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In recent years, ecological metaphors have been widely used in the field of innovation. Such excessive preoccupation of researchers with common ecological metaphors such as ecosystems and lack of due attention to the development of other ecological axioms challenges its systematic conceptual web. This renders such metaphor “boundary object” which would hinder linking theoretical discussions on innovation ecosystem to practical usages and policy making. Therefore, there is a need for an evidence-based approach to define and map the innovation ecosystem in a metaphorical way that the deployed concepts would constitute a part of the conceptual network of innovation ecosystem. As an endeavor to EBP in the field of innovation ecosystem, this study draws on Scaringella’s and Radziwon’s (2019) systematic review framework and the comparative-qualitative content analysis method based on the structured matrix which grounded in metaphor mapping. Upon analyzing the content of the selected articles, the ecological metaphors grounded in innovation ecosystems can be classified into two general categories: metaphors concerned with actor (species, population, and community) and metaphors concerned with environment (landscape, biome, and ecotone). As a tool, the developed framework enables innovation policymakers to make decisions based on an effectual understanding of seven hierarchical metaphorical layers of innovation ecosystems. Consequently, policymakers should not restrict their governance to the recommendations provided by the literature on ecosystems that is popular at the present time; rather, with the same energy, they should consider the multiple dimensions of innovation ecosystems in terms of actors, environment, and the relationships between them based on an ecological perspective. Methodology: As an endeavor to EBP in the field of innovation ecosystem, this study draws on Scaringella’s and Radziwon’s (2019) systematic review framework and the comparative-qualitative content analysis method based on the structured matrix which grounded in metaphor mapping.Findings: Overall, we have contributed to the innovation ecosystem literature by identifying the seven hierarchical layers of ecological metaphor integrated in a conceptual framework that tend to be a metaphorical redefinition and mapping of innovation ecosystem : landscape, biome, ecotone , species, population, community and ecosystemConclusion: As a tool, developed framework enables innovation policymakers to make decisions based on an effectual understanding of the multiple dimensions of innovation ecosystems. Also our results suggest that in the definition and developing of the innovation ecosystem, the conceptual network of this metaphor (especially the seven hierarchical layers) should be considered in order to achieve a more accurate understanding of the dynamics of ecosystem through the lens of ecology. Consequently, policymakers should not restrict their governance to the recommendations provided by the literature on ecosystems that is popular at the present time; rather, with the same energy, they should consider the multiple dimensions of innovation ecosystems in terms of actors, environment, and the relationships between them based on an ecological perspective.

There are different models and methods for technology acquisition, but making the right choice and optimal use of models and methods plays an important role in success technology acquisition. In this research different methods and models are both introduced and criticized. In addition, a three dimensional model resulting from the interaction of factors related to owner, receiver, and nature of technology was chosen to survey technology acquisition methods in Iran's missile industry. Based on this model, Iran used a combination of "Optimal methods" (such as Human Exchange and Hiring method, Joint research and development method, Education method and Reverse engineering)," Possible but not Optimal methods" (such as Turnkey method) and "Methods not conforming to the selected model" (such as training and internal R&D method) for acquiring different missile technologies. Based on this, Iran has used a wide range of technology acquisition methods simultaneously and in parallel to develop its missile capabilities.

The software industry is a manifestation of soft skills as well as human abstract and intangible thinking based on human intelligence. However, the effects are understandable. Passing the hardware era and considering software technologies reveals the necessity of the capable human factor and software industry. Despite the efforts that have been made in this field in Iran, yet the technology is not a sustainable industry. Consequently, planning in this field requires a deep consideration and futurology. This article provided alternative futures of the industry for domestic producers and policy makers. The scope of the research was Iranian software sectors until 1404. This study was conducted by applying qualitative methods, such as: PEST analysis, Porter's Forces, content analysis, semi-structured interviews with experts of software industry and developing scenarios by GBN on critical uncertainties. Finally, four scenarios were presented by two main uncertainties, including 1. Government policy and executive advocacy of the software industry, 2. International engagement of it.