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20. Block Ciphers Substitution Box Generation Based on Natural Randomness in Underwater Acoustics and Knights Tour Chain

Author

Khan, Muhammad Fahad, Saleem, Khalid, Shah, Tariq, Hazzazi, Mohammad Mazyad, Bahkali, Ismail, and Shukla, Piyush Kumar

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, E.3
Abstract

The protection of confidential information is a global issue and block encryption algorithms are the most reliable option. The famous information theorist, Claude Shannon has given two desirable characteristics that should exist in a strong cipher which are substitution and permutation in their fundamental research on Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems. block ciphers strictly follow the substitution and permutation principle to generate a ciphertext. The actual strength of the block ciphers against several attacks is entirely based on its substitution characteristic, which is gained by using the S-Box. In the current literature, algebraic structure-based and chaos-based techniques are highly used for the construction of S-boxes because both these techniques have favourable features for S-box construction, but also various attacks of these techniques have been identified. True randomness has been universally recognized as the ideal method for cipher primitives design because true random numbers are unpredictable, irreversible, and unreproducible. The basic concept of the proposed technique is the extraction of true random bits from underwater acoustic waves and to design a novel technique for the dynamic generation of S-boxes using the chain of knights tour. The proposed method satisfies all standard evaluation tests of S-boxes construction and true random numbers generation. Two million bits have been analyzed using the NIST randomness test suite, and the results show that underwater sound waves are an impeccable entropy source for true randomness. Additionally, our dynamically generated S-boxes have better or equal strength, over the latest published S-boxes (2020 to 2021). According to our knowledge first time, this type of research has been done, in which natural randomness of underwater acoustic waves has been used for the construction of block cipher's S-Box, Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, Journal

Published
2022
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24. To evaluate the association between T1DM in offspring with a positive parental history of diabetes

Author

Syed Jamal Raza, Muhammad Ali, Jaida Manzoor, Waqas Imran Khan, Sabahat Amir, Mohsina Noor Ibrahim, Navira Chandio, Danish Shah Tariq, and Nabeea Junaid

Subjects
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, insulin auto-antibodies, parental history, Pakistan, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

STRUCTURED ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the association between parental history of diabetes and the odds of an offspring having T1DM. Study Design: SHINE (NCT03312478) was a national, multi-center, case-control study, with a ratio of 1:2 (case: control). Place and Duration: The study was conducted at specialized pediatric centers for 10 months. Patient and Methods: Three hundred and seventy-five (125 cases and 250 controls) participants were enrolled in this study. Individuals aged ≥ 2 years and ≤ 20 years with T1DM and who were on insulin for the last 1 year and positive for one or more islet cell autoantibodies were included in the study. Primary data was collected at the time of enrolment. Participants were then contacted telephonically after 15 days for follow-up. Results: 58% (n=218) of participants were males (mean age 10.66 [3.4] years; mean HbA1c 7.05 [2.78]). 11% (n=14) of the cases were reported to have a family history of diabetes (T2DM 10.4% [n=13]; T1DM 0.8% [n=1]). Regarding the parental history of diabetes, 8% (n=10) mothers reported having diabetes as compared to 3.2% (n=4) fathers. No statistically significant association (p= 0.83, OR= 0.92, 95% CI: 0.404 -2.077) was observed between parental history of diabetes and the odds of an offspring being T1DM. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest no association between parental diabetic history and odds of occurrence of T1DM in offspring in a Pakistani cohort.

Published
2024
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50. Cereal Crops

Author

Shah, Tariq, primary, Nie, Lixiao, additional, Teixeira Filho, Marcelo, additional, and Amir, Rabia, additional

Published
2023
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