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Most subsistence crops that fall in low-value chains, such as cassava, are controlled mainly by women; hence, intra-household gender roles and power dynamics are complex and depend on socio-economic and cultural contexts. Cassava food value chains contribute to the immediate food and income household needs of marginalized and vulnerable rural communities where agriculture is a significant livelihood. However, few studies have explicitly documented how perceived low-value agricultural commodity value chains transform intra-household social relations and resource ownership, benefit sharing, and how, in turn, these value chains are affected by these micro-level processes. The primary objective in designing this framework was to highlight the importance of gendered interactions at the microscale through an analysis of the changing roles, responsibilities, and bargaining power of women and men within the cassava value chains at the household level. A cross-sectional survey involving focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and an ethnographic approach was undertaken using repeated household visits during data collection. Qualitative data analysis used content analysis to identify key themes from focus group discussions about intra-household gender power dynamics. The framework was derived from analyzing the empirical findings from Tanzania's smallholder farming sector underpinned by the Colfer and Minarchek framework. The findings refute the assumption of unitary household preferences along the gender axis, given the intricate relationships in the multi-sectoral smallholder farming space. By emphasizing intra-household gender power dynamics, the framework helps to identify gender inequalities emanating from skewed resource ownership, limited women participation, unequal benefit sharing, and power relations within the cassava food value chain. The study recommends policy shifts for women to own productive resources such as land, reduced export taxes, access to finance, and rewarding markets for cassava value chain actors. This study resonates with global and regional policy initiatives such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Agenda 2063: Africa We Want in enhancing gender equality, reducing poverty, and ensuring food and nutrition security. The framework will facilitate the development of gender-sensitive intervention programs for upgrading and strengthening women's participation in cassava food value chains. Key words: Cassava value chain, women, household, conceptual framework, gender, INTRODUCTION The importance and value of cassava to household food and income provision cannot be overemphasized, as similarly echoed by Gengenbach et al. [1], who traced it back to the [...]

The first time I realized wearing dresses and having long hair were not the only differences between girls and boys, I was only in primary school. It was January 1998, [...]

In the history of science fiction feature cinema, the manufactured female body has long been treated as a blank canvas for spectacular visual effects, arguably beginning with Metropolis (Fritz Lang, 1927). Nearly a century later, fembot bodies tend to be computer generated rather than constructed on-set, but they have retained the role of a diegetic tech demo highlighting the latest advancements in visual effects research and design. Drawing on the persistent cultural notion of the female body as a site for simultaneously negotiating gender roles and technological progress, my article offers a close reading of cyborg, nonorganic, and biologically enhanced women and/as digital effects, I examine a range of feature films, including Ex Machina (Alex Garland, 2014), Ghost in the Shell (Rupert Sanders, 2017), Blade Runner 2049 (Denis Villeneuve, 2017), and Alita: Battle Angel (Robert Rodriguez, 2019). I argue that such media texts cast sexualized digital Galateas to affirm (digital animation) technology's capacity to fulfill white male heteronormative fantasies. At the same time, depictions of the computer-generated female body as a sexual object aim to compensate for the digital effect's artificiality. Both within the narrative and in paratextual discourse, tying technological progress to male sexual wish fulfillment becomes the digital female's benchmark for authenticity. Being challenged by the machine world is one of patriarchy's deepest fears. -- Sarah Sharma, 'A Manifesto for the Broken Machine' (1), FROM ANALOG TRICK TO DIGITAL PROJECTION: THE CINEMATIC FEMBOT'S STAYING POWER RIDLEY SCOTT'S BLADE RUNNER (1982) FAMOUSLY ENVISIONED 2019 AS AN AGE OF SYNTHETIC humans. While this did not come [...]

Humble, Zvonkovic, and Walker (2008) studied division of labor in first-time marriages, finding a range of gender construction. This study applied their conceptualization to remarried couples, for whom little is known about division of labor or wedding experiences. Fourteen couples in which at least 1 spouse bad recently remarried were interviewed about their wedding planning. Data analysis consisted of direct content analysis, rank order comparison, and matrix analysis. Contrasting Humble et al.'s findings, traditional and egalitarian couples were more common than transitional couples. Although remarriages tended to involve smaller and less complicated weddings, the majority of the couples replicated gendered patterns from their first weddings in subsequent weddings. KEYWORDS content analysis, division of labor, divorce, gender, qualitative research, matrix analysis, remarriage, ritual, typologies, weddings

A study from a cross-national perspective looks at the understanding of managers' traditional gender role attitudes to the workplace environment for women. A country institutional profile approach was taken and the results showed that the cognitive, normative and regulative components influenced managers' traditional gender role attitudes.

This article examines the experiences of 31 participants in three women's folk dance groups in Taiwan through the reproduction/resistance perspectives, which regard leisure as a means either to enhance or to challenge traditional gender ideologies and inequities. The findings suggest that the difference between reproducing or resisting societally imposed constraints lies in the negotiation strategy that is used, rather than in constraining factors, and that the coping strategy of negotiation is critical for women's resistance. Implications for social work are discussed. Keywords: gender socialization; negotiation; reproduction and resistance; women's leisure

This article examines an experiment embedded within a nationally representative survey of adult Americans to investigate gender norms regarding retaliatory violence between spouses and acquaintances. Contrary to claims that societal norms permit violence within marriage, respondents disapproved of retaliatory violence against spouses more than they did against acquaintances. Contrary to claims that gender roles encourage violence by males more than females, respondents were just as likely to approve of female retaliation against males as they were male retaliation against males, and they were more approving of females' retaliating against females than of males' retaliating against females. Male and female respondents had similar, strongly disapproving attitudes toward men's retaliating against women, even though male respondents were more accepting of retaliation in all other conditions. Evidence clearly shows that societal norms discourage retaliation between spouses and men's retaliating against women. Consequently, violent wile abuse continues despite (not because of) societal norms. Keywords: intimate violence; norms; retaliation; gender; experiment; national sample

The new multicultural guidelines reemphasized the importance of developing knowledge of and skills in working with, individuals outside of the majority group. In this article, the author will detail recent advances in understanding how identified consequences of male gender role socialization, specifically male gender role conflict (GRC), intersect with other aspects of race, cultures, and sexual orientations. The literature surrounding male gender role conflict will be briefly summarized. Next, the multicultural competencies framework of beliefs and attitudes, knowledge, and skills, will be used to outline how GRC might apply to some men of color and offer suggestions for counseling practice. After synthesizing what this might offer counseling psychologists, the general implications for research and theory will be explored.

Role versatility refers to the practice in which individual men who have sex with men (MSM) play both insertive and receptive sexual roles over time. Versatility has been thought to [...]

This study examines the gender differences in ChineseCanadian family caregivers providing care to elderly Chinese care receivers. A random sample of 339 Chinese-Canadian caregivers for elderly care receivers completed a telephone survey. Most of the Chinese family caregivers were females. No major gender differences were reported in the amount and types of caregiving tasks. The level of caregiving burden and predictors were generally similar for both gender groups. Contrary to common belief that sons and daughters-in-law are the key family caregivers in the Chinese culture, the daughters played a more important role in family caregiving. In addition to providing support and services to Chinese female caregivers, strategies to enhance Chinese males' involvement in family caregiving are needed and discussed in the paper. doi: 10.13001J074v19n03_11 KEYWORDS. Chinese, family caregivers, caregiving, immigrants, gender role, women

Gender is a concept that is frequently discussed in the literature on stress, coping and illness. Research has reported that women are more vulnerable than men are to stressful events and use different strategies to cope with them. Furthermore, it is often asserted that these gender-based differences in coping may partially explain the differential impact of stressful events on men and women. Unfortunately, much of this research has equated gender with sex and failed to contextualise the experience of illness and coping. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the role of gender and coping among parents of children with high functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome in an Australian sample. It attempts to analyse the different meanings of the disability for mothers and fathers and describes the various strategies that parents use to cope with their child's disability. Keywords: Autism; Coping; Asperger's Syndrome; Gender; Family

U.S. governing institutions, especially Congress, have received limited investigation as gendered institutions. Political representation suffers as a result. Improved theorizing about gender and governing institutions requires discursive shifts. A framework to improve empirical research is advanced. It juxtaposes variants of gender proto-ideologies, masculinism and feminalism, and organizes these pairs according to strands of shared views. These gender strands also compound with the spectrum of governing ideologies, such as social liberalism or neoconservatism. This approach enables nuanced interpretation and explanation, pointing toward potential alliances and sites of transformation for better political representation. KEY WORDS: institutions; gender; ideology; representation.

This article examines the first ladies' autobiographies as works that reveal their author-subjects' perspectives and interpretations. Attention is focused on the White House years and, more specifically, on the author-subjects' depiction of their performance of the gender-based roles attributed to the first ladyship. Consistent patterns are identified in the autobiographers' narrative styles, with a 'slant' (persuasive) narrative style predominating and a 'direct' (argumentative) narrative style typically reserved to countering critics. The implications of this interpretation, for the individual first ladies and for the institution of the first ladyship, are profound. KEY WORDS: first lady; presidency; women and politics; autobiography.

In experimental game-theoretic research, to the extent that sex has been considered at all, the approach has been to focus on the individual level of analysis. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to focus on sex/gender and to expand the level of analysis to include the institutional level. An asymmetric game was designed such that players in the 'male' and 'female' institutional locations had 3 and 2 alternatives, respectively. Players earned the institutional locations based on a test, so that top and bottom scorers respectively 'merited' the 3- and 2-alternatives locations. Game-theoretic understandings of sex-of-player were compared to the expectations states theory concept of 'sex status'; that is, men expect and are expected to perform more competently than women. Results indicated that top-scorer men and women behave similarly; bottom-scorer men 'resist' their low merit status (behaving the most 'rationally' of all player groups); bottom-scorer women 'accept' their low merit status (b ehaving the most 'irrationally' of all player groups). Whereas game theory cannot provide a coherent understanding of these findings, the concept of sex status helps to interpret the behavior of all four player groups and shows how judgments about 'rationality' and 'irrationality' depend critically on the interpretive framework used. KEY WORDS: game theory; experiments; sex; gender; feminism.

This essay analyzes the impact of court cases concerning sexuality and adultery on customary understandings of kinship and gender in Hilo, Hawai'i. During the periods covered the nature of the cases, the content of the law, and the implementation of punishment changed radically. Nevertheless, there are similarities in modes of criminalization during the 1840s and 1850s, on the one hand, and during the 1990s, on the other. Both used the authority and sanctioning power of the law to redefine marriage and gender relations. Both were implemented through local practices of police, courts, and corrections/treatment officials, which provided incentives for compliance as well as opportunities for resistance, evasion, and noncompliance from the general population. The periods are also substantially different. The first sought to place women under the control of husbands in a private sphere beyond the law, while the second invited the law into the family to protect the woman. A comparison provides insight into changes in the elements that focus the moral values of a community.

Objective: Substance misusers are often considered impulsive, but it is unclear whether impulsivity precedes substance misuse or develops as a consequence of it. Because alcohol dependence has a clear familial component, a study comparing impulsivity in nonaffected individuals who differ with respect to paternal history of alcohol dependence may provide evidence of familial vulnerability to impulsivity. Method: 122 healthy individuals participated, none of whom misused alcohol or drugs; 58 were paternal history positive (PHP) and 64 were paternal history negative (PHN) for alcohol dependence. The paternal-history groups were balanced on gender, and the four paternal-history-by-gender groups were comparable with respect to demographic features. Participants were offered choices between monetary rewards (e.g., $34) available immediately and larger rewards (e.g., $50) available after delays ranging from 1 week to 6 months. This task measures a construct of impulsivity by assessing the rates at which individuals discount rewards delayed in time. Results: Although discount rates in PHP men did not differ reliably from those in PHN men, PHP women had higher discount rates than PHN women. Post hoc contrasts revealed that PHN women had lower discount rates than the other three groups. Similar results were obtained when age, education, socioeconomic status, and scores on a measure of sociopathy were used as covariates. Conclusions: Paternal history of alcohol dependence is associated with greater discount rates among women. The lack of an effect for men may suggest different mechanisms by which risk is transmitted from alcohol-dependent fathers to daughters compared with sons. Further research examining these relations and the implications that delay discounting has for drinking and related behaviors is warranted., INDIVIDUALS WHO MISUSE ALCOHOL or drugs persistently choose the short-term rewards of substances despite their long-term negative consequences. The reinforcing effects of substance use, such as euphoria and relief from [...]

What on earth could nineteenth-century Luba depictions of the female body have in common with the contemporary sculptures of Los Angeles artist Alison Saar? How is culture inscribed on the [...]

This article questions the suggestion that a 'new gender order' in which women enjoy social ascendancy by disposing masculinity in 'crisis.' The author asserts that men have not changed to the same extent that women have, and uses the field of education management to illustrate his point.

Women who have the luxury of refusing unideal job offers should do so because it influences employers to raise women's salaries. Women should also gather enough daring to venture into fields that are dominated by men., In the 1960s, the word 're-entry' has very special connotations. It evokes an image of the critical stage during space flight when a capsule re-establishes contact with the earth's atmosphere. [...]

The 1790s feminist narratives advocated a dissociation from traditional gender roles and portrayed the self as assertive and independent. The minimally gendered self of 'Bildung' which encouraged women to aim for a rich and rational inner life, was subject to criticism in the 20th century. However, the literature of 'Bildung' was formed by Stoic, republican and Protestant discourses, and was turned into a women's narrative by both republicans and conservatives, such as Catharine Macaulay and Hannah More. The 1790s feminists and their narratives need sympathetic consideration.

The first wave of feminist Shakespeare criticism was characterized by its intensive concentration on gender, specifically female circumvention of male authority. This was apparent in the critique of 'The Merchant of Venice' which largely dwelled on the victory of Portia over Shylock. The second wave of feminist criticism, which commenced in 1986, concerned itself with the impact of developments in feminism and emphasized cultural differences among women. Gender, in the second wave, was seen in the context of multiple cultural variables., My goal in this essay is to contribute to the overall effort to construct a history of feminist Shakespeare criticism in the United States. However, I want to anticipate two [...]

Chicano men traditionally relegated women to a submissive, subordinate and passive position and the role of Chicana women in the students' movement was initially marginal, and was confined to secretarial and homemaking jobs. Women who attempted to organize conferences and assume leadership roles were ostracized as unfeminine. However, Chicana women did assert themselves, and feminism and sexism in the Chicano movement were issues discussed at the 1982 and 1984 conferences of the National Association for Chicano Studies.

Much work on the perceived fairness of the division of housework focuses on what we consider pragmatic approaches (i.e., resources, time availability, and power), but nascent research articulates a more symbolic approach, examining relational meanings of housework. We examine both perspectives simultaneously. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, we investigate how perceptions of housework fairness for men and women in heterosexual couples are affected by gender, time availability and the division of labor, individual resources and interdependence within the couple, gender and family attitudes, perceptions of the qualities of household labor, and partners' social interactions. Three critical findings suggest revisions for fairness perception studies. First, perceived housework qualities are as important for predicting fairness perceptions as any other factors. Second, perceived housework qualities are a stronger determinant of women's fairness perceptions than men's fairness perceptions. Third, social emotional independence within the couple also predicts perceived unfairness, but only for women. Women who perceive themselves as less dependent on their relationship are more likely to view the division of labor as unfair.

Women are being given greater leadership opportunities, especially in library administration and education. Female leaders are expected to become role models for other female professionals, and female leadership will be characterized by traits that are not gender-defined and are primarily motivational in nature. Leadership roles must not be confined to any specific gender. Leaders in library organizations are called upon to assume a part in transforming the organization based on a vision, regardless of their gender.

The authors present results of an empirical study of 611 mature couples in a dual-career or dual-earner family, where at least one spouse is a member of The National Retired, Teacher's Association and is retired. We hypothesize that degree of role-sharing will vary among mature couples in this special population on the basis of selected personal and social characteristics. Through discriminant analysis we identify which personal and social variables best predict whether or not couples currently share roles. We also determine the change in role-sharing over time for these couples. Our hypothesis is confirmed., A study was conducted to determine the personal and social variables that predict a role-sharing among mature dual-career couples. The results indicate that the primary variable to this condition is frequency of past role sharing. The schoolteacher sample is surprising because it yielded a high number of egalitarian marriages. Explanations for this phenomenon range from lack of fit between public and private life to cultural change.

The stability of sex roles is a subject that has been debated in psychology. Some argue that gender-specific psychological characteristics change throughout life in a series of stages. Most early research focused on children or college students. The development of the concept of androgyny, or the presence of characteristics of both sexes in one individual, changed the conceptualization of masculinity and femininity. Measurement of sex roles, including androgyny, is possible with the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). In 1977, using a modified version of the BSRI that was more valid in subjects across the life span, it was found that with increasing age, women tended to become more feminine and men became more androgynous. This conclusion was drawn from data that showed this trend in subjects aged 61 years and older. In the present study the findings from the earlier study were replicated, suggesting that gender may become more feminine with age. In a second experiment the original sample was retested to provide longitudinal data. In 1987, 1977 data were significantly related to the same gender-role categories; 54 percent of the subjects remained in the same category (i.e., masculine, feminine, androgenous, undifferentiated) after 10 years. The attributes measured by the BSRI were thus stable. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

The validity of the MMPI-2 Gender-role GM/GF scales as measures of sex-typing was examined relative to gender classification using the Personality Attributes Questionnaires. Although mean differences by sex were in the expected direction, the scales did not distinguish sex-typed, androgynous, and undifferentiated subjects. Correlations with the PAQ gender scales provided some support for the criterion validity of Gender-role GM scale for both men and women and the Gender-role GF scale for women.

The ongoing war in Iraq has encouraged a women's movement in Iraq. The role that women are playing in context to their contribution towards the conflict and national reconciliation are discussed.

The author examines the atrocities that women were subjected to during the Bangladesh Liberation War (Mukttijuddho) comparing it to the perception of women as mothers.

A four-culture study has been conducted on children aged 3 to 9, with respect to proclivities toward same-sex or different-sex roles. It has been observed that the Logoli of Kenya and Newars of Nepal are structured patricentrically whereas the Black Carib of Belize and the American Samoans are not structured patricentrally.

An attempt is made to find whether processes of change and convergence in gender roles have led to new drinking patterns among Swedish women. In order to conduct the study, data on aspects of dinking patterns and problems were combined with demographics and indicators of social situation.

The sociological reconsideration of gender role attitudes is explained by investigating the casual mechanisms behind their transformation. The role of ideology in public opinion and the relevance of cohort replacement process to opinion change are discussed.