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An overview of freshwater fish variety worldwide and the variables influencing trends in variation between and within river basins are given in this review. Continental freshwater ecosystems are highly diverse and species-rich, housing nearly 18,000 species of fish (>50% of all fish species) in <0.5% of the total land area and providing a negligible (<0.01%) share of the planet's water supply. Large lowland tropical river basins such as the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong basins are home to the greatest freshwater fish diversity. Freshwater species of fish depth variation at the global magnitude is correlated with the total amount and variation of aquatic habitats and the environment's equilibrium overtime during the evolution of scales. The river continuum concept states that there is a predictable shift in fish species depth, diversity of species, and functional characteristics along gradients of environment from headwater to estuary. The ongoing trade of minerals and organic matter related to nearby floodplains is a strong factor in the number and variety of riverine fishes in most parts of the world (the flood pulse concept). Without coordinated conservation efforts, freshwater fishes will suffer significant losses in abundance and diversity due to the numerous threats they currently face worldwide. However, further development, adaptation, training, and guidance are needed. New technologies based on water conservation, suitable species, and local traditions are needed. Waste materials and local feed additives can also be used. Farmers should be provided with the necessary training and information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel represents a promising solution for sustainable energy needs, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels. In this research, we investigate the use of a catalyst derived from mussel shells to facilitate biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. Our findings from X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis emphasize the importance of carefully selecting calcination temperatures for mussel shell-based catalysts, with 1100 °C identified as optimal for maximizing CaO content. We identify a reaction time of 6 h as potentially optimal, with a reaction temperature of approximately 110 °C yielding the desired methyl ester composition. Notably, a methanol-to-oil ratio of 18:1 is the most favorable condition, and the optimal methyl ester composition is achieved at a calcined catalyst temperature of 900 °C. We also assess the stability of the catalyst, demonstrating its potential for reuse up to five times. Additionally, a thorough analysis of J. curcas Methyl Ester (JCME) biodiesel properties confirmed compliance with industry standards, with variations attributed to the unique characteristics of JCME. Comparing homogeneous (NaOH) and heterogeneous (CaO) catalysts highlights the potential of environmentally sourced heterogeneous catalysts to replace their homogeneous counterparts while maintaining efficiency. Our study presents a novel approach to sustainable biodiesel production, outlining optimal conditions and catalyst stability and highlighting additional benefits compared with NaOH catalysts. Therefore, utilizing mussel shell waste for catalyst synthesis can efficiently eliminate waste and produce cost-effective catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

fish and fish products are crucial for human health, providing high-quality proteins, essential vitamins, minerals, and healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the great nutritional importance of these substances has been linked to numerous health benefits extending from prenatal development of the fetus to puberty .However, fish can deteriorate quickly after harvesting due to external environmental factors such as water quality (waste that turns into ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, pH, amount of dissolved oxygen, and temperature) and internal physiological factors such as microbes and bacteria, which increases the chance of their deterioration and loss of nutritional value. Therefore, it is essential to use techniques for aquaculture fish that are constantly evolving, focusing on the type and condition of the fish and applying appropriate techniques for farmed fish, considering the duration of transport. In addition, there are various techniques used in the preservation of aquaculture fish, including traditional techniques such as salting, drying, smoking, and pickling or marinating; non-traditional fish processing techniques include cooling, freezing, and vacuum packaging. Also, to determine fish freshness such as sensory characteristics, microbial analyses, physical and chemical evaluations. Fish processing techniques include methodologies and procedures used from harvest until reaching the consumer in its final form. This review investigates the most important preservation techniques used for fish and their impact on overall quality. In addition, it aims to achieve sustainable production with nutritional content, improve profitable productivity, and reduce negative health impacts on consumers and fear about the nutritional safety of food to achieve human in line with the Kingdom's Vision 2030's two pillars of a thriving economy and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for solutions to relieve heat stress and its undesirable effects on broiler production increased, especially in hot climatic areas. The antioxidant and immune stimulant effects of herbal extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla), Cichorium intybus (Chicory) and Allium porrum (Leek) were examined against the adverse effects of heat stress in broilers. One thousand Cobb 500 one-day-old chicks were used for this experiment. Birds were divided into four equal groups. The first served as the control group. The second received Amla extract (3 g/kg diet), the third received Chicory extract (3 g/kg diet) and the last group received Leek extracts (3 g/kg diet). All groups were daily subjected to heat stress for 12 h by increasing house temperature to 8 ± 2 °C (10:00 am to 10:00 pm daily) using an electric heater, while relative humidity was kept at 47 ± 3%. Results revealed significant improvement in final body weight in treated groups, especially the Chicory and Amla-fed groups. Total weight gain was improved by dietary supplementation with herbal extracts, while feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality percentage were reduced. The positive impact of the herbal extracts was also clear on carcase traits in the treated groups. Meat and serum lipids were significantly reduced in treated groups. White blood cells, phagocytic index and antioxidant enzyme levels were positively improved by dietary supplementations. In conclusion, using Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts positively improved broilers' growth performance, immunity and oxidative stress status under heat stress conditions. Heat stress causes huge economic losses in livestock production worldwide. Herbal extracts are rich in antioxidants at low prices than other feed additives. Herbal extracts can enhance the defense system and reduce the negative effects of heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish meal (FM) is an essential product as a primary protein source in the fish feed industry. Due to the expensive price of FM and the negative impact of its high consumption on the environment, alternative protein sources for FM were necessary to be tested. Poultry by-Product meal (PBPM) is a high quality and low-cost protein source. In this study, FM was partially and completely replaced by PBPM in Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) diet to study its effect on biomass performance and nutrient utilization. Six formulas were prepared to replace FM protein with PBPM protein: Maram feed as a commercial control (CC), feed, the experimental control (EC) 0% PBPM, (C3) 32% PBPM, (C4) 67% PBPM, (C5) 100% PBPM-Saudi Radwa Feed company (SRFC), and (C6) 100% PBPM-Con. The study period was extended for 56 days in outdoor ponds. Nile tilapia fingerlings were fed three times daily (initial average weight = 41 g). Final survival ranged between 97% and 72% in all diet treatments and final gain was (41.32g – 14.73g). However, the gain of C4 (41.32) was higher than in the controls CC (38.24) and EC (40.69) also, feed conversion ratios FCR (1.21– 4.29). The best results of growth performance and nutrient utilization were for C4 (67% PBPM). The results of this study showed that poultry by-product meal is a great alternative protein source up to 67% of the fish meal for fish meal for the feeding of Nile tilapia fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current century, the development of medicine and molecular biotechnology led to successful containment and even eradication of some human pathogens, especially in developed countries. However, some pathogens have evolved, resulting in the emergence of other infectious diseases in developed countries. Human socioeconomic activities and the advancement of technology and transportation have led to the quick movement of humans to different parts of the world. There is a significant concern that this movement enhances the distribution of pathogens, making it difficult to contain, as witnessed with the global spread of the 2009 influenza pandemic within only 3 months and the 2014 Ebola outbreak, which spread in various West African countries within 8 months. Natural products obtained from plant sources can be identified as the next-generation antibacterial and antiviral alternatives. In developed countries, 80% of the population depends on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare issues, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Relatedly, India is one of the highest producing countries for medicinal herbs. It is considered an international botanical garden. Therefore, the focus of this current review was on the importance of using plants to treat bacterial and viral diseases due to the many advantages of these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics were over the years, the common supplement used for poultry production. There is a global trend to lessen antibiotics' use due to the contamination of consumed meat with antibiotic residues. Also, there is a concern that human treatments might be jeopardized due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Prebiotics are attractive supplements, particularly in poultry production, because of the diversity of their effects, including pH amendments, production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the inhibition of pathogens' growth. The commonly used prebiotics are carbohydrate sources that cannot be easily broken down by chickens. However, they can efficiently be utilized by the intestinal tract's microflora. Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and lactose are non-digestible carbohydrate sources that are typically used in poultry diets as prebiotics. This review covers current applications and prospects for using prebiotics to improve poultry performance and reduce pathogens, particularly Salmonella, in gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects could be a potential replacement of protein-rich ingredients in poultry diets. Among these insects, black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has a high content of protein and fat, which reinforces the potential of using it in poultry feed formulation and makes it one of the most promising insect species for commercial production. Protein content as well as amino acid profile in H. illucens larvae is comparable to those in many protein-rich feedstuffs such as fish meal and soybean meal. BSF can convert organic wastes into a precious source of nutrients, such as proteins, lipids, and chitin, which contribute to reducing the environmental burden and pollution potential arising from organic waste accumulation. This review emphasizes the significance of this insect as a "green" technology in the extremely variable recycling of organic waste and generates a sustainable protein source as well as the importance of its use as a substitute of protein-rich feedstuff in poultry feed manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]