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Studies over time provide opportunities to detect variations in the spatial and temporal patterns of clonal organisms and measure changes on their population dynamics related to extreme events. We assessed population dynamics for a bryozoan species dominating a subtidal rocky reef at Tino Island, in the eastern Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean). Using 9 years of annual photo-surveys (1997-2005), rapid decline in Pentapora fascialis colony cover was shown at 11 and 22 m depths following the anomalous warming events in 1999 and 2003. An 86 % reduction in live colony portion was found after the 1999 warming event (2.3°C higher than normal), with larger colonies being most affected. Effects from the 2003 event were delayed, and gradual cover decline occurred during the following 2 years. At the 'Shallow' photostations, none of the larger colonies (> 1,000 [cm.sup.2]) survived after the first cover decline. Availability of new substrate after the 1999 disturbance resulted in enhanced recovery through new colony production. At the 'Deep' photostations, the population structure did not change over the duration of the monitoring period showing the same monomodal structure and same dominant size class (50-500 [cm.sup.2]). In the 4 years following the first cover decline, the deeper population regained colony cover to levels similar to pre-disturbance level, showing a good resilience. This 9-year monitoring analysis provided the temporal resolution needed to detect changes occurring in the P. fascialis population and will contribute to the assessment of long-term changes on benthic populations suffering during recent decades from dramatic increases in extreme events., Introduction Anomalous and extreme events due to global warming and other interacting factors have increased considerably during recent decades in temperate regions such as the Mediterranean Sea (Teixido et al. [...]

While the passive transfer of immunity in horse and donkey foals has been extensively studied, there is limited information for mule foals. Immunoglobulin type G (IgG) and serum total protein concentration (TP) were assessed at different sampling times to evaluate the correlation between serum radial immunodiffusion (SRID) with electrophoresis, refractometry, and dry chemistry analyzer (Biuret), and to estimate serum IgG concentrations using serum TP in mule foals. We analyzed a total of 30 samples collected at birth, and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of life from 6 mule foals by SRID, electrophoresis TP, biuret TP, and refractometry TP. The SRID IgG concentration significantly increased from birth until T6 (p < 0.001). Serum TP analyzed with refractometry revealed differences between T0 and T12, T24 and T48 (p < 0.05), while a significant difference was observed with the biuret method between T0 and all the other sampling times (p < 0.001). A strong correlation was found between IgG SRID and biuret TP (r = 0.69, p < 0.001), and a good correlation existed between IgG SRID, refractometry TP, and electrophoresis TP (r = 0.44, p < 0.01 and r = 0.39, p < 0.05, respectively). All methods can be used to estimate the passive transfer of immunity in mule foals. TP refractometry and biuret TP values can be used to determine serum IgG concentrations in the blood of mule foals on their first day of life through the application of a specific equation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)