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This study observes the persuade of labour force, capital formation, energy use, urbanization and income growth on environmental degradations and confirm the EKC with Consumption of energy in selected developed nations using the panel data during the time period 1995 to 2021. The estimated outcomes of the paper illustrate that when use of energy increases the environmental quality improves. The association between income growth and carbon emission is negative and statistically significant in the long run while, positive in the short run in case of selected developed countries. In long-term labour force and capital formation has positive influence on carbon emanation. Carbon emissions initially rise as consumption of energy rises in the long-term, but after a particular position, it starts reduce. This study suggests that environment can be improved by income growth in the selected developed countries. Controlling urbanization development will allow for a reduction in carbon emissions while enhancing agricultural practices. To reduce carbon emissions, energy usage should be effectively managed and optimized. Furthermore, direction of environmental degradation can be reduced by income growth with optimal use of capital and labor to achievement of better climate conditions.

PurposeOpen access repository is an essential element of an organization's strategy for enhancing the visibility and accessibility of its intellectual output to a global audience. Owing to its importance, the study aims to explore the current status of open access repositories in India and China by analyzing the different characteristic features of repositories.Design/methodology/approachThe data for the study is collected from OpenDoar which is labeled as a quality assured repository directory across the globe. The country-wise contribution of Asian repositories is extracted from OpenDoar using various filtration options available in the repository. Further, the URL of every Indian and Chinese repository was manually accessed to gather the following metadata: Repository Type, Software Usage, Repository Interface Language, Year of Development, Subject Coverage, Content Coverage, and the utilization of Web 2.0 tools by repositories. FindingsThe findings of the study highlights that among the Asian countries, India is at 4th rank while China is at 5th rank in terms of repository count. The study depicts that India has shown more promising growth than China. However, both the countries mainly focused on institutional repositories while disciplinary, aggregated, and governmental repositories are very few in number, therefore building such repositories is the need of an hour. Dspace as the preferred software and English as a dominant interface language occupy the prominent places in the repositories of both countries. Moreover, the repositories of both countries have embraced web 2.0 tools like RSS 1.0, RSS 2.0 and Atom with little presence of social media tools.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has limitations, and results should be interpreted with caution. The comparison between the two countries is based on only one data source, i.e. OpenDoar. However, there is a possibility that future studies can take various repository directories as a data source that will give a clear picture of comparison.Originality/valueThe study can be beneficial to the policymakers and the administrators of these two regions as it will provide them a vivid picture of the diffrent characteristic features of their repositories so that they can formulate better policies that will be helpful to foster green open access.

Objective: To asses if Topical probiotics and steroids can accelerate the process of angiogenesis in wound repair. Study Design: Longitudinal Experimental study. Setting: Al-Tibri Medical College. Period: Jan 2020 to Dec 2020. Material & Methods: Total 72 male albino rats were acquired from the animal house of the institution, and 18 as a requirement of per day of sampling included 6 animals/gp. An equal size incision of (2x2cm2) was made in all the animals. Group A was given Topical Normal Saline (Control Group), Group B was given the Probiotic (Lactobacillus Acidophilus), and Group C was given Topical Steroid (Dexamethasone). Samples from the wound created surgically was obtained on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st Day and slides were created to observe the number of blood vessels formed and angiogenesis under a light microscope. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. To compare the mean between the groups, the ANOVA was applied along with post hoc Tukey's test. The level of significance was considered P≤0.05. Results: The mean number of blood vessels formed in Group A (Control Group) was 2.75, 4, 5.25, and 5.50, in Group B (Probiotics Group) was 10, 13.50, 2.25, and 1, and in Group C (Steroid Group) was 3.75, 5.50, 3, and 2.25 on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st Day respectively. Significant difference was seen in the mean number of blood vessels formed when the Probiotic group was compared to Group A and C. Conclusion: Topical Probiotic accelerates the process of angiogenesis in wound repair due to their anti-inflammatory response.

The aim of the current research is to measure the export competitiveness in the mineral sector of Pakistan in the world market. This study collected the data from International Trade Center (ITC) and employed Constant Market Share Analysis (CMSA) to quantify the competitiveness of mineral exports during 2010-2021. The CMSA depicts the growth of any country's exports in terms of their competitiveness, market, and product structure. In addition, the change in total exports decomposes at both first and second level decomposition. This study finds out that average structural effect (SE), total effect (TE), competitive effect (CE), commodity effect (COME), and specific competitive effect (SCE)are positive from 2010-2021, while average residual effect (RE), market effect (ME), interaction effect (IE), general competitive effect (GCE) are negative. The current imperative is to explore and harvest natural assets utilizing cutting-edge technology and skill. Pakistan should concentrate on diversifying its mineral resources, both in terms of the nature of the products and the markets they serve. For increased profits, the nation should target those markets with relatively larger profit margins and advantageous terms of trade.

Objective: To determine the parents influence on career choice of undergraduates. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Private Medical Colleges. Period: October 2021 to December 2021. Material & Methods: A sample size of 440 was taken. The inclusion criteria included medical undergraduate students and who gave consent. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. A questionnaire titled “PSESUCCQ (Parents Socio-Economic Status and Undergraduates Career Choice Questionnaire” was used. The data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Chi-square test of significance was applied. P-value less than .05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Most of the participants age group was above 21 years, were females, their parents’ education was graduation and above and their parents monthly earning was above 1 lac Rs per month. The most common parents’ influencers on career choice of students were parents’ agree with students’ career choice because it will give them greater reputation and recognition in the society; parents resources motivate their career choice and their consultation before choosing career path for them. Conclusion: Parents’ education and socio-economic status has influence on the career choice of medical graduates.

The current study aims at measuring the competitiveness and comparative advantage of the tourism industry which is one of the most profitable non-technology-based economic sectors of Pakistan and India. This study applied several indices of revealed comparative advantage to examine competitiveness in travel and tourism industry experts and the data have been taken from International Trade Center (ITC) during 2005-2020. The results of RCA, RSCA, LnRCA and RCA# highlight that both Pakistan and India had a comparative disadvantage from 2005-2020. Travel and tourism imports from India and Pakistan had a comparative advantage, according to RMA index data, during the analysis. From 2005 to 2020, India and Pakistan had a net competitive disadvantage in this sector, according to the Relative Trade Advantage index. Moreover, the results of TBI portray that both countries were net-importer in the travel and tourism industry. The results of this study suggest that these countries should improve tourism businesses by investing more in tourism and increasing promotional activities.

This study examines the export performance and competitiveness in the meat sector of Pakistan. This study employs different indices of revealed comparative advantage such as RCA, RSCA, LnRCA, RCA#, RTA, RMA, RC and TBI to analyze the competitiveness and comparative advantage. The data have been taken from the International Trade Center (ITC) UNCOMTRADE statistics on meat exports and imports of Pakistan during 2004-2020. The findings of RCA, LnRCA, RCA# and RSCA indicate that Pakistan faced a comparative disadvantage in the meat export sector during 2004-2010, while a comparative advantage was observed from 2011-2020. Further, the index of revealed import advantage (RMA) depicts that Pakistan faced a competitive advantage in the import of these products during 2004-2020. RTA index depicts that Pakistan had a net-competitive advantage in this sector from 2004-2020. The results of TBI describe that Pakistan had a net- exporter in the concerned sector during the analysis. The positive values of revealed competitiveness (RC) illustrates that Pakistan had a revealed competitiveness in the meat export during the selected time span. This study will be helpful for the government to formulate a policy in consultation with the meat exporting and processing companies to encourage vertical integration in the value chain.

The international capital flows and the factors influencing them are imperative in this era of globalization and financial liberalization. This paper empirically examines the role of institutional quality in enticing foreign capital flows in emerging market economies (EMEs). A panel data set for the period 1995-2018 is used for the 24 major EMEs including Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, and Venezuela. The system GMM estimation technique of dynamic panel data handling developed by Arellano-Bover (1995) and Blundell-Bond (1998) is employed for the estimation. The empirical results reveal that the FDI inflows are positively and significantly affected by the institutional quality, but the portfolio equity capital inflows are not influenced by any indicator of institutional performance. In other words, the Lucas paradox is explained by the institutional quality only in the case of FDI inflows. The study accomplishes that the policy aiming at attracting FDI flows by improving institutional infrastructure is expedient for the emerging economies.

A simple and efficient protocol for the aza-Michael addition of various aromatic anilines to ring A of withaferin A has been developed. Stereoselectivity, functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, short reaction time and moderate to high yield are the merits of the protocol. One of the synthesized compounds shows an IC 50 value of 3.8 mM against aggressive, highly metastatic triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.

This study evaluates the global competitiveness of Pakistan's fruit exports for the period 2003-2019. The comparative advantage and competitiveness of fruit exports of Pakistan are examined by employing revealed comparative advantage (RCA), revealed symmetric comparative advantage' (RSCA), relative import advantage (RMA), relative trade advantage (RTA), Trade Balance Index (TBI) and Revealed Competitiveness Index (RC). The empirical findings illustrate that Pakistan had a comparative and competitive advantage in fruit exports during the period under consideration. The global competitiveness of Pakistan in the fruit exports indicates that there exists much potential for the growth of the horticultural sector. With government patronage and proper facilities, the fruit products can be a source of valuable foreign exchange earnings for the Pakistan economy.

This study aims at measuring the comparative advantage and competitiveness of the ASEAN-5 (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) economies in the world market. The current study employed four indices of Revealed Comparative Advantage namely Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA), LnRCA, Vollrath index (RCA#) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage index (RSCA). The data for the analysis has been taken from International trade center UN-COMTRADE statistics for the exports of electrical machinery for these selected economies from 2003-2020. The findings of the analysis portray that Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand had a comparative and competitive advantage, while Indonesia had a comparative and competitive disadvantage in the electrical machinery in the global economy. This study will be helpful for the policy makers to boost human capital formation and to increase technology transfer and innovation to enhance the competitiveness and comparative advantage.

The purpose of this study is to determine Pakistan's export competitiveness in the construction services sector on the global market. The competitiveness of Pakistan's service sector has been assessed using a variety of revealed comparative advantage indices from 2005-2020. The data have been collected from International Trade Center UNCOMTRADE statistics for exports of the services sector of Pakistan. The findings of the RCA, RSCA, Vollrath index, and InRCA indicate that Pakistan benefited from comparative advantage in the worldwide market for construction services from 2007 and 2016-2020, while Pakistan faced a comparative disadvantage in 2005-06 and 2008-15. Pakistan enjoyed a competitive advantage in the imports of the construction service sector by utilizing RMA index during 2006-2015 and in the year 2020, whereas Pakistan faced a competitive disadvantage in the imports in the other selected years. The RTA index portrays that Pakistan faced a net comparative advantage in the concerned sector in the years 2006-08, 2013-15, and 2020, while a net comparative disadvantage was observed in the remaining years. The trade balance index (TBI) highlights that Pakistan has become a net exporter in the services sector in the years 2007, 2014, 2015, and 2020, while Pakistan faced a net importer in the reaming years of the world economy. The present study recommended a method and strategy for addressing bottlenecks in the services sector's growth and for implementing a package of policy reforms to position the services sector as a critical sector for growth, employment, and poverty alleviation Information technology (IT) is ideally suited for cluster-based development in the services industry.

Objective: To assess the gross parameters of maternal weight and abdominal circumference upon utilization of high fat diet. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Al-Tibri Medical College and Hospital. Period: October 2019 to March 2020. Material & Methods: After taken an ethical approval total 16 female albino rats were selected and divided into two groups through randomized sampling and 2 male rats were introduced in each group for the purpose of mating, group A given a normal diet (control) and group B given a composition of high fat diet throughout the gestational period. The weights of the pregnant rats and the abdominal circumference were measured on day 1st and 21st of gestation. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 21.0, in the form of Mean ± standard deviation, and for the evaluation of level of significance independent “t” test was applied and considered value of significant was P=

The morphology and kinetics evolution of the γ′(Ni3Al) phase during re-dissolution are studied in Ni-15 at% Al alloy, the changes of volume fraction and average particle radius of the γ′ phase were clarified with phase-field simulation. During isothermal aging, the interdistance of the neighboring γ′ phase affects the interface concentration gradient of Al, which dominates the growth or re-dissolution of the γ′ phase particle. After isothermal aging at 700 K, the alloy is continuously heated to 900 K with different heating rates, the re-dissolution lag happens, meaning the coalescence coarsening of adjacent γ′ phase particles still proceeds at the initial heating stage. The pre-dissolution of γ′ phase with cubic shape is re-dissolved firstly at the edges and corners, in continuous heating to 900 K or by second-order aging from 700 to 900 K. Different from continuous heating, in the second-order aging process, the connected particles with band shape are broken initially by re-dissolving. At different heating rates, the similar dynamic relationships are abstracted for the volume fraction and the heating rates, and the average particle radius and the heating rates.

Radiation-enhanced precipitation (REP) of Cu in Fe-Cu alloys results in hardening and degradation of the mechanical properties. By combining the CALPHAD-based free energy for phase-field modeling, and radiation-enhanced diffusion (RED) with neutron irradiating energetic particle, the precipitation of Cu in binary Fe-Cu alloys is studied under different dose rates, concentrations, and temperatures. Rate theory (RT) provides the RED that serves as an input parameter for the phase-field simulation to capture the morphology of the precipitates. The REP results agree with the theoretical predictions: the increase in the dose rates increases the concentration of defects, and accelerates the kinetics of precipitation. The simulation predicts the stability of the precipitates even under high damage rates. The increase in radius is achieved for high damage rates. Precipitate dissolution is observed to be dependent on the combination of dose rate, concentration, and temperature. The work also outlines the limitations of the model and the potential future improvements.

The economic policy of import and export has its both advantages and disadvantages on the economy of every state . In Pakistan, however, this policy of import and export economy often led to an unsymmetrical export portfolio resulting in the trade balance deficit. This study aims at measuring the export competitiveness of minerals in Pakistan, and the data were obtained from international trade center (ITC). Hence, a set of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices were employed to examine the comparative and competitive advantage of mineral sector of Pakistan for the peiod2003-2018. The results show that Pakistan had a comparative advantage in the minerals exporting sector during 2004 to 2018, while comparative disadvantage in 2003. Further, the net export index illustrates that Pakistan was a net-importer of this sector from 2003-04, whereas net-exporter during 2005-18.

The present study has measured the cereal export competitiveness of Pakistan in global economy by utilizing different indices of Revealed comparative advantage (RCA): Balassa index (RCA), Vollrath index (RCA#), Revealed symmetric comparative advantage index (RSCA), Revealed import advantage index (RMA), Revealed trade advantage index (RTA) and Net export index (NEI). The data have been obtained from the International Trade Center UN-COMTRADE Statistics for cereal exports of Pakistan from 2003-2018. The findings of the analysis illustrate that Pakistan had a comparative and competitive advantage in the cereal sector. Further, the findings of the RTA index show that Pakistan’s cereal exports had also a net comparative advantage. Based on current findings, Pakistan needs to concentrate on production and exports of cereals. The brand name marketing of Pakistani rice with a special focus on better quality and improved market access can enhance the country’s share of the cereal sector in the global market.

Objectives: Of all work settings, hospitals carry the greatest risk of workplace violence, with 73% of doctors suffering the abuse. The scenario in Pakistan is also not so bright. This increase in incidences of workplace violence is affecting significantly on work efficiency of doctors۔Thus this study was undertaken to know the exact prevalence of such incidences in teaching hospitals of Faisalabad city. Study Design: Community based cross-sectional study. Setting: Three government teaching hospitals of Faisalabad. Period: From January 2019 to February 2019. Material & Methods: All the doctors who were willing to be included in the study were interviewed to know their experiences about episodes of workplace violence (WPV) during last 12 months and about the post-violence effect on work efficiency. Results: The prevalence of workplace violence in the last 12 months was found to be 73%, whereas 97% of participants who experienced violence said that it had an impact on their work efficiency significantly. Workplace violence and post-violence effect on work efficiency were seen to be significantly more associated with younger doctors. Conclusions: Workplace violence is emerging as a bane to the medical profession and has to be dealt with urgently.

Cotton sector, one of the most important sectors of agriculture, plays a pivot role in the socio-economic uplift of Pakistan as its contribution to agriculture value addition is 5.5 % and to GDP is 1 %. It along with low wage cost also ensures the massive availability of raw material for textile industry which enables Pakistan to attain competitiveness in the world market. The aim of present study is ,therefore, to measure the export competitiveness in cotton sector of Pakistan by utilizing a set of Revealed competitive advantage and Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices such as RCA, RCA#, Symmetric Comparative index (RSCA), Revealed Import Advantage index (RMA), Net export index (NEI)and Revealed Trade Advantage index (RTA) vis-a-vis world trade. The data was taken from International Trade Center (ITC) UN-COMTRADE Statistics for Pakistani cotton from 2003-17. The results of the study explored that Pakistan had a comparative and competitive advantage in cotton exports, while comparative disadvantage in cotton imports. Moreover, Pakistan had net competitive advantage in cotton sector.The study suggests that there should be more emphasis on Infrastructure, reduction in the cost of production, utilities and finance, use of modern technology, investment in agricultural sector and marketing in international market to boost the exports volume of cotton. Net export index (NEI), Revealed, Symmetric Comparative index (RSCA) (Larsen 1998), Vollrath index (1991) (RCA#), Revealed Import Advantage index (RMA) and Revealed Trade Advantage index (RTA).

The separation of Cr-enriched α′ phase in Fe-(25–45) at.% Cr alloys is studied from the metastable region to the unstable region. The three-dimensional phase-field simulation shows a similar morphology with the transmission electron microscopy micrographs, and the quantitative simulation of particle size and particle number density have a good accordance with the present and the referred experimental results, with the microhardness of the alloy increasing simultaneously with the simulated volume fraction of the α′ phase. The mechanisms of phase separation were clarified by the interface composition evolution of the α/α′ phase, and a transitional characteristic from nucleation and growth to spinodal decomposition is shown in the 30 at.% Cr alloy aged at 750 K. The combination of quantitative simulation and experimental results demonstrates the ability of the phase-field model to perform high-throughput simulations for kinetics evolution in the alloys with phase separation.

Lysosomal biogenesis plays a vital role in cell fate. Under certain conditions, excessive lysosomal biogenesis leads to susceptibility for lysosomal membrane permeabilization resulting in various pathological conditions including cell death. In cancer cells apoptosis machinery becomes dysregulated during the course of treatment, thus allows cancer cells to escape apoptosis. So it is therefore imperative to identify cytotoxic agents that exploit non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death. Our study showed that pancreatic cancer cells treated with SDS-203 triggered an incomplete autophagic response and a nuclear translocation of transcriptional factor TFEB. This resulted in abundant biosynthesis and accumulation of autophagosomes and lysosomes into the cells leading to their death. It was observed that the silencing of autophagy genes didn’t alter the cell fate, whereas siRNA-mediated silencing of TFEB subdued SDS-203 mediated lysosomal biogenesis and associated cell death. Further mouse tumors treated with SDS-203 showed a significant reduction in tumor burden and increased expression of lysosomal markers. Taken together this study demonstrates that SDS-203 treatment triggers non-apoptotic cell death in pancreatic cancer cells through a mechanism of lysosome over accumulation.

Crystal growth with various patterns, hexagonal, circular, square, rectangular, star-like, and faceted, was investigated using the one-mode approximation of phase-field crystal (PFC) modeling. The simulations were carried out at different temperatures and average densities of the diverse patterns. The pattern selection of crystal growth is caused by the competition between undercooling temperature e and average density ψ. When the undercooling temperature reaches e = -0.75, the crystal evolves into a stable striped phase. Further increasing from e = -0.75 to -0.25, a combination of a triangular-striped coexistence pattern, a triangular-liquid coexistence phase and a stable triangular pattern forms with average densities ψ = -0.130, -0.185 and -0.285, respectively. In particular, when the time, undercooling temperature and average density increase, the crystal grows to a secondary pattern. The introduction of noise terms breaks the symmetry in the growth morphology. For a hexagonal lattice, a large undercooling temperature e leads to faster crystallization. Finally, a morphological phase diagram under the effect of e and ψ with star-like dendrite and compact spherical shape (CSS) is constructed as a function of the phase-field crystal parameters.

Point defects induced by irradiation affect the phase decomposition and morphology evolution of Fe–Cr alloys, which results in the increase of hardness and embrittlement. The coevolution of point defects and the Cr-enriched nanoscale α′ phase was studied by using phase-field simulations, and the interactive influence of point defects and Cr-enriched nanoscale particles on the kinetics evolution was clarified. It is found that the clustering of vacancies and interstitial atoms is earlier than the separation of the α′ phase, and the point defects migrate from the initial cluster position to the interface of the α/α′ phases, and accumulate into a defect concentration loop around the α′ phase with the growth of the α′ phase. In addition, with the increase of the initial defect concentration, phase separation is accelerated via the vacancy diffusion mechanism, and also the separation of Cr-enriched particles promotes the clustering of point defects. Point defects show a significant influence on phase separation with elevated temperature.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of the major precipitating factorsamong the patients presenting with acute heart failure. Study Design: Cross sectional study.Setting: Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faisalabad. Period: July 2014 to January 2015.Materials and Methods: 190 patients of acute heart failure were included after obtaininginformed consent from emergency department. Patients from age of 25 years to 80 years andof either sex either diabetic or non-diabetic were enrolled in study. ECG and CXR were takenin emergency with baseline investigations. Precipitating cause was identified from collectedhistory, clinical examination and ECG, CXR and lab results. Results: Mean age of these patientswere 54.4 + 8.92, 100 (52.6%) were male, 90 (47.4%) were females, 88 patients (46.3%) werediabetic, 102 patients (53.68%) were non-diabetic and 124 (65.3%) had previous history of heartfailure and 66 (34.7%) had no past history of heart failure. ACS was the common precipitatingfactor of Acute Heart Failure ( 31.57% ) among all the patients of the study with non-complianceof drugs 27.9% , arrhythmias 17.9% uncontrolled hypertension 17.36% and infections 5.3%.Conclusion: Young, male, diabetics and patients with history of chronic HF suffered more fromAHF. ACS was the most common precipitating factor while in patients with de novo Acute HeartFailure; it was ACS and non-compliance with drugs.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of the major precipitating factorsamong the patients presenting with acute heart failure. Study Design: Cross sectional study.Setting: Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faisalabad. Period: July 2014 to January 2015.Materials and Methods: 190 patients of acute heart failure were included after obtaininginformed consent from emergency department. Patients from age of 25 years to 80 years andof either sex either diabetic or non-diabetic were enrolled in study. ECG and CXR were takenin emergency with baseline investigations. Precipitating cause was identified from collectedhistory, clinical examination and ECG, CXR and lab results. Results: Mean age of these patientswere 54.4 + 8.92, 100 (52.6%) were male, 90 (47.4%) were females, 88 patients (46.3%) werediabetic, 102 patients (53.68%) were non-diabetic and 124 (65.3%) had previous history of heartfailure and 66 (34.7%) had no past history of heart failure. ACS was the common precipitatingfactor of Acute Heart Failure ( 31.57% ) among all the patients of the study with non-complianceof drugs 27.9% , arrhythmias 17.9% uncontrolled hypertension 17.36% and infections 5.3%.Conclusion: Young, male, diabetics and patients with history of chronic HF suffered more fromAHF. ACS was the most common precipitating factor while in patients with de novo Acute HeartFailure; it was ACS and non-compliance with drugs.

A recent survey has demonstrated that traditional healers and herbalists frequently use Nelumbo nucifera plant to treat diabetes. The plant investigated here has been previously reported as natural folk medicine, but until now no scientific investigation of potential anti-diabetic effects have been reported. Plant leaves of Nelumbo nucifera were screened out for quantitative analysis of phytochemicals, in-vitro anti-diabetic activity (Alpha-amylase inhibitory assay) and In-vivo anti-diabetic assay of animals (rabbits). Quantitative analysis indicates that different phytochemicals were present in plant leaves extract/fractions. In-vitro antidiabetic analysis results poses that butanol fraction is significantly more active than other fractions or extract in antihyperglycemic activity with minimum IC50 value of 8.56µg/ml. For In-vivo anti-diabetic assay, animals (rabbits) were examined and animals were divided into 10 groups and except blank group all were treated with standard and plant extracts/fractions doses (25mg and 50mg per Kg body weight) as an aqueous suspension. Their blood sugar level was thoroughly recorded with a glucometer before the administration of sample and standard drug. Alloxan Monohydrate was administrated orally (as an ice-cold water solution) at dose rate 150mg/kg body weight for one week to make animals hyperglycemic. In-vivo analysis indicates that butanol fraction is the most active fraction in antihyperglycemic activity. So Leaves of N. nucifera can be used as antidiabetic remedy. So, it is strongly recommended that N. nucifera leaves should be elucidated further for isolation of active phytochemicals.

Neutron radiation induces point defects and affects the diffusivity of atoms and the kinetics of precipitation. The phase-field simulation reveals the influence of migration energy of vacancy on the radiation-enhanced precipitation in Fe–Cu alloy. The study shows that radiation-enhanced diffusion (RED) also depends on the diffusivity of vacancy-associated migration energy and not only on the dose rate; the low migration energy of vacancy results in accelerated precipitation and a higher volume fraction of Cu precipitates. Interestingly, decreasing migration energy from 1.0 eV to 0.9 eV results in a 30% increase in the precipitates’ volume fraction. Also, the combination of the lowest dose rate 5.0 × 10−3 dpa s−1 and highest migration energy 1.0 eV delays the precipitation. The study also examines the influence of migration energy of vacancy on the radius of Cu precipitates. The lowest migration energy, 0.9 eV, increases the radius up to one-third. Finally, the work presents the drawbacks of the analytical digital image processing technique in the quantitative comparison with the script.

The morphology evolution and coarsening kinetics of γ′ phase in high Al content Ni–17 at.% Al alloy aged at 830 °C are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hardness analysis. The γ′ phases evolve from the near-cuboidal to rectangular strips along [100] and [010] directions. There is synchronous increase of alloy microhardness and γ′ phase volume fraction in early stage, while the microhardness decreases after 24 h aging with the formation of coalescent γ′ phase. The precipitation process shows the early precipitation stage and the later coarsening stage with the distinct time exponent 0.082 and 0.251 of average particles radius, the strong elastic stain fields make the time exponents of average particles radius lower than 1/3 of Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) theory. As aging time goes on, the particles size distribution (PSD) is widening, and the peak position moves from 1.0 to 0.9. The relationship between the coarsened γ′ phase and the alloy mechanical property is also revealed in this γ′ phase strengthened high Al content alloy.

Uniaxial strain was applied to aging Fe&ndash, Cr alloys to study the morphological orientation and kinetics of the nanoscale &alpha, &prime, phase by utilizing phase-field simulation. The effects of applied uniaxial compressive and tensile strain on the two and three-dimensional morphology as well as on the separation kinetics of the &alpha, phase are quantitatively clarified. Compared with the applied uniaxial tensile strain, the applied uniaxial compressive strain shows a greater effect on the rate of phase separation, lath shape morphology and an increased rate of growth and coarsening in the &alpha, phase, the boundary of the &alpha, + &alpha, phase region is widened influenced by the applied compressive strain, while the applied tensile strain results in an increase of particle number density and a decrease of particle radius. The peak value of particle size distribution of the &alpha, phase increases with aging time, while an opposite trend is shown under the applied strain, and there is an obvious deviation from the theoretical distribution of Lifshitz&ndash, Slyozov&ndash, Wagner under compressive strain. The orientation morphology and kinetic change show the substantial effects of applied strain on the phase separation and supplies the method for the morphological control of nanoscale particles.

In this work we have reported structural, electronic, elasto-mechanical properties of Rhodium Monohydride (RhH) using the full potential-linearized augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW) within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhorf generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) has been used to solve exchange correlation functional. The calculated lattice constant is in good agreement with the experimental value. In order to check the stable ground state energy of material structural optimization calculations was performed under ferromagnetic and non-magnetic phases and compound was found to be stable in ferromagnetic phase, hence a stable configuration. The electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) reveals metallic nature. The calculated elastic constants of RhH indicate that RhH is mechanically stable. Bulk modulus, shear modulus (G), and Young’s modulus were derived and ductility was discussed.

Objective: The objective of the study was to measure the frequency of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in patients havingchronic hepatitis C at medical outpatient department (OPD) of Allied hospital Faisalabad. Sample technique: Non probability consecutivesampling. Duration of study: Duration of study was 6 months with first patient enrolled on 3.02.2010 and last patient enrolled on 07-08-2010. Setting: Medical (OPD) Outpatient Department of Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Subjects: 375 patients with chronic hepatitis C,coming in Medical OPD of Allied hospital Faisalabad were enrolled. Methods: 375 patients diagnosed as having chronic hepatitis Ccoming in Medical OPD of Allied hospital Faisalabad, were included in the study. Fasting and two hours after glucose load blood samplewere collected in sterilized syringes and was tested for fasting blood glucose (FBS) and random blood glucose level (RBS). Results: Inthis study 375 patients having HCV positive on Elisa were enrolled. Out of 375 patients with chronic hepatitis C, 143 (38.1%) were foundto have IGT while 232 (61.9%) were having no IGT. There was significant association between chronic hepatitis C and development of IGT.Conclusions: It is concluded that there is close association in the development of IGT in patients with chronic hepatitis C.