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The common cold is the primary cause of illness in the community, with over 200 viral strains identified, and rhinovirus infections being the most prevalent. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is also a significant cause of severe illness. The burden of acute respiratory infections has a significant impact on the economy, resulting in absenteeism from work and school. Rhinovirus infections can exacerbate asthma and other chronic diseases, leading to hospitalization. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors associated with death and survival in patients hospitalized for rhinovirus in Brazil in 2022. This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the national surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2022 in Brazil, with all the norrifications. We analysed and compared clinical and epidemiological factors and outcomes between survivors and deaths in patients hospitalised for rhinovirus. The absolute and relative frequencies were calculated according to the states. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test, while multivariate analysis was performed using COX regression. Out of 8,130 cases of SARS caused by rhinovirus, 291 (3.58%) resulted in death while 7839 (96.47%) patients survived. The factors associated with death were invasive ventilation (p- < 0.001 HR 4.888 CI 95% 3.816–6.262), bocavirus (p- < 0.001 HR 4.204 CI 95% 2.595–6.812), immunodepression/Immunosuppression (p- < 0.001 HR 2.417 CI 95% 1. 544–3, 786), COVID-19 (p- < 0.001 HR 2.167 CI 95% 1.495–3.142), chronic neurological diseases (p-0.007 HR 1.610 CI 95% 1.137–2.280), abdominal pain (p-0.005 HR 1.734 CI 95% 1.186–2.537), age (p- < 0.001 HR 1.038 CI 95% 1.034–1.042). The survival factors identified in this study were dyspnea (p = 0.005; HR 0.683; CI 95% 0.524–0.889), cough (p < 0.001; HR 0.603; CI 95% 0.472–0.769), and asthma (p = 0.052; HR 0.583; CI 95% 0.339–1.004). Additionally, the study found that receiving a COVID-19 booster dose was also a significant survival factor (p = 0.001; HR 0.570; CI 95% 0.415–0.784). The factors associated with death were similar to those in the literature, and the factors associated with survival were also similar, except for the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, which we didn't find in any studies. Our study is the first to associate the full course of the COVID-19 vaccine with survival in those hospitalized for rhinovirus, regardless of COVID-19 and rhinovirus co-detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: By the end of 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was revealed in China and led to a widespread global outbreak and posed a serious threat to public health. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is heavily reliant on cytokines either beneficial like type I interferon (IFN), or harmful like tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), considering the so-called cytokine storm. Aim of the study: to assess serum levels of TNF-α & IFN-α in COVID-19 patients and their correlations with disease severity. This might add a new aspect in COVID-19 treatment either cytokine and/or anti-cytokine therapy. Methodology: The current study was conducted on 60 patients diagnosed as COVID-19, divided into two groups ICU and non ICU (30 patients each) and 30 apparently healthy individuals. Serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-α were measured by ELISA. Results: There was a statistical significant difference between COVID-19 patients and control group as regards TNFα and INFα serum levels (P<0.001, P<0.001) respectively. Significant correlation between TNF-α, INF-α serum levels and patients outcome ( p =0.000, p =0.000) respectively. Conclusion: Serum level of TNF-α is significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to controls while serum level of INF α that is significantly higher in controls compared to COVID-19 patients. Their association with disease severity suggests that they can possibly serve as reliable biomarkers for monitoring disease activity and predicting severity and outcome in COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) entails a spectrum of symptoms, including fatigue, reduced physical performance, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, and psychological distress. Given the effectiveness of exercise-based rehabilitation for PCS, this study examined the efficacy of rehabilitation for PCS patients, focusing on sex-specific differences. Methods: Prospective cohort study during inpatient rehabilitation. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and spirometry were performed at admission and discharge. Questionnaires were used to assess fatigue, health-related quality of life, wellbeing, and workability for up to 6 months. Results: 145 patients (36% female, 47.1 ± 12.7 years; 64% male, 52.0 ± 9.1 years; p = 0.018) were referred to rehabilitation 262.0 ± 128.8 days after infection (female, 285.5 ± 140.6 days; male, 248.8 ± 112.0 days; p = 0.110). Lead symptoms included fatigue/exercise intolerance (81.4%), shortness of breath (74.5%), and cognitive dysfunction (52.4%). Women presented with higher relative baseline exercise capacity (82.0 ± 14.3%) than males (68.8 ± 13.3%, p < 0.001), but showed greater improvement in submaximal workload (p = 0.026). Men exhibited higher values for FEV1, FEV1/VC, PEF, and MEF and lower VC at baseline (p ≤ 0.038), while FEV1/VC improvement more in women (p = 0.027). Higher baseline fatigue and lower wellbeing was detected in women and correlated with impaired pulmonary function (p < 0.05). Disease perception including fatigue, health-related quality of life, wellbeing and workability improved with rehabilitation for up to six-month. Conclusions: Rehabilitation improves cardiopulmonary fitness, pulmonary function and disease burden in women and men with long-term PCS. Women with PCS may benefit from intensified respiratory muscle training. Clinical assessment should include cardiopulmonary exercise testing and pulmonary function tests and fatigue assessments for all PCS patients to document limitations and tailor therapeutical strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID‐19 is a highly contagious virus that causes pneumonia, which quickly progresses to acute respiratory distress. In the case of COVID‐19, physiotherapy is critical in non‐invasive support management, postural changes, chest physiotherapy (CPT), and bed mobility. This study aims to look into the effects of physiotherapy intervention on functional outcome levels in COVID‐19 patients in the acute stage. Methods: A total of 60 severe COVID‐19 patients (54 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 50 years were studied. The intervention group (n = 30) had two daily physiotherapy sessions that included positioning, CPT, cardio exercises, breathing exercises, and early mobility, whereas the control group (n = 30) received only standard medical care. Patients were tested twice at the baseline and discharge using peripheral oxygen saturation, respiratory rate (RR) test, dyspnea rate, two‐min walk test, and spirometer scores, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Results: The two groups improved significantly between the baseline and discharge ratings. The intervention group, on the other hand, significantly improved all outcome indicators at discharge (p‐value = 0.00). This study found that physiotherapy management improved oxygen saturation, RR, dyspnea, and lung function tests in COVID‐19 patients except in FVC (p‐value = 0.402) and FEV1(p‐value = 0.114). Conclusion: Physiotherapist interventions with COVID‐19 patients increase respiratory function and treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a high burden of sick leave worldwide. Long-term sick leave for COVID-19 may be longer than for other influenza-like syndromes. The real impact of long COVID on absenteeism remains uncertain. Aims To investigate the burden of sick leave, especially >12 weeks, in Belgian workers with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from July 2020 to September 2021 and to compare these figures with sick leave for other infectious diseases. Methods We coupled a database of SARS-CoV-2-positive workers and workers who were absent for other infections with objective absence data. Predictors of prolonged sickness were evaluated by negative binomial regression, Cox proportional hazards regression and ordinal logistic regression. Results The study population involved 2569 workers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 392 workers who were absent for other infectious diseases. In total, 16% (95% CI 14–17%) of workers with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test had no sick leave registered. Fourteen out of 1000 (95% CI 9–20‰) workers with absenteeism for COVID-19 experienced sick leave >12 weeks as compared to 43 out of 1000 workers (95% CI 3–69‰) with absenteeism due to other infections. When including PCR-positive workers without sick leave, the prevalence of long-term sick leave decreased to 12 per 1000 (95% CI8–17‰). Long-term sick leave was associated with older age, high previous sick leave and low educational level. Conclusions The prevalence of long-term sick leave was lower than estimated in earlier investigations regardless of worrying reports about post-COVID-19 syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with an attack rate of 55% (22/40 workers) occurred at a public-facing office in England from August to September 2021. Published evidence regarding outbreaks in office workplaces remains limited. Aims To describe an investigation of workplace- and worker-related risk factors following an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a public-facing office. Methods The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) Outbreak Investigation to Understand Transmission (COVID-OUT) study undertook an investigation of the outbreak. This included surface sampling, occupational environmental assessment, molecular and serological testing of workers, and detailed questionnaires. Results Despite existing COVID-19 control measures, surface sampling conducted during a self-imposed 2-week temporary office closure identified viral contamination (10/60 samples, 17% positive), particularly in a small, shared security office (6/9, 67% positive) and on a window handle in one open-plan office. Targeted enhanced cleaning was, therefore, undertaken before the office reopened. Repeat surface sampling after this identified only one positive (2%) sample. Ventilation was deemed adequate using carbon dioxide monitoring (typically ≤1000 ppm). Twelve workers (30%) responded to the COVID-OUT questionnaire, and all had been vaccinated with two doses. One-third of respondents (4/12) reported direct physical or close contact with members of the public; of these, 75% (3/4) reported a divider/screen between themselves and members of the public. Conclusions The results highlight the potential utility of surface sampling to identify SARS-CoV-2 control deficiencies and the importance of evolving, site-specific risk assessments with layered COVID-19 mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), viral transport, fate, disinfection and environmental release in wastewater treatment plants have been issues of high importance for overall management. Although a huge number of scientific publications related to coronaviruses have been published, the number of studies on different aspects of wastewater treatment strategies to deal with SARS‐CoV‐2 abatement is still relatively limited and results are often confusing. To define real wastewater risks for public health and the environment, we have performed a systematic review and identified 96 papers from the PubMed database. We focused on SARS‐CoV‐2 wastewater treatments and how the type and level of treatments affect the virological quality of the effluents, the role of disinfectants, the treatment of medical wastewater, the role of new technologies, as well as the wastewater treatment in low‐ and middle‐income countries. It was concluded that, in general, well‐designed and well‐functioning wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and on‐site reliable sanitation systems may significantly limit the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2. The development of cost‐effective decentralized water and wastewater treatment facilities for low‐ and middle‐income countries for the abatement of coronaviruses should be enhanced. Lessons learned during the COVID‐19 pandemic with regard to wastewater treatment are expected to support an improved detection, response and containment of future viral disease outbreaks. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics associated with severity in children hospitalized with COVID-19. Method: This was an epidemiological cohort study conducted in two hospitals, one of which was a reference center for the treatment of COVID-19 cases. Data were collected from the reports generated by the hospital epidemiology centers and the medical records of patients aged between 0 and 14 years with a diagnosis of COVID-19, hospitalized between March 2020 and June 2021. To analyze the association between the clinical profile and severity, the cases were classified as severe (severe and critical) and non-severe (asymptomatic, mild, and moderate). Results: Of the 191 children followed up in the cohort, 73.3% developed the severe form. The percentage of children with oxygen saturation below 95% was 46.6%. In the multivariate analysis, a higher risk of severity was estimated among children with uncontrolled asthma (RR = 13.2), who were overweight or obese (RR = 3.21), who had cough symptoms (RR = 2.72), and those aged under one year (RR = 3.23). Conclusions: This result underscores the need to improve healthcare at every level for children and for the management of asthma and nutrition when considering children with this clinical profile who are diagnosed with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses data on the occurrence of hematological abnormalities in severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 infection. Among these hematological abnormalities, the majority of patients develop a hypercoagulable state associated with thromboembolic complications and poor prognosis. Approximately one-third of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 infection are diagnosed with mild to severe thrombocytopenia. Another hematological autoimmune disease observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A clinical case with the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the setting of coronavirus infection was described. The diagnosis was based on the presence of anemia, reticulocytosis, a significant decrease in haptoglobin levels, and a positive antiglobulin test (Coombs test). Given the comorbidity, the risks of adverse effects of severe coronavirus disease were high, despite this, it was possible to achieve clinical and hematological remission of autoimmune hemolytic anemia by prescribing pathogenetic therapy with anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab), recombinant erythropoietin and glucocorticoid hormones. This clinical case demonstrates the possibility of successful treatment of patients with severe hemolytic anemia. Special attention should be paid to the discrepancy between the severity of the condition and objective data. This case demonstrates the need for a more in-depth approach to each patient with anemia associated with coronavirus disease infection, namely, in the presence of anemic syndrome, it is imperative to include a full range of laboratory tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The common cold is the primary cause of illness in the community, with over 200 viral strains identified, and rhinovirus infections being the most prevalent. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is also a significant cause of severe illness. The burden of acute respiratory infections has a significant impact on the economy, resulting in absenteeism from work and school. Rhinovirus infections can exacerbate asthma and other chronic diseases, leading to hospitalization. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors associated with death and survival in patients hospitalized for rhinovirus in Brazil in 2022. This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the national surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2022 in Brazil, with all the norrifications. We analysed and compared clinical and epidemiological factors and outcomes between survivors and deaths in patients hospitalised for rhinovirus. The absolute and relative frequencies were calculated according to the states. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test, while multivariate analysis was performed using COX regression. Out of 8,130 cases of SARS caused by rhinovirus, 291 (3.58%) resulted in death while 7839 (96.47%) patients survived. The factors associated with death were invasive ventilation (p-

Abstract Background Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) entails a spectrum of symptoms, including fatigue, reduced physical performance, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, and psychological distress. Given the effectiveness of exercise-based rehabilitation for PCS, this study examined the efficacy of rehabilitation for PCS patients, focusing on sex-specific differences. Methods Prospective cohort study during inpatient rehabilitation. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and spirometry were performed at admission and discharge. Questionnaires were used to assess fatigue, health-related quality of life, wellbeing, and workability for up to 6 months. Results 145 patients (36% female, 47.1 ± 12.7 years; 64% male, 52.0 ± 9.1 years; p = 0.018) were referred to rehabilitation 262.0 ± 128.8 days after infection (female, 285.5 ± 140.6 days; male, 248.8 ± 112.0 days; p = 0.110). Lead symptoms included fatigue/exercise intolerance (81.4%), shortness of breath (74.5%), and cognitive dysfunction (52.4%). Women presented with higher relative baseline exercise capacity (82.0 ± 14.3%) than males (68.8 ± 13.3%, p

Abstract To verify if data obtained in the prehospital evaluation of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with clinical outcomes: mechanical ventilation, hospital discharge, and death. This is a retrospective analysis involving secondary data from the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) records and the Health Surveillance Information System of patients assisted by the EMS in Manaus, from January to June 2020, the period of the first peak of COVID-19 cases. The combination of the two databases yielded a total of 1.190 patients, who received a first EMS response and were later admitted to hospital with SARS and had data on clinical outcomes of interest available. Patients were predominantly male (754, 63.4%), with a median age of 66 (IQR: 54.0–78.0) years. SARS illness before medical assistance was associated to need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV, p