial to systemic conditions. With the increasing use of antifungal agents and a growing number of resistant strains, many researchers are working to find new potential herbal therapeutics that may be a safer alternative in treatment. Among natural products, Olive leaf extract (OLE) is a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of oral infections due to its antimicrobial activity against a large number of pathogenic microorganisms. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of OLE against clinical isolates of Candida spp. Materials and Methods: Using the disc diffusion method, we tested the sensitivity of 15 clinical oral isolates of Candida spp. (11 C.albicans, 3 C. krusei, and 1 C. tropicalis) to four concentrations of OLE (7.5 µg/µL, 15 µg/µL, 30 µg/ µL and 60 µg/µL). Results: All tested concentrations of OLE showed a statistically significantly higher antifungal effect against Candida spp. compared to the control (DMSO). There was a concentration- dependent effect of OLE on the tested samples. Concentrations of 60 µg/µl and 30 µg/µl had statistically significantly higher antifungal activity compared to concentrations of 15 µg/µl and 7.5 µg/µl and a concentration of 30 µg/µl compared to the lowest tested concentration of 7.5 µg/µl. Conclusion: OLE could be a potential drug in the treatment of oral diseases caused by Candida.

Objectives: The case report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with a maxillary anterior gap resulting from microdontia of the lateral incisors. With the use of new technologies, a simpler way to achieve an excellent aesthetic appearance of the patient is made possible. Materials and methods: a 21-year- old female patient had an aesthetic problem due to microdontia of the lateral incisors. A mock-up was created using a digital diagnostic model. After consultation with the patient and corrections to the mock-up, minimally invasive tooth preparation was done and veneers were made using CAD/CAM technology from lithium disilicate ceramics (Ivoclar Vivadent Emax). Results: with the applied preparation and planning technique, tooth structures were preserved and a satisfactory aesthetic result was achieved, and the patient was satisfied with the outcome. The ceramic veneers closed the spaces, a natural appearance was achieved, and the function and occlusion of the restorations were satisfied. Conclusion: the applied approach and technique of making ceramic veneers used in this case gave an excellent aesthetic result. However, successful rehabilitation in the anterior aesthetic zone requires thorough diagnostics and careful step-by- step planning.

Cilj: Razvoj novih alternativnih sustava duhanskih preparata bez izgaranja (Tobacco Heating System, IQOS) i smanjenje opasnih i potencijalno opasnih sastojaka dima posljedično uzrokuju smanjenje rizika svih oralnih bolesti koje sa sobom nosi pušenje konvencionalnih cigareta. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi kliničke karakteristike oralne sluznice, karakteristike (količinu) izlučene sline, prevalenciju gljivične infekcije (kandidijaze) i odrediti prisustvo neugodnog zadaha u osoba neeksponiranih duhanu, osoba eksponiranih dimu sagorenog duhana i onih eksponiranih aerosolu zagrijanog duhana bez izgaranja. Materijali i metode: Presječno istraživanje sa stratificiranim uzorkom uključuje ispitanike podijeljene u 3 podjednake skupine ovisno o korištenju duhanskih preparata (pušači konvencionalnih cigareta, pušači THS-a, nepušači). Iz istraživanja su se isključile trudnice, ispitanici koji su koristili terapiju antibiotika, protugljivičnih lijekova i antiseptika u zadnjih 30 dana, oboljeli od šećerne bolesti, maligne bolesti, imunokompromitirani i transplantirani pacijenti. Klinički dio uključivao je uzimanje anamnestičkih podataka, pregled usne šupljine po regijama i standardne dijagnostičke postupke (određivanje količine sline, obrisak sluznice na gljive roda Candida). Svim sudionicima odredilo se prisustvo neugodnog zadaha organoleptičkom metodom. Razlika između skupina ispitala se Kruskal-Wallis analizom varijance, a razina statističke značajnosti postavljene su P< 0, 05. Rezultati: U istraživanju je sveukupno sudjelovalo 45 ispitanika, od kojih je 38 (84%) ispitanika žena i 7 (16%) ispitanika muškaraca, s prosječnom dobi 28 (22-72) godina. Sudionici iz skupine pušača konvencionalnih cigareta i duhanskih preparata bez izgaranja prosječno imaju 5-10 godina pušačkog staža i dnevno prosječno puše 5-10 cigareta ili duhanskih umetaka (HEETS-a). Rezultati dobiveni Kruskal-Wallis testom potvrđuju statistički značajnu razliku u prisutnosti neugodnog zadaha (P=0.004) u pušača konvencionalnih cigareta, pušača preparata bez izgaranja i nepušača. Pušači konvencionalnih cigareta imaju u 53% slučaja prisutan neugodan zadah koji se prema navedenoj metodi opisuje „vonj je blag, ali se jasno osjeća“ dok se kod alternativnih sustava duhana bez izgaranja neugodni zadah javlja u 33% slučajeva unutar skupine te se opisuje kao neugodni zadah nižeg intenzita („vonj se jedva osjeća“). Nadalje, Kruskal Wallis testom nisu uočene statistički značajne razlike u morfološkim promjenama oralne sluznice (P=0.071), količini izlučene sline (P= 0.936) i prevalenciji kandidijaze (P=0.600). Zaključak: Korištenje novih duhanskih preparata bez izgaranja dovodi do smanjenja učestalosti i intenziteta neugodnog zadaha.

Cilj: Ispitati učinak pušenja i klorheksidina 0.12% na uspješnost inicijalne parodontne terapije. Materijali i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 60 ispitanika sa dijagnozom parodontitisa kojima je indicirana inicijalna parodontna terapija. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u 4 skupine - 15 nepušača, 15 pušača, 15 nepušača koji su koristili klorheksidin tijekom 2 tjedna nakon inicijalne parodontne terapije i 15 pušača koji su koristili klorheksidin nakon inicijalne parodonte terapije. Incijalna terapija provedena je prema „Guided biofilm therapy“ principu (EMS Dental, Švicarska). Parodontni indeksi izmjereni su prije terapije i na reevaluaciji nakon 8 tjedana, te uspoređeni. Rezultati: FMPS je značajno smanjen nakon provedene terapije unutar svih skupina. FMBS je značajno smanjen nakon terapije unutar skupina nepušača i nepušača koju su koristili klorheksidin, dok u skupinama pušača i pušača s klorheksidinom promjena nije bila značajna. Vrijednosti dubine sondiranja su značajno smanjene nakon terapije u svim skupinama. Bolji rezultati prisutni su u skupinama nepušača i uz uporabu klorheksidina. Povećanje vrijednosti recesija gingive opaženo je u svim skupinama osim u skupini pušača. Vrijednosti recesija veće su nakon uporabe klorheksidina. Nema značajnih razlika u mobilnosti zuba prije i 8 tjedana nakon terapije unutar pojedinih skupina. Zaključak: Najbolji rezultati terapije su, očekivano, u skupinama nepušača. Klorheksidin kao dodatak inicijalnoj parodontnoj terapiji ima pozitivne učinke na uspješnost terapije i kod nepušača i kod pušača.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is chronic orofacial pain characterized by a burning sensation of the healthy oral mucosa. The condition usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly women (peri and post- menopausal period). The etiology of BMS remains unknown and probably is the result of interactions among local, systemic, and psychological factors. Several studies suggest a strong relationship between psychological factors and burning symptoms, although it is still unclear whether the psychological factors are the cause or result of burning symptoms. The most common psychological factors associated with burning symptoms are somatoform pain disorder, depression, anxiety, and stressful life events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological status of BMS patients to determine whether psychological factors are related to burning symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, 30 female patients with BMS were included along with 27 healthy individuals as controls. Inclusion criteria for BMS patients were burning sensation in healthy oral mucosa, and absence of systemic and local ethological factors associated with a burning sensation. Similar inclusion criteria were considered for the control group without any oral complaints. Burning severity was assessed by a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) and the severity of somatic symptoms was evaluated by Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHO-15). The severity of anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing in pain was determined by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). A Mamp-Whitney U test and correlations (Spearman's correlation coefficient) were used to compare the groups. The sample consisted of 57 participants, all women with a mean age of 57 (57.807=11.463). The overall mean daily pain intensity score was 5.9+1.9 (VAS). The results show that BMS patients had significantly higher scores in somatization (p=0.001) than the control group. PHQ-15 scale in individuals with BMS (+SE for mean) was 3.23+3.26 and in individuals without BMS was 6.44+3.784. No significant differences were found in anxiety scores (GAD- 7 ; p=0.944), depression scores (PHQ- 9 ; p=0.955), and catastrophizing scores (PCS ; p=0.741). There was no statistically significant correlation between the severity of burning and psychological factors assessed by PHQ-15 (p=0.851), GAD-7 (p=0.421), PHQ-9 (p=0.340), and PCS (p=0.463). The present findings indicate that BMS patients had distinct differences in somatosensory function and high somatization scores may imply that vulnerable BMS patients experience emotional distress as pain.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is chronic orofacial pain characterized by a burning sensation of the healthy oral mucosa. The condition usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly women (peri and post- menopausal period). The etiology of BMS remains unknown and probably is the result of interactions among local, systemic, and psychological factors. Several studies suggest a strong relationship between psychological factors and burning symptoms, although it is still unclear whether the psychological factors are the cause or result of burning symptoms. The most common psychological factors associated with burning symptoms are somatoform pain disorder, depression, anxiety, and stressful life events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological status of BMS patients to determine whether psychological factors are related to burning symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, 30 female patients with BMS were included along with 27 healthy individuals as controls. Inclusion criteria for BMS patients were burning sensation in healthy oral mucosa, and absence of systemic and local ethological factors associated with a burning sensation. Similar inclusion criteria were considered for the control group without any oral complaints. Burning severity was assessed by a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) and the severity of somatic symptoms was evaluated by Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHO-15). The severity of anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing in pain was determined by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). A Mamp-Whitney U test and correlations (Spearman's correlation coefficient) were used to compare the groups. The sample consisted of 57 participants, all women with a mean age of 57 (57.807=11.463). The overall mean daily pain intensity score was 5.9+1.9 (VAS). The results show that BMS patients had significantly higher scores in somatization (p=0.001) than the control group. PHQ-15 scale in individuals with BMS (+SE for mean) was 3.23+3.26 and in individuals without BMS was 6.44+3.784. No significant differences were found in anxiety scores (GAD- 7 ; p=0.944), depression scores (PHQ-9 ; p=0.955), and catastrophizing scores (PCS ; p=0.741). There was no statistically significant correlation between the severity of burning and psychological factors assessed by PHQ-15 (p=0.851), GAD-7 (p=0.421), PHQ-9 (p=0.340), and PCS (p=0.463). The present findings indicate that BMS patients had distinct differences in somatosensory function and high somatization scores may imply that vulnerable BMS patients experience emotional distress as pain.

Uvod. Lihen planus je imunološki posredovana kronična upalna bolest koja zahvaća sluznicu i/ili kožu te ima periode kliničke egzacerbacije i remisije. Oralni lihen planus (OLP) se češće javlja kod žena i najčešće je asimptomatski, ali može biti praćen različitim simptomima, ovisno o kliničkom izgledu. Ciljevi ove studije su odrediti razliku u pojavnosti oralnih simptoma u pacijenata s oralnim lihen planusom i kontrolnih ispitanika te utvrditi povezanost između težine oralnog lihena planusa i pojave oralnih simptoma. Materijali i metode. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 48 ispitanika (Ž/M=36/12), 24 OLP pacijenata i 24 kontrolnih ispitanika, povezanih po spolu i dobi. Svi ispitanici su ispunili upitnik vezan uz njihove oralne simptome (suhoća usta, bolovi sluznice, pečenje sluznice, oslabljen okus, gubitak okusa, i zadah). Oralni klinički pregled je napravljen pacijentima s oralnim lihen planusom kako bi se utvrdila težina bolesti, koristeći OLP sustav procjene (Elsabagh i sur., interval rezultata 0-9). Rezultati. Hi-kvadrat testovi su korišteni za utvrđivanje razlike u pojavi oralnih simptoma između dvije skupine. Statistički značajna razlika je nađena u suhoći usta (p=0.039), pečenju sluznice (p=0.008), i bolovima sluznice (p=0.041) u prilog OLP pacijenata, dok za ostale simptome nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika. Srednja vrijednost OLP težine bila je 3.79±1.93. OLP pacijenti s rezultatima iznad srednje vrijednosti su češće navodili pečenje sluznice, u odnosu na pacijente s nižim rezultatima (p=0.032). Zaključak. Oralni simptomi su česti u OLP pacijenata i ovise o težini bolesti. Poznato je da uzrokuju značajno smanjenje kvalitete života, stoga je važno usmjeriti terapiju ka redukciji simptoma.

Sindrom pečenja usta je kronična orofacijalna bol koja je karakterizirana osjećajem pečenja na klinički zdravoj oralnoj sluznici. Etiološki gledano, SPU se dijeli na primarni (nepoznati uzrok) i sekundarni (lokalni, sistemski, neurološki, psihološki etiološki čimbenici). Psihološki čimbenici kao što su anksioznost i depresija mogu imati vaţnu ulogu u simptomatologiji i etiologiji SPU-a. Cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti psihološki status pacijenata sa SPU-a i procijeniti postoji li povezanost psiholoških čimbenika sa pojavom pečenja. U istraţivanju je sudjelovalo petna est pacijenta s dijagnozom SPU-a i 15 pacijenata u kontrolnoj skupini. Dijagnoza SPU-a postavljenja je kod pacijenata sa simptomima pečenja i normalnim nalazom oralne sluznice, dok kontrolnu skupinu čine pacijenti bez oralnih smetnji. Psihološki status pacijenata procijenjen je pomoću sljedećih upitnika: GAD-7,PHQ-9, i PCS. Na temelju provedenog istraţivanja dokazano je da za svaku pojedinačnu skalu ne postoji statistički značajna razlika izmeĎu SPU skupine i kontrolne skupine (p˃ 0,05), a pozitivna umjereno linearna koleracija potvrĎena je izmeĎu intenziteta pečenja i razine katastrofiziranja koja je vrlo često prisutna kod pacijenata koji pate od depresije i/ili ankzionosti. Na temelju toga moţemo zaključiti da ipak postoji uzročno posljedična povezanost SPU-a i psihološkog statusa. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic orofacial pain disorder characterized by burning sensation in the clinically healthy oral mucosa. Based on etiology, BMS can be divided into primary (unknown cause) and secondary (local, systemic,neurological, psychological factors). Psychological factors such as somatoform pain disorder, anxiety, and depression can play a important role in symptomatology and etiology. The aim of the study was to assess the psychological status of BMS patients as well as whether psychologic factors are related to pain reports. Fifthteen patients with BMS along with 15 healthy patients as controls were included in this study. Inclusion criteria for BMS patients were burning sensation in the mouth and normal oral mucosa while the control group was without any oral complaints. The patient's psychological status was assesed using the following queries: GAD-7, PHQ-9, PCS. Based on the conducted research, it was proved that for each scale there is no statistically significant difference between the SPU group and the control group (p˃ 0.05). Positive moderately linear correlation is a confirmation between the intensity of burning and the level of catastrophism that is very often present in patients that suffer from depression and/or anxiety. Based on this, we can conclude that there is nevertheless a consequential connection between SPU and psychological status

Cilj: Pemfigus vulgaris je kronična autoimuna bulozna dermatoza koja u 60 % slučajeva započinje na sluznici usne šupljine. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati dva klinička slučaja pemfigusa vulgarisa s primarnom manifestacijom na sluznici usne šupljine te opisati i analizirati dijagnostički postupak s naglaskom na važnost pravovremene i točne dijagnostike doktora dentalne medicine. Prikaz slučaja: Prikazuju se slučajevi dvaju pacijenata koji su zatražili pomoć zbog ulceroznih ili erozivnih promjena na sluznici usne šupljine. Anamnezom i kliničkim pregledom ustanovilo se da su pacijenti također u internističkoj i dermatovenerološkoj obradi zbog lezija koje se nalaze ili na koži ili na ostalim sluznicama, a prethodile su im oralne lezije. Nakon učinjene incizijske biopsije oralne sluznice, patohistološkom i imunihistokemijskom analizom utvrđeno je da se radi o pemfigusu vulgarisu. Patohistološkom analizom (PHD) pronađeni su intraepidermalni mjehuri s akantolitičkim keratocitima i epidermalnim stanicama. U direktnoj imunofluorescenciji (DIF) perilezione sluznice pronalaze se unutarstanični depoziti IgG i komponente komplementa C3. Dijagnoza pemfigusa vulgarisa je postavljena na temelju PHD i DIF, a tokom daljne obrade moguće je napraviti i test indirektne imunofluorescencije (IIF) kako bi se odredio titar protutijela IgG u serumu bolesnika. Nakon postavljanja dijagnoze, pacijenti su tretirani standardnom trojnom terapijom koja se sastoji od kortikosteroidnih kapi, lokalnog anestetika i oralnog antiseptika. Zaključak: Pemfigus je potencijalno smrtonosna bolest koja zahtjeva pravovremenu i točnu dijagnostiku. Obzirom na to da se bolest prvotno prezentira na oralnoj sluznici, od velike je važnosti za doktore dentalne medicine poznavati kliničku sliku i dijagnostičke mogućnosti koje omogućuju pravilno i pravovremeno usmjeren terapijski pristup.

Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic orofacial pain disorder characterized by burning sensation in the clinically healthy oral mucosa. Based on etiology, BMS can be divided into primary (unknown cause) and secondary (local, systemic, psychological factors). Psychological factors such as somatoform pain disorder, anxiety, and depression can play a great role in BMS symptomatology and etiology. The aim of the study was to assess the psychological status of BMS patients to determine whether psychologic factors are related to pain reports. Material and methods: Twenty - two patients with BMS along with 15 healthy patients as controls were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were for BMS patients were burning sensation in the mouth, normal oral mucosa, absence of diabetes or iron deficiency, and satisfactory prosthesis. Inclusion criteria were considered for the control group without any oral complaints. The severity of somatic symptoms was evaluated by Patient Health Questionnaire-15 and the tendency to detect visceral and somatic sensations as unusually, alarming intense was assessed with the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SAS). Results: The total prevalence of somatization syndromes at a moderate to high level was estimated to be 87% of the BMS patients and 55% in the control group. BMS patients reported mean scores on SAS form significantly higher (p

Kronični periapikalni procesi su upalna stanja koja nastaju kao reakcija na razne vitalne i avitalne podražaje iz pulpe. Podražaji mogu biti mikrobiološki, mehanički i kemijski. Najčešći uzročnici su mikrobnog podrijetla. Ovisno o virulenciji samog uzročnika i obrambenim snagama domaćima, upala može imati akutni ili kronični tijek. Upale u kojima su izražene oteklina i bol su akutne, dok kronične upale karakteriziraju blago izraženi simptomi ili njihov potpuni izostanak. Akutna upala zahvaća samo parodontni ligament, a kronične upale karakterizirane su resorpcijom cementa i alveolarne kosti te oštećenjem parodontnog ligamenta. Kronični periapikalni procesi mogu se podijeliti na četiri vrste: kronični apikalni parodontitis- granulom, kronični apikalni parodontitis- cista, kronični apikalni apsces i kondenzirajući osteitis. Za postavljanje dijagnoze potrebna je detaljna analiza anamnestičkih, kliničkih i radioloških podataka. Sama terapija temelji se na uklanjanju etioloških čimbenika, adekvatnoj instrumentaciji i dezinfekciji te punjenju korijenskog kanala.