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Background: Caring a child with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) presents numerous challenges that can impact the mothers’ caring motivation. This study aimed to explore the caring motivation barriers among mothers of children with IDDs.Methods: This qualitative content analysis study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024. Twenty-six mothers of children with IDDs were purposefully selected to participate in face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data collection continued until saturation was achieved. Data analysis was conducted using Mayring’s inductive approach within MAXQDA version 20. We utilized Lincoln and Guba’s criteria for ensuring rigor.Results: The mean ages of the mothers and children were 40.34±7.44 years and 9.38±4.33 years, respectively. The analysis identified several main categories and 15 subcategories: (I) Mother’s insufficient readiness: low level of competency, decreased maternal strength with child’s advancing age, caregiving fatigue, complex health problems, and incompatibility with the child’s disability; (II) Perceived lack of support for the mother in caregiving: insufficient family support, inadequate social support, deficient healthcare provider support, lack of spiritual support, and insufficient financial support; and (III) Encountering caring complexity: disappointment with the child’s recovery, challenges in providing optimal rehabilitation, multiple physical problems in the child, unintentional behaviors in the child, and priority of personal goals over the care.Conclusion: The motivation of mothers to care for children with IDDs is influenced by a range of challenges. Future research should take these barriers into account to enhance maternal caregiving motivation. To modify the identified obstacles, a comprehensive plan of actions should be devised.

Families, as crucial social institutions, play a vital role in providing emotional and physical support to their members and teaching life skills. The rapid evolution of communication technologies and media has significantly influenced this institution, leading to major changes within it. This research aims to categorize issues and offer suggestions for addressing gaps in research or media policy-making. The research question is: How have studies in the field of family and the media been classified, and what topics have been discussed under each classification? The theoretical framework of this article is based on Dependency Theory, Manuel Castells' Theory, and Cultivation Theory, with data analysis conducted using meta-analysis and thematic analysis methods. In this study, after reviewing 93 extracted articles on the subject of media and family, and analyzing descriptive statistics and themes in areas such as social networks, television, and cinema, the strengths and weaknesses of the research were identified. The results indicate that the effects of modernity and media on the family institution in Iran have been profound and multifaceted. These value changes include the removal of traditions, weakening of kinship relations, empowerment of women, increased importance of individualism, and changes in lifestyles. These transformations represent a period of cultural and social transition, emphasizing the need to focus on the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle, the identity of men and women, strengthening family cohesion and relationships, media literacy, and attention to the role and position of children and adolescents within the family.

Abstract Background The motivation of caregivers plays a crucial role in the treatment, follow-up, and care of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Previous studies have focused on the older people and end-stage diseases, while giving less attention to the motivation of mothers caring for children with special needs. This study aimed to explore the motivations of mothers caring for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Iran. Methods This study employed a qualitative approach, guided by the Self-Determination Theory. Purposeful sampling was initially used, followed by theoretical sampling until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 26 mothers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Mayring’s seven-step directed content analysis approach was utilized for coding and categorization. The research adhered to ethical standards and ensured data trustworthiness through credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability measures. Results The findings revealed that mothers’ caregiving motivations could be classified into four main categories: (I) intrinsic, (II) identified-extrinsic, (III) introjected-extrinsic, and (IV) external-extrinsic. Additionally, twelve sub-categories were identified within these four main categories. Conclusion The findings revealed that mothers demonstrated varying levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in caring for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. By recognizing and enhancing the diverse sources of motivation, healthcare providers and policymakers can better support mothers in their caregiving roles, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for both the mothers and their children.

Background: Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant problem that can increase the risk of maternal mortality. Previous studies investigated the effect of Inhaled Oxygen (IO) on PPH. They found some conflicting results. Thus, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of IO on PPH. Materials and Methods: Randomized trials were searched according to the PRISMA framework until the end of November 2022 in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Statistical analyses were performed in the STATA v. 14 software. I2 statistic was applied to assess heterogeneity between studies. The random effect model, sample size, and mean and standard deviation of each group were applied to report the pooled effect size. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. Finally, five articles were included in the meta-analysis. Two and three studies reported the mean of bleeding after vaginal delivery during one- and two-hours oxygen therapy, respectively. Results: Results showed that IO significantly reduced bleeding by 38.91 mL in the intervention group compared to routine care (WMD: −38.91, 95%CI: −60.18 to −17.64) after vaginal delivery. In addition, IO during one (WMD: −38.42, 95%CI: −71.62 to −5.22) and two (WMD: −41.93, 95%CI: −60.15 to − 23.71) hours significantly decreased bleeding in the intervention. Conclusion: According to the present study, IO can significantly reduce PPH in the intervention group compared to routine care. However, more rigorously randomized clinical trials are required to decide better about this issue.

Introduction: Pain experienced during the insertion of a catheter into the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are prevalent issues among Hemodialysis (HD) patients. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to consolidate the findings from randomized clinical trial (RCT) studies examining the impact of aromatherapy with lavender on the pain associated with AVF catheter insertion and RLS in HD patients. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar search engine from inception to August 1, 2022, using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings, such as “Aromatherapy”, “Lavender”, “Arteriovenous fistula”, “Pain”, “Restless legs syndrome”, and “Hemodialysis”. Results: Finally, eleven articles were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results showed that aromatherapy reduced the average pain of catheter insertion in AVF compared to the control group (Standard Mean Difference: -1.60, 95% Confidence Interval: -2.32 to -0.87, Z=4.32, I2:90.3%, P

Introduction: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the impact of needle direction and distance of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) cannulation on KT/V (where k is the dialyzer urea clearance, t, the duration of dialysis, and V, the volume of distribution of urea) and access recirculation (AR) as hemodialysis (HD) adequacy criteria. Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was performed on international and domestic electronic databases from the earliest to June 4, 2022 using keywords. Analysis was performed in STATA software v.14. Results: Three randomized control trials (RCTs) and four non-RCT articles were included in the final review. Six studies reported the effects of direction, while four mentioned the effects of distances of AVF cannulation on outcomes of HD adequacy based on KT/V or AR. Results of three non-RCT studies showed that retrograde direction decreased KT/V more than antegrade direction (ES: 0.44, 95% CI: -0.38 to 1.27). Two non-RCT studies showed that antegrade decreased AR compared to the retrograde direction (ES: -0.64, 95%CI: -1.94 to 0.67). However, the results of two RCTs indicated uncertainty about this issue. Two of the four studies suggested that a distance of 5 cm or more in arterial and venous needles had greater adequacy than a distance of less than 5 cm. However, other studies did not confirm this finding. Conclusion: Overall comparison of the results qualitatively and quantitatively indicated uncertainty about the effects of direction and distance of AVF cannulation on HD adequacy outcomes. More studies with high-quality designs, such as RCTs, are required to better understand and adjudicate the effects of needle direction and distance of AVF cannulation on HD adequacy outcomes.

Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common nosocomial infections affecting one-third of patients with mechanical ventilation. This study aimed to synthesize available evidence regarding the effect of treatment with povidone-iodine (PI) among adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) for the prevention of VAP. Methods: An extensive search was conducted in online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, from the earliest records until January 1, 2023. STATA software v14 was used for statistical analysis. Publication bias was assessed via funnel plot, Begg's and Egger's tests. A P-value less than 0.1 was considered statistically significant for publication bias value. Results: Four studies were included in the meta-analysis. Three studies showed rhat PI decreased VAP compared to the placebo group, but it was not statistically significant (RR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.25 to 1.47, Z=1.10, P=0.27, I2:71.5%). One study compared the effect of PI with chlorhexidine on the rate of VAP, the difference between which was not statistically significant (RR: 1.50, 95%CI: 0.46 to 4.87, Z=0.67, P=0.50, I2:0). Two studies demonstrated that the use of PI intervention compared to placebo decreased the average length of stay in ICU; however, it was not statistically significant (WMD: -0.35, 95%CI:-3.90 to 3.20, Z=0.19, P=0.85, I2:0). Also, three studies showed that using PI had almost no effect on mortality rate compared to placebo (RR: 1.05, 95%CI: 0.66 to 1.53, Z=0.8, P=0.27, I2:29.0%).Conclusion: More rigorously designed randomized clinical trials and further evidence are required to make a better decision/comparison about using PI as a suitable choice for preventing VAP among adult patients admitted to the ICU.

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a potential health risk factor continues to spread throughout the world. Although common symptoms include headache and respiratory symptoms, some studies have suggested that COVID-19 may cause coagulation disorders and thrombolytic events, disrupt blood flow to the visceral organs, and cause some complications such as mesenteric ischemia. The authors reported four cases of acute mesenteric ischemia associated with COVID-19 confirmed in patients hospitalized in Imam Reza Hospital (a COVID-19 referral center in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran). The authors described the pathological findings that may be associated with this infection. The authors collected clinical data, imaging, microscopic, and operative findings of four patients with severe COVID-19 infection and evidence of intestinal necrosis. These four cases that all had severe COVID-19 pneumonia simultaneously showed intestinal necrosis during the infection process, indicating a relationship between coronavirus and mesenteric vascular events. Physicians should be aware of thrombosis symptoms in the digestive system in patients with severe COVID-19 disease.

Objective: Resilience and clinical competence are two important components of providing nursing care to patients. The goal was to determine the correlation between clinical competence and resilience in the nurses at Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted in 2019 and 2020. A total of 424 nurses working in the intensive care units and general wards of six hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences were selected using the stratified sampling technique. Liu’s Nursing Clinical Competence Questionnaire was used to assess the clinical competence of the nurses, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was used to assess the nurses’ resilience. The descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, t-test, and one-way ANOVA methods were used in data analyses. Results: The mean score on the seven dimensions of clinical competence was high (174.86±24.19). The nurses had the highest mean scores on “clinical care” and “management and leadership” dimensions (4.77±31.50 and 4.7±28.61, respectively). They also had the lowest mean scores on the “mentoring and teaching” and “professional progress” dimensions (3.53±19.10, 3.41±19.14, respectively). The mean±standard deviation of the nurses’ resilience score was 73.36±12.66. The results of Pearson’s correlation test indicated a positive significant relationship between all clinical competence dimensions and nurses’ resilience (p

Introduction Mummies are the brown or black hydrocarbon that are produced deep layers of earth or mountain and contain a significant percentage of benzoic acid, humic acid, and folic acid, fatty acids, inulin, and resins. The mummy probably reduces the acidity of the digestive content and increases the activity of its microbial acid-loving population, and ultimately increases the digestibility of nutrients (protein and fat) and improves body weight gain. On the other hand, pulicariap gnaphalodes is an herbaceous, perennial, with straight stems, dense leaves and hazelnut fruit. The pulicariap gnaphalodes store energy in the form of fructan and inulin. The most active component of it is 8, 1-cinnamol (22.93%), alpha pinene (8.13%), amorphous-9, 4DN-2-L (8.36%), myrtenol (7.24%). Percent). Quercetin and its derivatives are the main flavonoids in pulicariap gnaphalodes. Inulin plays a prebiotic role in poultry diets and improves the intestinal environment. Improving the intestinal environment increases the immune response and growth performance. The strong antibacterial properties of Pulicaria gnaphalodes due to its polyphenolic compounds, especially quercetin, has the ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce feed conversion ratio. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of Pulicaria gnaphalodes extract and mummy on growth performance, blood biochemical indices, immune system and jejunal morphology of broiler chickens.Materials and Methods A total of 360 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks was used in 9 treatments (three levels of Pulicaria gnaphalodes extract (PGE) (0, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and three levels of mummy (0, 20 and 40 mg/L). 3 replicates, and 10 birds. The experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 3 × 3 factorial design. The growth performance indices were recorded at the end of each period of starter (1-10 days), grower (11-24 days), finisher (25-42 days). At the end of the experiment, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered to study the relative weight of the carcass components. The blood of two birds of each replicate were gathered, then the sera were extracted and freezed at -20 oC at 42 days. To study the jejunal morphology, a slice of 1 cm from the midpoint of jejunum from each slaughtered birds were separated, then it was placed in formalin until send laboratory. The statistical analyses were done with SAS software with GLM procedure. The Tukey test was used to compare average treatments.Results and Discussion The results showed that growth performance traits including feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio did not affect by the interaction effects of mummy powder and PGE, except for body weight gain index and feed conversion ratio that was affected at the finisher period. The highest weight gain was observed in broilers fed 20 mg of mummy + 200 mg of PGE compared to the control group. Mummies contain a significant percentage of benzoic acid, humic acid, and folic acid, fatty acids, inulin, and resins. The mummy probably reduces the acidity of the digestive content and increases the activity of its microbial acid-loving population, and ultimately increases the digestibility of nutrients (protein and fat) and improves body weight gain. The PGE also is an energy source in the form of inulin, inulin plays a prebiotic role in poultry diets and improves the intestinal environment. Improving the intestinal environment increases the immune response and growth performance. Due to its polyphenolic compounds, especially quercetin, PGE has the ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce feed conversion ratio. The mummy compares to control significantly increased carcass weight and breast relative weight (P

Introduction: Burn patients undergo daily painful wound care procedures, including washing, debridement, and dressing. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of virtual reality (VR)-based interventions on pain during wound care in burn patients. Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science with keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Virtual reality", "Virtual reality therapy", "Virtual reality exposure therapy", "Virtual reality immersion therapy", "Exergaming”, “Active-video gaming”, “Burns”, “Wound healings”, “Pain”, and “Pain management” from the earliest to May 6, 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of randomized control trials and quasi-experimental studies. Results: 1,293 patients with burns were included in 30 studies, and their mean age was 22.89 (SD=7.63) years. 70.72% of the participants were male, and 67.05% were in the intervention group. This meta-analysis showed that VR significantly decreased pain severity in the intervention group compared to the control group (standard mean difference (SMD): -0.70, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.43, Z=5.05, P

Abstract Introduction: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PICs) patency techniques such as flushing are being developed. According to some studies, flushing can be used continuously or in pulsatile forms. This study aimed to compare the effects of pulsatile flushing (PF) and continuous flushing (CF) on time and type of PICs patency. Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 71 patients were randomly assigned into two groups of PF (n=35) and CF (n=36). The PF protocol was performed as successive injections of 1 mL normal saline (N/S) per second (sec) with a delay of less than 1 sec until the completion of 5 mL of solution. However, CF protocol was performed by injecting 5 mL N/S within 5 sec without any delay before and after each medicine administration. Data related to the time and type of PICs patency were collected using a patency checklist every 12 hours (h) up to 96 h. The statistical analysis was done by R statistical software (Version 3.5.1). Results: The results showed that the number of PICs remaining open was not significantly different between PF and CF groups during 96 h. The highest number of PICs excluded from the study was related to the time of 96 h as a result of partial patency in the two groups. Conclusion: There was no difference between CF and PF regarding the time and type of PICs patency. Thus, both techniques can be used to maintain the catheter patency.

Background & Objective: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common genetic disease in the world and an autosomal dominant disease characterized by increased plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations. The clinical diagnosis of the disease is based on family history, the findings of medical examinations, and the measurement of cholesterol levels. The most important cause of FH is the mutation in one of the LDL-R, APOB, and PSCK9 genes. About 90% of mutations occur in the LDL-R gene, which accounts for a total of 2,000 different mutations. Different types of mutations have been observed on different exons of the LDL-R gene, but most of the mutations have been reported on Exon 4. The aim of this study was to sequence and analyze Exon 4 in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in Bushehr province in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this study, 32 patients were selected based on global criteria for diagnosing the disease, and a portion of LDL-R containing complete sequence of exon 4 was amplified using LDLRE4F1/ LDLRE4R1 Primers and blood genomic DNA as a template. PCR products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to find probable muta­tions. Results: The results of sequencing and comparison with the reference sequence showed that no mutation was found in the exon 4 LDL-R gene. Therefore, this exon did not play a role in FH in the population under study. Conclusion: Therefore, the cause of FH may be due to the mutations in other areas of the LDL-R gene or other genes, such as APOB and PSCK9.

Introduction: Based on the needs of the health system, continuous revising and monitoring are essential for General Practice (GP) Curriculum. The present study was conducted to investigate thediseases of GP Curriculum based on the students’ and professors’ viewpoints.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018. A total of 80 GP students of internship and 71 professors of the faculty of medicine in clinical and basic science disciplines were enrolled in the study using quota and convenience sampling methods, respectively. Two self-made, reliable, and validated 4-point scale questionnaires(ranging from totally agree to totally disagree) were used to collect the data on the viewpoints of students and professors on the diseases of GP curriculum. The mean score and percentage ofagreement between professors and students on the incidence of each disease were calculated.Results: The highest and lowest rates of agreement between the professors and students in terms of the presence of curriculum diseases belonged to the echolalia curriculum with a mean and standard deviation of 1.92±0.68 and the dean denial with a mean and standard deviation of 2.0±6.68, respectively. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the viewpoints of professors and students regarding the diseases of the carcinoma of the curriculum (p

Context: Infantile Colic (IC) is an essential problem in infancy that is influenced by factors related to infants and parents. The parental factors associated with colic have not been comprehensively assessed. Objectives: The present systematic review was conducted to investigate the parental factors affecting the incidence of IC. Data Sources: Databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google scholar, as well as Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran (Iranian websites) were searched to identify all eligible papers concerning parental factors affecting infantile CI. The registration number of this study was CRD42020163518 in the PROSPERO database. Study Selection: A total of 423 relevant articles published up to the end of December 2019 were assessed. The selected articles were screened based on duplicated, eligibility criteria, and quality appraisal. The main inclusion criteria were observational studies and articles in Persian and English languages. Data Extraction: The Mesh keywords and Boolean operators included (“risk factors” OR “causality”) AND (“parents” OR “fathers” OR “mothers”) AND (“infant”) AND (“colic”). Consequently, 18 papers were thoroughly studied and the related data were extracted. Two researchers independently performed the data extraction and quality assessment based on the STROBE checklist from the observational studies. The information of selected studies was recorded in a table, i.e. consisted of authors’ names, purpose, design, population, and main results. Results: Final articles consisted of 10 prospective, 6 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies. Eventually, the effective factors were placed in 6 categories, as follows: psychological factors, physical factors, taking medications, perinatal factors, family’s socioeconomic status, and maternal diet. The most important characteristics predisposing to IC were parental depression, anxiety, smoking, maternal history of migraine, young age, primiparity, low family support, high socioeconomic status, high-risk pregnancies, and delivery, taking antibiotics, as well as the consumption of celery, onions, and bananas. Conclusions: Various parental factors affect the incidence of colic. Identifying these risk factors and accurate planning can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of IC.

Acute hepatitis B cases with very high viral load are rare in communities. This study presents an experience of treating a patient suffering from severe acute hepatitis B with a very high viral load. A 38-year-old Iranian male was diagnosed with acute hepatitis B with early and progressive liver dysfunction and a very high viral load. Treatment with Tenofovir was started. The complete response to treatment was achieved with multidisciplinary management; the patient was discharged after a week. A history of not being vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus and the job conditions could be the main causes of increased risks for his illness. However, the high viral load can be considered as the cause of severe acute hepatitis B development. The prompt and accurate diagnosis followed by suitable treatment choice led to the most favorable outcome.

Background and Aim: Thrombophlebitis is considered as a major cause of peripheral intravenous catheters (PICs) failure. The flushing technique in the laboratory has been effective in clearing the catheter duct, but its effectiveness in the clinical setting is unknown, therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of pulsatile flushing on phlebitis, type, and duration of PICs patency in patients. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial, 71 patients admitted to the inpatient and surgical wards of Imam Khomeini Esfarayen Hospital were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups after sampling by available methods. In the intervention group, the flushing technique was performed by injecting 1 ml of the normal saline solution for one second, then interrupting less than one second and repeating the injection and interrupting until the end of 5 ml of the solution. The Consequences of this study were phlebitis, duration, and type of PICs patency, which were evaluated every 12 hours by using Jacksonchr('39')s phlebitis instrument and direct observation of the catheter. Results: The incidence of phlebitis in the intervention group was lower than the control group (P

Background and purpose: Prevalence of risk factors for health is growing rapidly in developing countries due to urbanization. In fact much of the global burden of some conditions such as ischemic heart disease is currently in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, an integrated and effective clinical guide is highly needed for management of patients with stable angina. Materials and methods: Databases and web-related documents were searched in order to extract clinical guidelines on stable angina. After assessing the quality of guidelines, three were selected based on the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument. Then, a national guideline was compiled along with evidence and recommendations by the panel of experts. Results: Findings were presented in the form of clinical recommendations. For example, acupuncture should not be used in improving or reducing the symptoms of cardiovascular disorders in patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Conclusion: Considering 92 recommendations in this guideline and its adaptation in the Iranian population, this clinical guidline and its recommendations can be effective in standardizing services, screening, referral, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with stable angina.

Considerable research has been done in the past few decades to treat ischemic heart disease (stroke). Although drug therapies can improve heart disease and reduce mortality in heart failure, none is able to regenerate damaged heart tissue. Therefore, stem cell-based therapies are considered as new approaches to correcting heart tissue remodeling. Since the depletion of cardiac muscle cells at the beginning of the myocardial infarction act as a stimulus for myocardial remodeling, the ability to replace these cells with their healthy counterparts is an effective treatment for many types of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we reviewed the advances made in the treatment of myocardial infarction through cell therapy.

Background and purpose: Occlusion is a decreasing factor on longevity of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs). Continuous flushing (injection of specific volume of solution such as Normal Saline (N/S) before and after each drug infusion into PIVCs at determined interval time) is one of the effective methods in in vitro studies to maintain the PIVCs patency. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous flushing on the duration of PIVCs patency. Materials and methods: In a randomized controlled trail, 72 patients hospitalized in medical/surgical department in Esfarayen Imam Khomeini Hospital, north east of Iran, were randomly assigned into either an intervention group or a control group. In intervention group, 5 ml of N/S solution was injected within 5 seconds before and after injection of any drug into the PIVCs. If another drug was administered at the same time, it was injected and flushing technique was performed again. The PIVCs patency was monitored every 12 hours using a checklist. Data were analyzed applying Chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Mean age of the participants in intervention and control groups were 41.85 ± 13.14 and 45.52 ± 14.03, respectively, which were homogeneous based on Mann-Whitney test (P= 0.219). In current study, 33.33% and 11.09% of the catheters remained patent after 96 hours in intervention and control groups, respectively. According to Chi-square test, the two groups were significantly different in terms of type of catheter patency (P=0.04). Conclusion: Findings suggest continuous flushing as an appropriate method that could increase the longevity of the PIVCs. (Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20141222020394N4)

Introduction: Reference laboratory values undergo major changes during pregnancy and if they were defined according to non-pregnant women laboratory reference values, can lead to inappropriate decisions and have adverse effects on pregnancy. Because of the physiological changes in the body of pregnant women, the reference values are not standardized in the medical diagnostic labs. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the reference values of biochemical, hematological and hormonal tests during pregnancy. Methods: In the present study, the articles were extracted from SID, Google Scholar, ISI, MedLib, and PubMed databases. Our research was performed without any time or language limitation. Results: In our study, 46 diagnostic laboratory values differentiated in pregnant women were extracted from 21 reports. These changes were found in complete blood count, coagulation proteins, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, urea-creatinine, and hormones, such as aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone prolactin, and human chorionic gonadotropin. Conclusion: Examination of laboratory values in pregnant woman showed that there were significant differences in the laboratory values between the pregnant and non-pregnant women. So the recognition of these differences could be useful in the prevention of making incorrect decisions by physicians and pregnant women.

Abstract In water flooding process, volumetric sweep efficiency and oil recovery can be enhanced using polymer to increase the viscosity of water. As a result, polymer flooding has higher recovery as compared to water flooding due to front stability and reduction of fingering problem. In this research work, a set of polymer flooding runs were carried out using glass-type micromodels. The micromodels were fabricated to have homogeneous and heterogeneous flow patterns. They were positioned horizontally and saturated with a heavy crude oil sample taken from an Iranian oil field before starting the injection. Three commercial polymers were used in this study. Whole process was photographed continuously with a high-resolution camera to monitor the displacement of polymer solution in the micromodels. As a part of this study, the effect of different parameters including polymer solution concentration, injection flow rate and heterogeneity on performance of polymer flooding was investigated. On top of the regular homogeneous and heterogeneous flow patterns used in this study, a heterogeneous flow pattern mimicking sandstone reservoirs was created based on the image of a thin section of a sandstone (outcrop) and polymer front movement was observed during injection.

Background: The order zoantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) which is one of the most unexplored orders are present in the Persian Gulf. This group of cnidarians commonly found in tropical waters at various places in the world and morphological identification to the species level is extremely complicated. In the present study, molecular diversity of shallow water zoanthids from the Bushehr coasts in the Persian Gulf was investigated for the first time. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four colonies of zoanthids with variety of shape and colors have been collected from different locations. After DNA extraction using CTAB-Phenol-Chloroform method, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA (mt 16S rDNA) and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA) were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: Based on the obtained sequences, the presence of four species-level clades: Zoanthus sansibaricus, Zoanthus pulchellus, Zoanthus sociatus and Palythoa aff. mutuki. Palythoa aff confirmed. mutuki species observed in this study had identical sequences with previously reported Palythoa aff. mutuki in the Persian Gulf. Nevertheless, in the present study two new undescribed species from genus Zoanthus (Z.sociatus and Z.pulchellus) were identifed. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate the efficiency of molecular markers application in comparison with morphological characteristics to identify zoaentaria, especially at the species level. Undoubtedly, more studies on zoanthids distribution patterns will increase our knowledge about the biodiversity of the Persian Gulf.

Background: Depression is the most common psychological problem in patients with chronic renal failure, which has a negative effect on the outcome of treatment and life quality. The aim of this study was to compare the symptoms of depression in patients referring to the Kidney Transplant Unit of Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital before transplantation, at discharge and three months after transplantation. Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted on 51 patients receiving renal transplant from November 2014 to February 2015 in Babol Shahid Beheshti Hospital. The non-random sampling method was used. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory distributed in three stages. Descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS18 were used to analyze the data. P=0.05 was considered significant level. Results: Before, at and three months after renal transplantation, 70.6%, 56.9% and 52.9% of the patients had mild to very severe depression, respectively. Mean scores of depression were 19.25 ± 11.99, 14.78 ± 11.45 and 12.82 ± 9.96 before transplantation, at discharge and three months after transplantation, respectively. Paired t-test showed a significant difference between the mean scores of depression before transplantation and at discharge after transplantation (P=0.006), before and three months after kidney transplantation (P = 0.000). There was no significant difference between the time of discharge and three months after transplantation (P=0.135). In addition, no significant difference was found between the scores of depression with gender, marital status, education, occupation and income (p = 0.391). Conclusion: The results indicated a lower incidence of depression in kidney transplanted patients. It is recommended that the patients awaiting transplantation and subsequently their depression status should be intermittently examined and drug or non-drug treatment should be designated for these patients based on the results.

Drill bit is the most essential tool in drilling and drill bit selection plays a significant role in drilling process planning. This paper discusses bit selection by employing a method of combining Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the computation of Genetic Algorithm (GA). In this method, offset well drilling records are used for training the ANN model and International Association Drilling Contractors (IADC) bit codes are used to name each bit. However, some researchers have used bit codes as input or output variables. This paper illustrates that the bit codes are better used in referring to the name of each bit instead of using them as values for calculation in the ANN model. The ANN black box was converted to white box to obtain a visible mathematical model for predicting the Rate of Penetration (ROP). This mathematical model, which was the objective function in the GAs, was used to find the optimum drilling values and to maximize the ROP. When drilling a new well, bit selection process requires the maximum ROP of a bit that corresponds to the optimum drilling parameters being obtained by combining the trained ANN model with GA. A bit selection example is provided by using the Shadegan oil field drilling data. The mean square error (MSE) obtained a value of 0.0037 whereas the coefficient of determination obtained a value of 0.9473. In other words, the predicted ROP model based on the field drilling data indicated a good correlation with the real ROP.

The green tiger prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus is one of the most important members of the family Penaeidae in the Persian Gulf. Based on the morphological characteristics, two groups, including P. semisulcatus and its subspecies viz. P. s. persicus are recognized. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic distance between P. semisulcatus and P. s. persicus by analyzing partial sequence of 5.8S rRNA. Another objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of 5.8S rRNA to identify the species of Decapoda. The results indicated that the 5.8S rRNA gene of both P. semisulcatus and P. s. persicus were exactly identical, and sequence variation was not observed. The results also indicated that 5.8S rRNA sequences between species of the same genus of analysed species of Decapoda are conserved, and no genetic distance was observed in species level. The low evolutionary rate and efficient conservation of the 5.8S rRNA can be attributed to its role in the translation process.

In the developing world, the cancer as a prevalent cause of mortality is a new emerging challenges in medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Marine environs are regarded as a rich source of natural products with broad of therapeutic uses. Numerous bioactive peptides and depsi-peptides have been extracted from various marine organisms such as tunicates, sponges, molluscs and other marine organisms, with anti-cancer potential. They can produce the complex compounds which are more effective than presented anti-cancer drugs. Some of these marine peptides are under different clinical trials phases they are secondary metabolites that produced by these organisms. According to different studies, their anti-cancer potential is related to some properties like antioxidant, anti- proliferative and anti-mutations effects. These peptides can stimulate cell death by various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, affecting the balance tubulin- microtubules (antimicrotubules), inhibition of angiogenesis, antiproliferative and cytotoxicity effects. Further studies on the reaction states of these compounds on cell cycle or apoptosis in cancer cells, are essential. The future of remedies, belong to the sea and the sea, will have the major percentage in drug discovery, particularly in anti-cancer drugs.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fruit hydroalcoholic extract of Withania coagulans (WC) and 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on bone mechanical and histological properties of male chickens. Diets were arranged factorially (2×3×2) consisted of a positive control with adequate Ca (10.4 g/kg diet) and nonphytate P (NPP; 5 g/kg diet) exceed the requirements suggested in the Ross 308 broiler nutrient specifications and a negative control diet with Ca (7.3 g/kg diet) and nonphytate P (NPP; 5 g/kg diet), three levels of Withania coagulans (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg diet), and two levels of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (0 and 0.5 μg/kg diet). Both Ca and P retention significantly increased by reducing dietary Ca level (P

No Abstract is available

Change in social relations may challenge superiority of men over women; so men will need an ideology that reestablishes their superiority whenever such “crisis tendencies” happen. This ideology recommends an “Ideal Masculinity” and reestablishes “normal” pattern of manhood. Rawean Connell dubs it as “Hegemonic masculinity” (HM) and believes that because of endless pressure of illegitimating factors, “HM” will be in change forever. By application of the Connell\'s theories and Weberian qualitative approach, first of all a “basic ideal type of masculinity” was constructed from encouraged religious-revolutionary values in the movies and propaganda of the first years after revolution; then masculine values which were celebrated and admired in the best seller movie of every year during 1979_2007, were compared by this “basic ideal type”. Comparison of the 32 concluded “ideal types” indicated that serious interruption took place in three years (1989, 1997, and 2002). Then ideal type of each era was constructed and was compared with each other. Results of this comparison approve Connell\'s theory about changeability of the HM in accordance with the social changes.

Background: The positive effect of Kozak sequence on the translational efficiency of the eukaryotic genes has been noted and can be used in order to increase recombinant protein expression. Methods: A CMV-regulated human factor IX (hFIX) –expressing plasmid containing factor IX minigene– equipped with the Kozak sequence was constructed. After verification, the constructed plasmid which was in parallel with a Kozak-less hFIX-minigene expressing plasmid (the positive control) and a parental plasmid (pcDNA3) as the negative control were used to transfect Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, separately. The expression of the recombinant hFIX (rhFIX) was evaluated by performing one-stage coagulation test on the cultured media collected from the transfected cells after 2 and 3 days. Results: This study indicated the expression of biologically active hFIX by cells transfected with either of the recombinant plasmids in comparison with negative control. The data also shows a higher coagulation activity in the cultured media taken from the cells transfected with the Kozak: hFIX-minigene compared to that of the cells transfected with the Kozak-less hFIX-minigene. Conclusion: In addition to confirming the positive effect of Kozak sequence on the translational efficiency of the eukaryotic genes, the constructed plasmids provide new tools for systematic analysis of the ability of the transfected cells for the production of biologically active hFIX.

To evaluate the effects of supplementation of Tomato pomace (TP), canola, soybean and tallow oils on performance, carcass characteristics, and bone parameters of heat stressed broilers, 792 d-old Arian broiler were divided to 36 pens. Each dietary treatment had 4 replicate with 22 birds each. These factorial experiment (3*3) involved 3 kinds of canola, soybean and tallow oils and 3 levels of 0, 3, and 5 percentage tomato pomace was done in a completely randomized design. The daily heat stress schedule was done from 29-42 days for 5 h (32-34oc). Two blood samples from each replicate were gathered at 28 and 42 d. The kind of oils and levels of TP did not affect body weight, feed intake, FCR, production index, energy efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and immune response. The canola oil reduced the relative weight of liver and abdominal fat pre heat stressed birds. The relative weight of spleen, and burs and bone parameters involved diaphysis diameter and external bone layer thickness were improved when heat stressed birds fed canola oil or TP diets. The canola and TP diets decreased abdominal fat in heat stressed birds. Therefore experimental diets did not affect performance and immune system. The inclusion of canola oil and TP diets improved spleen, burs, bone parameters and abdominal fat.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Progressive stroke (PS) and Crescendo Transient Ischemic Attacks (CTIA) is a generally accepted although unproven, indication for urgent intravenous anticoagulation therapy. METHODS: Consecutive patients with PS and CTIA admitted in Ghaem hospital, Mashhad during 2007 - 2008 enrolled in a prospective clinical study. PS and CTIA patients underwent intravenous heparin therapy with 1000 units per hour without a bolus dose at least for 3 days. PS and CTIA patients who had a contraindication for intravenous hepain therapy, received 80 mg Aspirin per day. Early clinical course including improvement, stabilization, deterioration and development of residual stroke was evaluated in two therapeutic groups of PS and CTIA patients. RESULTS: 170 PS patients (103 males, 67 females) with mean age of 60.4 ± 12.3 years and 88 CTIA patients (50 males, 38 females) with mean age of 60.1 ± 6.8 years were assessed. 141 PS and 64 CTIA patients received short period intravenous heparinization. Distribution of subtypes of early clinical course between two therapeutic groups of PS and CTIA patients, was significantly different; X2 = 10.487, df = 2, p = 0.005 and X2 = 6.72, df = 2, p = 0.035 respectively. Distribution of residual stroke in two therapeutic groups of PS and CTIA patients,was not significantly different; X2 = 1.443, df = 1, p = 0.23, OR = 0.557 (0.212-1.462) and X2 = 1.01, df = 1, p = 0.315, OR = 0.617 (0.24-1.587) respectively. CONCLUSION: PS and CTIA patients who underwent short period intravenous heparin therapy have significantly more probability of improvement and less probability of deterioration in their early clinical course than PS and CTIA patients who received Aspirin therapy. Keywords: Progressive Stroke (PS) Crescendo TransientIschemic Attacks (CTIA), Intravenous anticoagulation therapy, Heparin therapy.

(Received 18 Febuary, 2009 ; Accepted 24 May, 2009)AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of a school- based educational program regarding HIV/AIDS and the knowledge held by the high school students. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 230 high school students (grade 10-12; female, male). Teaching aids used for this intervention was a combination of three methods including lectures, showing an educational movie and pamphlets that encompassed a total of 90 minutes.There was a significant difference between the student's knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS before and after this type of intervention.J Mazand Univ Med Sci 2009; 19(70): 91-92 (Persian)

Stem cells transplantation (SCT) is known as a newfound strategy for multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) contain various regenerative features. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a laboratory model of MS. This meta-analysis study was conducted to assess the overall therapeutic effects of hUCMSCs on reduction of clinical score (CS) and restoration of active movement in EAE-induced animals. For comprehensive searching (in various English and Persian databases until May 1, 2024), the main keywords of "Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis", "Multiple Sclerosis", "Human", "Umbilical Cord", "Mesenchymal", and "Stem Cell" were hired. Collected data were transferred to the citation manager software (EndNote x8) and duplicate papers were merged. Primary and secondary screenings were applied (according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria) and eligible studies were prepared for data collection. CS of two phases of peak and recovery of EAE were extracted as the difference in means and various analyses including heterogeneity, publication bias, funnel plot, and sensitivity index were reported. Metaanalysis was applied by CMA software (v.2), P<0.05 was considered a significant level, and the confidence interval (CI) was determined 95% (95% CI). Six eligible high-quality (approved by ARRIVE checklist) papers were gathered. The difference in means of peak and recovery phases were -0.775 (-1.325 to -0.225; P=0.006; I²=90.417%) and -1.230 (-1.759 to -0.700; P<0.001; I²=93.402%), respectively. The overall therapeutic effects of SCT of hUCMSCs on the EAE cases was -1.011 (95% CI=-1.392 to -0.629; P=0.001). hUCMSCs transplantation through the intravenous route to the animal MS model (EAE) seems a considerably effective procedure for the alleviation of motor defects in both phases of peak and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]