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In this paper, a modified bald eagle search optimization algorithm was applied for the first time to determine the parameters of the triple diode model (TDM) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Two experimental datasets are considered; the first is measured I–V points for a PSC at standard conditions. The second consists of the measured I–V points for a modified PSC. In contrast, the cost function to be minimized is the root mean square error (RMSE) between the experimental dataset and the calculated one. To prove the superiority of modified bald eagle search optimization (mBES), a comparison with the original bald eagle search optimization (BES), particle swarm optimizer (PSO), Hunger games search (HGS), and recent Coronavirus Disease Optimization Algorithm (COVIDOA) was implemented. Furthermore, statistical analysis of ANOVA and Tukey tests was performed. The results demonstrate the lead of the recommended mBES in identifying the parameters of the TDM for PSCs, where the RMSE achieved the least value among the used optimization algorithms in this study.

Metal–air batteries are a promising technology that could be used in several applications, from portable devices to large-scale energy storage applications. This work is a comprehensive review of the recent progress made in metal-air batteries MABs. It covers the theoretical considerations and mechanisms of MABs, electrochemical performance, and the progress made in the development of different structures of MABs. The operational concepts and recent developments in MABs are thoroughly discussed, with a particular focus on innovative materials design and cell structures. The classical research on traditional MABs was chosen and contrasted with metal–air flow systems, demonstrating the merits associated with the latter in terms of achieving higher energy density and efficiency, along with stability. Furthermore, the recent applications of MABs were discussed. Finally, a broad overview of challenges/opportunities and potential directions for commercializing this technology is carefully discussed. The primary focus of this investigation is to present a concise summary and to establish future directions in the development of MABs from traditional static to advanced flow technologies. A systematic analysis of this subject from a material and chemistry standpoint is presented as well.

A number of seasonal solar thermal energy storage (SSTES) systems have been investigated for heating in cold climate locations due to the utilisation of solar energy. The system overcomes the drawback on the intermittency of solar energy and contributes to storing heat from summer to be used in winter. Heat pump and solar collectors with lower temperature thermal storage are the influencing factors to improve the system performance. A double U-tube borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system integrated with ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) and evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSCs) is proposed for residential space heating in selected cold climate locations. Experimental data were collected from a double U-tube borehole heat exchanger (BHE) test rig; the data were used to validate the TRNSYS Type 257, which models double U-tube BHE. The performance of the proposed double U-tube BTES-GCHP-ETSC system was evaluated by computer simulations. A cluster of 30 residential houses in six selected cold climate locations: Lukla (Nepal), Dras (India), Sivas (Turkey), Harbin (China), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Verkhoyansk (Russia) were investigated. The design variables of the proposed system were optimised to minimise total life cycle cost (TLCC) and total life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (TLCG). The initial investigation was to provide a detailed review of various parameters (options) of SSTES systems. The BTES system has better energy performance with relatively low cost compare with other thermal storage systems. The lower temperature SSTES system may be more suitable for the cold climate conditions. However, the lower temperature stored heat cannot be directly used for space heating, and a heat pump needs to be coupled to upgrade the temperature of the delivered heat. The SSTES system is a promising technique for cold climate locations with adequate solar radiations. It was found that the annual average heating coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump, COP of