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Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the hepatoprotective potentials of methanol s extracts of Tephrosia villosa leaves against thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver damage in rats. Methodology: The acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per OECD guidelines, and the extract was proved to be safe up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The total duration of the study was 21 days, and animals were divided into six groups. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the animals of all groups except normal control by single dose administration of TAA (100 mg/kg) at 1st day of the study followed by animals were treated daily with standard drug silymarin and methanol extract of T. villosa (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) to respective groups for 21 days. Variations in biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, albumin, total protein, ions and others parameters such as clotting time and weight of the liver were considered to determine beneficial effect of the extract. At the end of the study liver samples were collected and subjected to histopathological evaluation. Results: In control animals treated with TAA alone, there were variations in the above mentioned parameters. However in the animals treated with methanol extract and standard drug silymarin, all the parameters were normal possibly due to their beneficial property in protecting the liver against TAA induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: The results obtained in the above study suggesting that, the methanol extract of T. villosa possess significant hepatoprotective activity.

The objective of the current investigation was performed to assess the hepatoprotective potentials and in vivo antioxidant properties of methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila against thioacetamide induced liver damage in rats. The acute oral toxicity study of methanol extract was determined as per OECD guidelines and the extract was proved to be safe up to the dose of 2000mg/kg. The total duration of the study was 21 days and animals were divided into six groups. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the animals of all groups except normal control by single dose administration of Thioacetamide(100mg/kg) at first day of the study followed by animals were treated daily with standard drug sylimarin and methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) to respective groups for 21 days. Variations in biochemical parameters like alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, albumin, total protein, ions and others parameters like clotting time and weight of the liver were considered to determine beneficial effect of the extract. At the end of the study liver samples were collected and subjected to histopathological evaluation. There were significant variations in the above mentioned biochemical parameters in toxic control animals treated with Thioacetamide alone while in the animals treated with methanol extract and standard drug silymarin, all the parameters were normal possibly due to their beneficial property in protecting the liver against thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity. The results obtained in the above study suggesting that, the methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila possess significant hepatoprotective activity.

The current investigational work was designed to evaluate inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Nymphaea nauchali against experimentally induced ulcers in albino wistar rats. The aerial parts of Nymphaea nauchali were dried under shade, powdered and deffated with petroleum ether and then marc left over was subjected to ethanol extraction using soxhlet apparatus. Antiulcer activity of ethanol extract was determined against ethanol induced and aspirin induced ulcers in experimental animal models. The total number of ulcers formed, ulcer index, percentage inhibition, ulcerated area, protected area, pH and Total acidity were parameters in the study. The ethanol extract of Nymphaea nauchali have significantly reduced the total number of ulcers formed, ulcer index, ulcerated area and total acidity in therapeutic groups compare to vehicle control and there by significantly increased percentage inhibition of ulcers and protected area which was evident by significant rise in pH of gastric content. The effect of extracts was dose dependent and results were comparable to that of standard drug omeprazole. The results obtained from the present work suggest that the ethanol extract of Nymphaea nauchali possess significant anti-ulcer potentials against experimentally induced ulcers in albino rats.

“The publishers have decided to retract the manuscript entitled “Generation of Knock Down Tools for Transcription Factor 7-Like-2 (TCF7L2) and Evaluation of its Expression Pattern in Developing Chicken Optic Tectum” published in MicroRNA, volume 4, issue 3, page numbers 209-216, 2015, for the following reasons”. • Due to conflict of interests between authors and the Principal Investigator.

Localized prostate cancer is considered as low risk and is prognosticated to have a high cure rate. However, even within the localized prostate cancers, there is a subgroup of cancers that becomes metastatic. Therefore, we can prevent metastatic progression by identifying early and treating accordingly. Current treatment options offer marginal increase in overall survival. Therefore, more effective treatment options are needed. The aim of this chapter is to equip the reader with knowledge to build upon for future preclinical as well as clinical studies of prostate cancer, offering epigenetic targets as a feasible alternative to many current day options. This chapter discusses the physiology of the prostate, etiology of prostate cancer, and the role of epigenetics in the disease. Additionally, present day treatment options for prostate cancer as well as ongoing trials that incorporate next-generation sequencing techniques are covered.

Introduction:Complications due to diabetes are a major cause of disability, reduced quality of life and death. Recent studies have emphasized the role of serum ferritin in insulin resistance and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. However, the role of ferritin as a marker of iron overload in pancreatic damage and peripheral insulin resistance or its role as an inflammatory marker is not clear. The aim of this study is to establish a correlation between serum ferritin, FBS and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus and to evaluate the role of serum ferritin on the glycemic status in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:This was a cross- sectional study of 100 cases, visiting medical outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Diabetic patients were compared with age and sex matched normal healthy controls. Effect of serum ferritin on glycemic status, gender and age was noted.Results:Statistically significant increase of FPG, HbA1C and serum ferritin levels were observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus group than controls in both females and males while there was no statistically significant difference of hemoglobin between diabetic group and controls in females and males. There was a high (r= 0.62, r= 0.66) positive correlation between SF and HbA1c of females and males respectively in diabetic group P-value=< 0.01.Conclusion:Higher positive correlation of serum ferritin with HbA1c shows that hyperglycemia affects ferritin levels possibly due to inflammation or oxidative stress or a combination of the two.

The syntheses of three dialkylated and six tetraalkylated ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid tetraesters is described. The dialkylated derivatives were synthesized by a convergent non-racemizing route to yield three enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure tetraesters (SS)- 3a , (RR)- 3b and (R∗S∗)- 3c in 55–57% yields from alanine ethyl ester 1. Enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure tetraalkylated derivatives (SSSS)- 8a , (RRRR)- 8b , (2R∗,2′S∗,2″R∗,2‴S∗)- 8c , (2R∗,2′R∗,2″S∗,2‴S∗)- 8d , (2R,2′R,2″R,2‴S)- 8e and (2S,2′S,2″S,2‴R)- 8f were synthesized in two to five steps and 22–49% overall yields from alanine ethyl ester 1.

DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of different topological forms of DNA. Topoisomerases are expressed at higher levels in logarithmically growing cells than in quiescent cells. Possibly, this enables differentiation between cancer and normal cells making this enzyme an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Different types of topoisomerases, the mechanism of interconversion of DNA topological states, and structural requirements for cytotoxic poisons and catalytic inhibitors of these enzymes are discussed. lntercalative and non-intercalative cleavage complex poisons as well as the direct catalytic inhibitors provide for at least three different molecular modes of action, but future research is certain to show that additional mechanistic subdivions will be necessary to more completely characterize the cytotoxic mechanisms of these drugs.

Exosomes are small membrane bound vesicles that carry biological macromolecules from the site of production to target sites either in the microenvironment or at distant sites away from the origin. Exosomal content of cells varies with the cell-type that produces them as well as environmental factors that alter the normal state of the cell such as viral infection. Human DNA and RNA viruses alter the composition of host proteins as well as incorporate their own viral proteins and other cargo into the secreted exosomes. While numerous viruses can infect various cell types of the CNS and elicit damaging neuropathologies, very little have been studied for their exosomal composition, content and function on recipient cells. Therefore, there is a pressing need to understand how DNA and RNA viral infections in CNS control exosomal release. Some of the more recent studies including HIV-1, HTLV-1 and EBV infected B cells indicate that exosomes from these infections have been shown to contain viral miRNAs, viral transactivators and a host of cytokines that can control the course of infection. Finally, because exosomes can serve as vehicles for the cellular delivery of proteins and RNA and given that the blood-brain barrier is a formidable challenge in delivering therapeutics to the brain, exosomes may be able to serve as ideal vehicles to deliver protein or RNA-based therapeutics to the brain.

Presence of any skin lesion along the waistline in 140 female patients was recorded. We found that most of them had some lesions over the waist, but only few of them accepted the fact. The commonest cutaneous change observed were hyperpigmentation and scaling. But we failed to find any association with diabetes, atopy, skin type, abesity or the type of fabric.