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Reports on the development of genetically altered T cells by Pathologist Terrence Geiger et al at Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Detection of the antigen by the T cell receptor; Observance of mobility of T cells against autoimmune diseases.

Reports on a research in weather conditions of the planet Jupiter as of January 2002. Discoveries on the weather conditions; Facts on Jupiter; Information on ammonia crystals in the planet atmosphere. INSETS: Amateurs Contribute to Jupiter Science;Students Contribute to Jupiter Science;Enjoy the Jupiter Show.

Answers several questions related to science and technology. Description of the adiabatic engine developed by Smokey Yunick; Physiological effects of alcohol; How temperature affects battery life.

Reports on the study conducted by molecular biologist Nobuaki Kikyo and colleagues at the Stem Cell Institute of the University of Minnesota as of February 17, 2003 to find what caused the nucleolus disappear soon after the adult nucleus is added to a frog. Focus on the two proteins; Way by which the two proteins worked in eggs and young embryos.

Presents a study of the Society for Neuroscience on fear. Distinction on the reaction of the brain on terrified faces than scary images; Emphasis on the function of amygdala; Significance on the research conducted by Ahmad Hariri, a neuroscientist and member of the National Institute for Mental Health.

Focuses on the tongue display unit designed by Paul Bach-y-Rita and Kurt Kaczmarek of the University of Wisconsin. How the devices use the tongue as a source of direction; How the human tongue is highly sensitive to touch because it contains a high density of nerve fibers and mechanosensors; Thought that the device will be able to help blind people move around; Thought that the tongue is an efficient surface for delivering electrical impulses because of its conductive saliva.

Researchers thought they had identified the protein predominately responsible for detecting painful heat, but a new paper shows that neurons lacking that protein detect heat just fine, suggesting that a still-unmasked molecule might do most of the heat sensing. Both extreme heat and capsaicin, the chemical that gives certain peppers and foods their fire, are thought to elicit pain by activating a cell surface protein, or receptor, called TRPV1 or VR1. While studying pain-responsive neurons, neurophysiologist Brian Davis of Pittsburgh University and his colleagues noticed that most heat-detecting neurons did not contain TRPV1, contrary to their expectation.

Cataracts cloud the vision of nearly everyone sooner or later. Finding out what goes wrong in the lens of the eye could help prevent this common problem, particularly for those who inherit an early onset of the condition. Research shows that without a certain DNA-chomping molecule in their eyes, mice develop cataracts. Defects in this molecule may also contribute to human cataracts. Most often, cataracts develop with age, but certain congenital conditions lead to cataracts early in life. Any disruption in this sophisticated scaffolding can cloud the lens, causing cataracts. Probing the cells of the lens, molecular geneticists in Japan detected large amounts of an enzyme called DLAD, which chops up DNA. These researchers genetically engineered mice to lack DLAD. At first glance, the modified mice had apparently normal eyes. However, on closer observation, researchers found clumps of DNA in these animals' lens cells that clouded their lenses. The finding reveals that DNA alone can interfere with vision, even if the rest of the cells' innards disappear. Humans also make the DNA-munching enzyme, but it remains to be seen whether it serves the same purpose in their eyes as in mice. Some cell biologists believe that although additional molecules will certainly play a role in breaking down the nuclei, this is clearly a key enzyme. This enzyme will be an obvious candidate for investigating inherited cataracts in humans.

Coordinating cancer therapies to accommodate the body clock could lead to faster healing after surgery, more effective targeting of the tumor cells, and fewer side effects. To examine the relationship between the circadian clock and cell division rhythms, molecular neurobiologist Hitoshi Okamura of Kobe University, Japan, and his colleagues looked at cell division following liver surgery in mice. They found that cell division started at the same time of day, regardless of when the surgery was done: In mice operated on at dawn, most cells divided at dawn two days later, but if surgery took place eight hours after first light, cell division still peaked at dawn on the second day.

The dizzying activity of a brain relies on neurons that communicate using chemical signals. When an electrical impulse travels to the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of chemicals into the gap, or synapse, between neurons. These neurotransmitters stimulate electrical activity in the neighboring neuron. Neurons store neurotransmitters in vesicles, which wait near the cell membrane for the message to dump their contents into the synapse. This article presents information about the research done by scientists on the topic of neurotransmission of impulses.

To visualize a protein's structure, biologists analyze the x-ray diffraction pattern of the purified, crystallized protein.However, extracting a protein from inside the cell membrane requires treatment with detergent, which then coats the protein and makes crystallization difficult. To circumvent this problem, biophysicists Youxing Jiang and Roderick MacKinnon at Rockefeller University in New York City and their colleagues anchored the floppy arms of the protein with antibodies, allowing them to crystallize it and look at its structure.

The article reports on the discovery of neurons in a part of brain that are involved with spatial processing and keep track of time. The experiments involved monkeys looking at light which stimulates several parts of brain. This is suggested that changing the timing of light flashes during an experiment changed the way LIP neurons responded. The monkeys were treated with red and green flashes of light.

A new surgical technique that bathes brain cells in a rejuvenating chemical could help in treatment of Parkinson's disease. A small and preliminary trial showed not only that patients can withstand the treatment but that their symptoms improve. The success could inspire similar treatments for other neurological diseases. In Parkinson's disease, dopamine-producing neurons in certain brain areas deteriorate, hampering the ability to coordinate body movement. The technique involves implanting a miniature pump in the abdomen, with a tube snaking up to the brain, where a thin plastic needle dispensed glial cell-derived neutrophic factor to the brain cells that sustain the worst damage from the disease. The patients treated with this technique showed an improvement in symptoms.

Reveals that locking up iron in brain cells using a naturally occurring protein or an iron-binding drug could prevent Parkinson's disease. Influence of the drug on nerve cells when bound to iron; Characteristics of Parkinson's disease; Use of iron binding drug clioquinol to slow down the progress of the disease.

Focuses on the identification of a gene Tre2 unique to humans and apes that arise through the joining of two unrelated genes. Parent genes of Tre2; Production of proteins by Tre2 in the testes; Contribution of the protein in formation of species.

Discusses the ways in which sharks detect minute differences in water temperature. Detection of electric field signals using a network of organs in their snout called ampullae; Analysis of proteins called ion channels embedded in the cell membrane regarding translation of temperature information.

Cites a study by physicist Brandon Brown of the University of San Francisco, California regarding the effect of cold water on sharks. Detection of prey by sharks; Role of ion channels protein in detecting changes in temperature.

Discusses the significance of one protein for making mother's milk nutritious. Enzyme present in the membrane; Role of the enzyme gene; Molecular mechanisms of milk lipid secretion.

Reports on the discovery of a gene variant in humans by researchers that confers protection against malaria. Process through which plasmodium falciparum causes malaria; Identification of a key protein by researchers as published in January 2002 issue of the journal 'Nature Medicine'; Studies conducted by malaria researchers on the variation in the part of EBA140 that binds to the red blood cell.

Cites a report on a study conducted by U.S. neuroscientists Scott Murray, Davis, Daniel Kersten and colleagues, published in 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,' in which they monitored brains of people while they view moving images. Explanation of the mechanism when lateral occipital complex detects a pattern and stops reporting on the component pieces; Interpretation of images in multiple ways.

Reports on the research conducted by a team of biochemists led by Gabriel Travis at the University of California in Los Angeles to explain the ability of eyes to see during the day. Types of cells in the retina of the eye; Chemical cluster used by the eye cells; Visual cycle of the chemical cluster; Travis' experiment with the visual cycle of the cone cells of the eye.

Evaluates the advancement of chimpanzee virus for human vaccines. Characteristics of the chimpanzee adenovirus; Efficacy of the vaccine; Development of HIV vaccine through chimpanzee adenovirus.

Focuses on the virus of West Nile that cause a life-threatening brain inflammation in the U.S. Study on the treatment of brain inflammation; Examination of the nonpathogenic virus; Effect of the virus on the brain.

Examines the factors contributing to the onset of Alzheimer's disease in patients with Down syndrome in the U.S. Defects in the mitochondria of Down syndrome patients; Link of a malfunctioning mitochondria to the inability of brain cells to process amyloid precursor protein; Conduction of a study on brain cells from aborted fetuses with Down syndrome.

Reports the use of bacterial DNA in forming biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Secretion of DNA through membrane vesicles; Result of exposing bacteria to the enzyme DNase I; Possibility of other components supplementing the DNA in older biofilms.

Focuses on the use of menthol coolness for the mouth. Importance of mouthwash; Study of the cold-sensitive cells; Identification of genes.

Reports the identification of a gene possible of causing some cases of inherited prostate cancer in the U.S. Ribonuclease (RNase) found in the chromosome containing the gene; Mutations found in RNase latent (RNL) gene on patients after screening DNA samples; Explanation on the absence of RNL on tumor cells.

Examines the regeneration of damaged tissues in the cardiovascular system. Evaluation of the status of heart cells during transplant operation; Discovery of heart cell regeneration; Advantages of the heart cell regeneration in treating heart failure.

Reports the technique for predicting the deadliness of a cancer. Use of DNA chip to determine the genes activated by the cancer; Usability of the technique; Study of the diffuse large B cell lymphoma using the technique.

Examines the reasons and causes of calling rat as a deep throated whistler in San Diego, California. Nature of their vocal cords; Purposes of ultrasonic vocalization among rats; Stimulation on the area of the brain stem with electricity.

Examines the genetics of the fruit flies in the United States. Discussion on the genomes of the flies; Experiment conducted by neurobiologist Edward Kravitz; Observations on the fighting behavior of the flies.

Focuses on the influence of cocaine addiction to the risk of acquiring Parkinson's disease. Description of Parkinson's disease; Effect of cocaine on human brain; Similarities on brain cell damages of cocaine and on Parkinson's disease; Results on the examination on the effects of a long term cocain addiction.

Introduces flavopiridol as a treatment for cancer. Mechanism of the drug; Inhibition of genes; Effectivity of the drug.

Cites a research conducted by Tony Payton of Manchester University, Great Britain and David Comings of City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, California on genes associated with intelligence levels. Tests conducted to examine the intelligence levels of healthy adults; Relationship between CHRM2 gene and alzheimer's disease; Comments of scientist Robert Plomin on the need for further research on genes affecting intelligence.

Cites a study by pathologist Miriam Merad of the Stanford University to determine whether langerhans cells can be replenished by recruiting replacements from the bloodstream to produce white blood cells. Effect of the cells against infection; Recruitment of dendritic cells in the skin; Potential targets of the immune attacks against the host's cells.

Cites a study by neurobiologist Isabelle Mansuy and colleagues at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, testing whether protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) leads to memory loss. Reversal of the process of memory decline associated with old age by inhibition of PP1; Comments of Alcino Silva, neuroscientist at the University of California on the contribution made by the finding to the study of cognition.

Examines the impact of guzzling alcohol in brain cells. Maintenance of alcohol to be taken; Effects of chronic alcohol to the brain cells in the hippocampus; Linkages between learning and memory problems.

Reports the susceptibility of women to breast cancer. Convention on breast tumors by the American Society for Human Genetics; Collection of DNA in women with mutations in one of two BRCA genes; Risk factors of breast cancer.