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Bacterial resistance is rapidly emerging worldwide and endangering the efficacy of commercial antibiotics. Scientific interventions are greatly needed to find out natural sources which can be used to manage antibiotic resistance crisis. Traditional healers from the Borneo were directly interviewed for selecting ethnomedicinal flora and antibacterial action of identified plant species were explored. Plant extracts were obtained by four different extraction techniques viz. grinding with 95% ethanol, decoction (boiling), cold infusion and blending, and were tested against multi-resistant bacterial species (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) through two bioassays viz. agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. The results revealed that 19 plant species out of 35 exhibited antimicrobial activity against B. cereus and S. aureus while 15 showed activities against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Among all plants, Anacardium occidentale extract made by decoction method depicted a maximum zone of inhibition (2.0 cm) against P. aeruginosa in both disc diffusion and well diffusion techniques. However, the zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa recorded with five commercial antibiotics i.e., Erythromycin, Ceftriaxone, Streptomycin, Amoxicillin and Penicillin was 0, 1.6, 0.4, 0 and 0.2 cm, respectively. Thus, Anacardium occidentale can represent a natural alternative against this multi-resistant bacterial strain. Our study also verified that some tropical plant extracts have the potential to cure important bacterial infections and need further investigation for proper drug development, medication, and administration from the perspectives of safety, efficacy and pharmacoeconomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like humans, chickens can become sick from bacterial infections. Mycoplasma is a very small, slow-growing bacterium. There are multiple types of Mycoplasma that affect different animals, humans, and even plants and insects. In the current study, the whole genome of Mycoplasma synoviae was sequenced through the joint sequencing method of the third-generation PacBio and second-generation Illumina of the high-throughput sequencing platform, and the complete genome map of the Mycoplasma synoviae was successfully obtained. SMRT sequencing and assembly of whole genome: Canu v1.5/WTDBG v2.2 software was used for preliminary assembly of filtered subreads. Pilon V1.22 software was used to further correct the assembled genome with high-quality second-generation data, and the genome with higher accuracy was finally obtained. Sequencing results showed that the Mycoplasma was composed of a 0.83Mb chromosome with a G+C percentage of 28.42%. Bioinformatics was used to predict the encoding protein genes, and it was found that Mycoplasma synoviae genome encoded a total of 1415 ORF open reading frames, including 1.73% of the repeats, 7 ribosomal RNAs, 34 transport RNAs, 4 non-coding RNAs and 12 pseudogenes. Mycoplasma synoviae genomes also contain 2 CRISPR, 1 gene island and 2 prophages. Using multiple strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma iowae and Mycoplasma anatis as reference genomes, we constructed phylogenetic trees of 12 species of Mycoplasma. The genetic and taxonomic status of Mycoplasma synoviae strains were evaluated. The results showed that the sequencing strains of Mycoplasma synoviae and the model strain Mycoplasma synoviae WVU1853 were closely clustered together, suggesting the genetic relationship was relatively close and the sequencing strains were relatively conservative, and represent that they share the same genetic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]