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The status of cadmium in blood plasma of cattle being reared at Khizerabad Livestock farm, district Sargodha, Pakistan was determined. The concentrations of Cd in plasma ranged from 0.52 to 0.70 mg/L, during various sampling intervals, respectively. The maximum levels of plasma cadmium in lactating cows indicated the potential threat of food chain contamination, which should be well thought-out as a potential source of toxicity for livestock and eventually for-human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the present investigation was to examine if heavy metal and metalloid toxicity had occurred in grazing livestock fed with forages irrigated with sewage water. In particular the transfer of arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and molybdenum (Mo) from soil to plant and in turn to animal (buffaloes) was conducted in Bhalwal, Sargodha, Pakistan which falls under sub-tropical environmental conditions. Arsenic and Se concentrations were significantly lower in the soil but higher in the forages; however, Mo concentration in both soil and forages was higher. The correlation between soil, forage, hair and feces showed an imbalanced flow of As and Mo and a balanced flow of Se from soil to, forage and then to buffaloes. Based on the findings of the present study, the highest rates of transfer of metals were found in case of sewage water treatment and lowest rates were found in canal water treatment. As the transfer of metals depends on the bioavailability of metals, so the highest values may be due to the high rates of metals uptake by the plants. The lowest values of transfer showed that the plants may be resistant to these three metals or it may be due to the antagonistic effect of other metals present in the sewage water or soil. The high transfer rates show the plants are prone to become toxicant with time in future, which may cause hazardous effects to livestock rearing therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was carried out to determine the effect of different doses of press mud on Cu and Ni concentrations of oat fodder (Arena sativa L.) in Sargodha, Pakistan. The Cu concentration increased with adding press mud to the soil of forages though not significantly. The highest value (1.53 mg/kg) of Cu was found in soil samples that received 1200 kg ha-1 press mud however, it was not significant. The value of Ni soil concentration ranged from 0.55 to 1.76 mg/kg while that of Cu from 0.83 to 1.47 mg/kg and 0.88 to 1.08 mg/kg for early and late harvested leaves, respectively. The Cu concentrations of soil were numerically greater in the treatments receiving press mud (as full dose) compared to the control, while it was numerically lower in the treatments receiving press mud (as half dose). Highest Ni contents were observed for the early leaves of 3rd treatment, while for the late leaves for the 6th interval. Ni concentration ranges in early leaves was from 0.33 to 0.94 mg/kg and 0.27 to 1.1 mg/kg in late leaves. Concentration of Cu and Ni in soil and plant samples from all the treatments was found to be below the toxic level except late leaves which had Ni in toxic range. Consequently, feeding ruminants with this fodder would have no potential threat. The concentration of the heavy metals does not go above the suggested reference standards. In addition, it is suggested that press mud fertilizer does not show heavy metal poisonous squander, in addition, a first-rate resource of soil elements and organic stuff to the agricultural land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current effort was intended to cram the effect of sewage water on morphology and chemical symphony of cv. Dunkeld of canola (Brassica napus L.) in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. The obtained information showed that there was an explicit effect of each metal on the growth and yield of the canola cultivar. Sewage water treatment had a significant effect on number of leaves and leaf area. The presence of heavy metals in the sewage water increased the plant growth and yield but up to a certain level, however, higher concentration of heavy metals reaching to toxic level, caused the reduction in plant growth and yield. When sewage water was diluted the toxicity became abridged. Ten levels of sewage water serial dilutions were used in present studies. Statistically completely randomize design with three replications for each experiment unit was implemented. At 50% sewage water dilution, plants got the reasonable quantity of micro and macro nutrient which resulted in increase in growth, yield and yield components. From the analysis of variance of data, Ca, Mg and Mn concentrations were affected substantially by the treatments in soil as well as in forage and showed consistence pattern of augment with increase in the treatment level of sewage water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out to assess the concentration of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in 20 herbage and 80 ewe's milk samples collected on different intervals in Sargodha, Pakistan. The higher concentration of Cd in the herbage showed maximum concentration (0.063mg/kg) during September and lowest (0.031mg/kg) during October. The Pb was likewise highest (0.043 mg/kg) during September and lowest (0.028 mg/kg) during November These metal concentrations in the herbage were far lower than the toxic levels already established for livestock. In the milk samples the highest Cd concentration (0.253mg/L) was recorded in October and the lowest (0.193 mg/L) during December. The Pb concentration was highest (0.160 mg/L) during the month of November and the lowest (0.090 mg/L) during December. These results showed that metal concentration were lower than those recommended by the International Standards and Codex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to appraise the levels of lead (Pb) in soils, pastures, and plasma of 20 rams raised in a farm alleged to have metal contamination. Samples of soil, pasture, and ram blood were taken four times with a one-month interval during autumn and winter, from October to January, and analyzed for Pb by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Considerable statistically significant differences were found in soil, pasture, and plasma Pb contents as a function of sampling time. The mean Pb values in soil ranged from 17.9 to 28.8 mg/kg, in forage from 9.92 to 16.4 mg/kg, and in plasma from 0.058 to 0.086 mg/l with a steady dwindle with sampling times. Forage Pb concentrations found in the present study were higher than the decisive Pb level for animals, but lower than the toxic limits for forage, signifying no anticipation of toxicity present in rams grazing therein. A significant positive correlation also was found between soil and forage and between forage and blood plasma Pb during this study. Overall, soil, forage, and rams contained tolerable amounts of Pb, so there is no risk of Pb toxicity presently to the rams being reared at the animal farm under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]