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This qualitative study explores the issues and challenges faced by childhood early teachers in Punjab, Pakistan, in relation to their professional motivation and early childhood teacher education. Phenomenological research design was employed to explore subjective experiences of early childhood teachers in relation to the research problem. A purposive sample of early childhood teachers who have experience teaching in early childhood education setting in Punjab, Pakistan was selected for the study. Semi-structured interviews were used as the primary method of data collection. A qualitative content analysis was employed to identify the themes and patterns within the data through NVIVO 14 software. The study found that early childhood teachers in Punjab, Pakistan face a range of challenges that impact their professional motivation, including inadequate training and professional development opportunities, low salaries, and a lack of recognition and support from the parents and the wider community. The study highlights the need for policy makers in Punjab, to address challenges faced by teachers and to provide them necessary support & resources to enable them to provide high-quality early childhood education.

The primary goal of this research was to investigate relationship between teachers and students and its impact upon students' academic success. As students spend significant amount of time with their teachers, collaborative and close relationship between them has a critical and meaningful effect on students. This study aimed to answer two key questions: How do students perceive their relationships with their teachers? And how does relationship amid teachers and students affect academic achievement? To address these questions, the study employed a positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach. The survey method was used to collect data, and a structured questionnaire was used as instrument. The study population comprised all public and private universities in Lahore, and a convenient sampling technique was used to select eight universities, four public and four private. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS-V-27, & descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw conclusions. The study findings revealed that strong relationship between teachers and students existed, and it had a significant impact upon students' academic achievement. The study also found that students' perceptions of their relationships with their teachers were positive and had positive effect on their grades & academic achievements.

This study aimed to explore teacher favoritism's impact on students' learning outcomes at university level. Favoritism is a common trend in classrooms as teachers give special treatment to a few students despite not providing their best work, instead because of other reasons, like the personal preferences and liking/disliking. This research focuses on how students think about teacher-student favoritism and how it impacts students' learning outcomes. To answer these questions positivism paradigm was adhered to. The research followed a quantitative approach, and the survey method was considered best suited for this study. Population of this study consisted of all public sector universities of Lahore. The sample was collected from five general category public sector universities of Lahore. The descriptive and inferential statistics were used to conclude. Therefore, it was found that favoritism significantly impacts student learning outcomes at the university level. It causes insecurity, dissatisfaction, conflicts, and revengeful emotions among students, that directly affect their learning of students. Favoritism also causes less self-confidence in students. Favoritism impacts classroom environment, which is directly related to lousy learning outcomes.

This study aimed to analyze the need for initiating sex education programs in schools of Lahore, Pakistan. Qualitative research methodology was used for data collection through focus group discussions and individual interviews with school teachers and students. The study revealed that the majority of the participants perceived a lack of knowledge about reproductive health and sex education among students and felt that such programs should be included in school curriculum. They highlighted several challenges that could hinder implementation of such programs, like cultural and religious taboos, parental resistance and inadequate teacher training. Participants advised various strategies for improving the effectiveness of sex education programs, including involving parents and religious leaders, providing comprehensive and age-appropriate information and cultural sensitivities. Study focuses status of incorporating sex education in school curricula and provides insights into challenges & strategies for realizing programs in conservative society like Pakistan. It is suggested that government and school authorities initiate and implement inclusive sex education programs that are age-appropriate and culturally sensitive.

The primary goal of the current study was to investigate how teachers' performance was thought to be impacted by the teacher evaluation process at Lahore's public and private universities. The research examined current issues or difficulties with the teacher evaluation system. Nature of this research was quantitative and survey method was applied to conduct this research and university teachers from all the HEC recognized “general category” public and private universities of Lahore, were target population. Sample was collected from three public and three private general category universities of Lahore through convenient sampling technique. A structured 4-point Likert-type questionnaire was designed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using SPSS version 25. The structural equation modeling was performed using the Analysis of Moment Structures version 20.0. (SEM). Findings revealed more issues with public institutions' teacher evaluation processes, tools and methodologies, student perceptions of the teacher evaluation, and evaluation results. Due to its poor execution, lack of teacher evaluation approaches, and failure to provide timely feedback, teacher evaluation has little impact on teachers' performance at the public sector universities.

In a wide range of educational contexts, active participation and involvement are both essential elements for the student success. The ability of students to connect with material they are studying critically and effectively while also engaging in dialogue with their teachers and classmates is the vital skill that must be developed and refined in classroom. It has consistently been stated that most students are inactive in class, despite importance often attached to participation. The research shows how teachers' behavior influences students' participation in the class. The population of present study was the University of the Punjab as it is the most exceedingly massive University of the Punjab and have the students of all locations of Pakistan. By adopting the random sampling approach, at cessation sample of 570 respondents was drawn. The pre-testing of instrument showed that it is reliable. The collective data were analyzed over utilizing SPSS. Results of present study suggested, to enhance class participation teachers should deport positively and eliminate all those elements from their edification methodology that have negative effect on class participation.

The prime aim of this research was to analyze the tools used for the teacher evaluation process in public and private universities of Lahore. The research was qualitative in its nature and follows an interpretive research paradigm. The researcher used the document analysis technique for the analysis of documents. The tools were collected by visiting the universities' concerned departments for analysis. All collected tools were reviewed and analyzed against the criteria set by four experts from the qualitative domain. It was identified that teacher evaluation tools of the private sector universities were more comprehensive and detailed and self-developed as compared to the public universities. The public sector universities were using only single-page tools. It was also pointed out that the tools of the public sector universities had very limited aspects of the teacher’s teaching, while private universities’ tools had more aspects and were exhaustive. This article might provide the source material for future researchers and policymakers to ponder the area of teacher evaluation too.

This study aimed to know students' perceptions regarding teachers' teaching practices at university of Lahore. The study utilized a qualitative research paradigm and approach. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Study's results revealed that students had varied perceptions regarding teachers' teaching practices at the university of Lahore. The students felt that effective communication was essential for the positive learning experience and that teachers who were approachable and open to the feedback were likelier to create the positive learning environment. Students appreciated interactive teaching methods such as group discussions, role-playing, and case studies, which helped to keep them engaged and motivated. Additionally, study found that teacher-student relationships were important for students, as they felt that teachers who showed care and interest in their success were more effective in promoting learnings. Lastly, the students perceived that teachers adaptable to diverse learning styles and needs were more effective in facilitating learning Furthermore, the teachers should strive to develop positive teacher-student relationships and be adaptable to diverse learning styles and needs.

Enhancement of heat transfer employing nanofluids, studied numerically, observed profound effects in thermophysical and theological properties used in various applications such as avionics, laser diode, rocket nozzels and microelectronics. In this paper, the influence of thermal radiations and hybrid nanoparticles on free convection flow and heat transfer of Casson hybrid nanofluid over vertical plate is investigated. A mixture of pure water and ethylene glycol has been considered as a base Casson fluid while Copper oxide ([Formula: see text]) as nanofluid (single kind) and, Copper oxide ([Formula: see text]) and Silicon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) (double kind known as hybrid nanofluid) are disseminated in base Casson fluid mixture to be formed as hybrid nanofluid. The governing system of partial differential equations of the flow and heat transfer processes is converted to a system of well-posed coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using the similarity transformations. The resulting system is solved using the Galerkin finite element (GFE) technique. The quadratic Lagrange polynomials are used as basis functions over the mesh of about 1000 to 2000 finite elements and the nonlinear system of order 6003 and upto 12003 is solved. The accuracy of developed numerical methods is confirmed by comparing their results with convection flow and heat transfer with nanoparticles. Thereafter, the said solutions are used to investigate the effects of thermal radiation, hybrid nanoparticle volume friction, Prandtl number, type of flow and heat transfer behavior. The innovative results of the present study reported higher velocities in suspensions with low sphericity particles and the radiation parameter is directly proportional to the temperature with the use of nano and hybrid nanoparticles. It has also been noted that the GFE method is a more stable numerical technique as compared with other existing analytic and semi-analytical methods.

The current research aimed to explore the relationship between university students' class involvement and teachers' instructional techniques. The major goal of this research was to identify the elements of university teachers' instructional techniques that are most important in ensuring that students participate in class to the maximum. Students from the University of Education, Lahore was the study's population. 300 students, chosen at random from the university's several faculties, made up the sample. To gather data, a standardized, structured questionnaire was utilized. The data was analyzed using SPSS 22nd, and multiple linear regression and correlation were used to determine the relationship between the variables. The findings showed that teachers' instructional strategies are critical in enhancing student involvement in class. In order to ensure that students participate in class, it was also discovered that different teachers use different instructional techniques. Teachers implement a variety of strategies to enhance student participation in class. The research indicates that supportive and concerned teachers are more successful than those who focus on content knowledge and challenging situation. Findings also showed that although students participate in class interactions, they make less attempts to start them. The study came to the additional conclusion that because teachers' instructional techniques positively impact students' class involvement, innovative instructional techniques learned by university teachers can optimize students' class involvement, which ultimately leads to excellent academic achievement for students.

The major premise of this research was to get the perception of university teachers about the process of teacher evaluation in one private university in Lahore. Focusing on the actual practices of teacher evaluation process (TEP), this paper attempts to get opinion of university teachers regarding the effectiveness of TEP. This research was quantitative in its nature in which a survey questionnaire was used to collect data. The population of the study included all the faculty members (both male and female) of the private sector university in Lahore. 150 faculty members were selected through simple random sampling from all faculties/departments of the sampled university. The data was analyzed on SPSS 21. Results were drawn from the interpretation of quantitative data. Results indicated that university teachers had very positive perceptions of the teacher evaluation process. The process of the teacher evaluation contributes to teachers teaching performance a lot.

Retinoids are used to treat various skin diseases. They add valuable impact of when used early in the treatment of dermatological conditions. Overall vitamin A derivatives are underused, with isotretinoin is the most used. This paper aims to develop prescribers’ knowledge about their benefits, to improve their usability and aids in alleviating patient concerns to improve therapeutic outcomes in dermatological conditions. In acne vulgaris, adapalene gel and tretinoin cream showed equal efficacy. In psoriasis the combination of acitretin and PUVA was superior to PUVA alone. Acitretin showed a reduction of 41% in the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index and similar efficacy to potent steroids and calcipotriol. In chronic hand eczema, alitretinoin showed 50% improvement in patient’s refractory to steroid treatment. In photoaging and aging, retinoids were shown to increase the synthesis and decrease the degradation rate of collagen and hyaluronate, reducing the impact of aging. In rosacea, topical and systemic isotretinoin showed complete remission in 24% of the patients compared to only 14 % with antibiotics (metronidazole and doxycycline). In lichen planus, isotretinoin demonstrated clinical and histopathological efficacy. In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, bexarotene used alone or with PUVA or narrow band UVB, showed a response between 80.0% to 84.0%. Lastly in Kaposi sarcoma alitretinoin gel showed superiority to all other agents and better tolerance. This review highlights the benefit of timely use of vitamin A derivatives to encourage wider use.

A numerical model is developed to study the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity on heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamic flow of micropolar fluid in a channel with stretching walls. The governing equations for linear and angular momenta and energy are transformed to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity variables, and resulting problems are solved numerically by quasi-linearization. The effects of the various physical parameters on velocity, microrotation and temperature profiles are presented graphically and numerically. Finally, the effects of pertinent parameters on local skin-friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are also presented graphically. Some important observations regarding the effect of vortex viscosity parameter, microinertia density parameter, spin gradient viscosity parameter and couple stress on flow fields are noted and displayed. Numerical values of shear stress, couple stress and heat flux are computed and tabulated. The viscosity variation parameter enhances the shear stress and the couple stress. However, the heat transfer exhibits an opposite trend. The viscosity parameter is the most influential on thermal distribution. The magnetic field acts as a retarding force which reduces the normal and streamwise velocities as well as the microrotation distribution

Piping systems having service temperatures lower than ambient present a challenge for the pipe support design. Pipe supports for these cold piping systems are different from normal type of supports on pipes with service temperatures above ambient. Normally hot insulated piping systems have shoe type of supports directly welded to the pipe. In this case there is no relative movement between pipe support i.e. shoe and pipe while the pipe displaces due to changes in fluid service temperature inside the pipe. As the pipe expands when temperatures rise inside pipe, it displaces from its mean position of structural support. The shoe having been welded to pipe moves along with the pipe. On the other hand, shoe type supports on cold service pipes are not directly and permanently connected to pipe. This is due to the fact that the pipe insulation on cold service piping is designed to be seal tight so that outside air cannot get inside the insulation and reach pipe surface where it starts condensation. The condensation in turn causes corrosion issues. To avoid this moist air ingress inside the insulation, the shoes are made of clamp types and are placed outside the insulation cladding. This causes problem of clamp type shoe slippage on cladding and total displacement of pipe shoe from its structural support. This paper presents an engineering study of a piping system with cold fluid service (propane) where multiple supports had fallen from the structural supports or had dislocated considerably. At few support locations, cladding was found to be damaged and ice formation was noticed. In addition, many clamped shoes had rotated as shown in figure 1. The solution as outcome of study was simple, economical and easy to implement. A comprehensive study was conducted to identify the root cause of piping supports dislocation, displacement and rotation. The static/dynamic stress analysis of the piping system was carried out. The results revealed that the displacements in the piping system were not so high to cause the supports dislocation or high displacements of shoes. In addition, the stresses on the piping system due to the contraction of pipe upon cooling were within allowable limits. Figure 1Rotated and dislocated Clamp support on Cold Service Pipes As a part of study process, operation was enquired if any upset had happened which might have caused the dislocation and abnormal movement of pipe and hence transferred to its supports. Operations informed that there was no such incident and the line had been operating normally without any trouble. The process study including review of hydraulics, verification of line size and surge was performed to identify the root cause of piping abnormal movement. The process study concluded that line size was adequate and no surge scenario was identified for the line's concerned portion. So following reasons which could cause abnormal pipe movements and dislocation of supports were ruled out based on above study: Operation upset in the piping system (such as sudden opening or closing of a valve or sudden starting/stopping of a pump),Line sizing or surge flow,Contraction of line due to cooling of piping system or piping configuration. The next step in the study was to review the support configuration in detail. Study found basic design problem with the support configuration that was the cause of supports dislocation, excessive movement and rotation of clamped supports.

The rapid induction of Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) into process industry due to high corrosion resistance and cost effectiveness made End Users to overlook FRP's specific design, fabrication and quality control aspects. This also affected various Utility and firewater networks in ADNOC Gas Processing plants. It is addressed by enhancing Vendor pre-qualification, relevant specifications and construction procedures. This paper presents measures adopted to ensure reliable design, supply and installation of FRP piping systems. FRP piping systems have unique design/construction requirements that was not followed in totality in AGP past installations. Also, international standards do not offer adequate guidance on design, resins selection, fabrication methods and joint systems. Vendors were trusted upon for complete design. A campaign is initiated to engage FRP pipe manufacturer having binding single point responsibility from beginning of project for particular FRP system design to ensure desired performance of FRP piping system with extended warranty. Measures have been taken to improve quality material supply through enhanced vendor pre-qualification, ADNOC Gas Processing specifications and CONTRACTORS pre-qualification having certified site crew. Studies revealed that material quality, velocity/surge pressure were the main contributing factors for failures which were not adequately addressed in design of FRP piping systems. Gaps noticed in previous projects were use of inadequate Codes, Composite's mechanical properties, design approach, inadequate joint preparation and QA/QC in construction phase. During manufacturing using wrong resin can be a cause for premature failure. Absence of certified personnel for project execution and Non-compliance of manufacturer's instructions were also key lapses noted in construction phase. The gaps in design process, necessitated improvement and consolidation of ADNOC Gas Processing existing design specifications/criteria and analysis requirements which now mandate that the required hydraulic / surge / static analysis shall be carried out by pre-qualified FRP manufacturer. Material property issues were addressed by clearly specifying the material composition & properties requirements and procedural requirements for storage are incorporated into the manufacturing process, along with mandating minimum prior experience for the manufacturers for material supply and design. Certification of contractor's personnel and presence of FRP manufacturer's representative at site during construction and pre-commissioning has been emphasized as mandatory requirement. In addition Specialist 3rd party inspection/supervision must be deployed to ensure quality control during every step of construction and commissioning Design specifications, procedures, manufacturing process, QA/QC and installation methods for FRP piping systems are available, but lacked activity interface between consultant, vendor and contractor. ADNOC Gas Processing enhanced the FRP specification ensuring single point responsibility with Vendor and procedures to ensure consistency from the design phase coherent with manufacturing process and appropriate implementation during the execution phase, in order to ensure the safety and integrity of FRP Piping systems.

This article is a generalization of already published work and investigates the combined effects of chemical reaction, partial slip temperature and concentration, Jumps on the transport of solute of variable mass conductance in a fluid of temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. Special cases of already published work can be retrieved from the present study. It is also important to highlight that partial slip effects in the presence of variable diffusion coefficients are investigated first time. The distractive chemical reaction accelerates the rate of diffusion of solute. However, diffusion rate is decelerated by constructive chemical reaction. The solute in the liquid regime increases as the mass diffusion increases due to the rise in temperature.

With focus on enhancing Integrity and efficiency, ADNOC Gas Processing identified an opportunity for optimization of existing FRP firewater system in Ruwais. A comprehensive study of complete firewater network and review of operating and control philosophy performed in order to optimize the system performance and mitigate pressure surge problems. This paper presents measures that ADNOC Gas Processing have adopted to achieve improved system efficiency and lower operating cost. A study was undertaken by GASCO to review issues with existing Fire Water network (FWN) at Ruwais to enhance overall performance of system in terms of design, operation and control. Initiative was to identify problems, evaluate root cause and think of optimization including some cost saving solutions. Study explored various operating configurations of existing 4-working+ 4-standby pumps with active involvement of operation personnel followed by hydraulic and surge analysis with different operating scenarios. Study revealed reduction in flow, head and pressure to mitigate fire water piping surge problems. Study also engaged pump vendors to establish feasibility of modifying the existing pumps. The study identified that each existing fire water pump is suitable to deliver 1400 m3/hr against required flow of 1000 m3/hr. Additional flow may create pressure spikes and surges in FWN. Hydraulic analysis found that pressure was above minimum requirement of 7bar (g) at the most remote point in network. Simulation indicated that fluid velocity was above 3.5 m/s at specific sections on the ring main. Increase in pipe sizes is required to arrest velocity within recommended limit in these areas. Option of lowering the operating pressure of main fire water pumps without the fire water network pressure falling below 7bar (g) at the most hydraulically remote point in the network was studied. Also the option of 3W+3S and 4W+4S [working (W) and standby(S)] pumping configuration was studied so as to establish that system can work with less number of pumps. Hydraulic study concluded that rated pressure should be reduced along with shut-off pressure. The maximum worst case fire water demand is 3200 m3/hr. The demand is found to be achieved with three Fire Water Pumps. During study pump vendors were engaged to arrive at the conclusion that 3W+3S configurations are hydraulically acceptable with pump / impeller modifications and de-staging options.

Piping systems under multi-phase flow are subjected to unbalanced forces during plant operation and they experience vibration. Usually, the piping vibrations can be minimized by either modifying piping configuration/supports or alteration of operational modes. This paper presents an engineering study of a challenging piping vibration problem, which was resolved by an inventive and cost optimizing solution, as there are limitations in modification of existing pipe support/configuration. The inventive resolution reduced implementation cost to the Company without impacting the operations. A comprehensive study was conducted to identify the root cause of piping vibration in rich amine piping system (36" pipe) from heat exchanger to amine regenerator, a tall column. The vibration screening and likelihood-of-failure calculations were carried out based on Energy Institute's guidelines and observed that the piping system is in concern/problem zones. The process study including review of hydraulics, verification of line size and control valve design was performed to identify the root cause of piping vibration. The piping stress analysis (static/dynamic) was carried out with actual operating conditions, which is under multiphase flow with varying density/forces. The process study revealed that the flow velocity and momentum are within process design requirements. However the flow in the piping system is multi-phase type, which generates unbalanced forces due to slug loads at each elbow of the piping system. Based on piping stress analysis results, it was identified that the natural frequency of piping systems is variable as the whole weight of the vertical piping system is resting on spring type supports, which in turn, are supported from vertical vessel cleats. These supports are provided to take care of relative displacements between vessel and vertical piping systems. Piping configuration cannot be modified considering large bore piping and requirement of huge structural supports. The existing supports also cannot be modified as they are connected to pressure vessel and will impact its design. In this scenario of multiple limitations, the indispensable flow induced vibrations of piping can only be minimized by damping the effect of flow-induced excitation with dampers. The dampers have elastic-viscous material in its main restraining body which can absorb the piping vibrations. The damper vendor performed the stress analysis, considering the effect of the damper in the whole piping system, and ensured the integrity of piping system. The challenge of maintaining existing spring supports and achieving required damping of piping vibration was successfully accomplished. Considering large sized piping and requirement of major structural supports in case of modifications, proposed solutions could be treated as cost effective and innovative. Though it was not possible to eliminate the root cause, this alternate innovative solution helped to not only to minimize vibration, but also optimize implementation/shutdown costs. Vibration damper in piping systems is unique to piping installations.

Background: Patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack are at high risk for subsequent stroke, and more potent antiplatelet therapy in the acute setting is needed. However, the potential benefit of more intense antiplatelet therapy must be assessed in relation to the risk for major bleeding. The SOCRATES trial (Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Treated With Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes) was the first trial with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in which the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor were compared with those of aspirin. The main safety objective was assessment of PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes)–defined major bleeds on treatment, with special focus on intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH). Methods: An independent adjudication committee blinded to study treatment classified bleeds according to the PLATO, TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), and GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) definitions. The definitions of ICrH and major bleeding excluded cerebral microbleeds and asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of cerebral infarctions so that the definitions better discriminated important events in the acute stroke population. Results: A total of 13 130 of 13 199 randomized patients received at least 1 dose of study drug and were included in the safety analysis set. PLATO major bleeds occurred in 31 patients (0.5%) on ticagrelor and 38 patients (0.6%) on aspirin (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–1.34). The most common locations of major bleeds were intracranial and gastrointestinal. ICrH was reported in 12 patients (0.2%) on ticagrelor and 18 patients (0.3%) on aspirin. Thirteen of all 30 ICrHs (4 on ticagrelor and 9 on aspirin) were hemorrhagic strokes, and 4 (2 in each group) were symptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of brain infarctions. The ICrHs were spontaneous in 6 and 13, traumatic in 3 and 3, and procedural in 3 and 2 patients on ticagrelor and aspirin, respectively. In total, 9 fatal bleeds occurred on ticagrelor and 4 on aspirin. The composite of ICrH or fatal bleeding included 15 patients on ticagrelor and 18 on aspirin. Independently of bleeding classification, PLATO, TIMI, or GUSTO, the relative difference between treatments for major/severe bleeds was similar. Nonmajor bleeds were more common on ticagrelor. Conclusions: Antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack showed a bleeding profile similar to that of aspirin for major bleeds. There were few ICrHs. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01994720.

Limitations in Amine storage capacities at one of GASCO's Plants necessitates the use of temporary ISO-Storage containers to store surplus Amine during Plant / Process shutdown. This poses serious risks to equipment and personnel safety which could be categorized as a safety critical issue. This paper addresses the study carried out to resolve the issue, exploring various options and how the proposed solution mitigates the risks and ensures process safety by enhancing operational flexibility of the amine unit. Optimization of the Plant layout for HSE constraints resulted in location of amine regeneration section farther away from the amine unit, leading to an increase of solvent inventory above design levels. As a result, during shutdown operations, the existing storage capacity was deficient by a significant margin, necessitating use of temporary facilities to overcome the shortfall. A study was carried out to find solutions to the issue and various options were explored. Limited availability of space in an existing Plant, working within hazardous area and tie-ins with existing processes posed several challenges. The entire study was carried out utilizing GASCO's in-house resources involving full spectrum of discipline engineering expertise. The selected option involved provision of an additional storage tank and associated facilities. This included identification of the required tank sizing and storage capacity, feasible location of tank and transfer pump, feasibility study of pipe routing and tank bund containment calculations. The following benefits will be achieved with the proposed solution: - Safe access for operation/maintenance. - Proper containment of spillages / leakages within the tank bund. - Nitrogen blanketing to stop H2S release and reaction of lean amine with oxygen. - Venting (routed to a safe location). - New lean amine tank will have fixed firefighting foam system. - Use of fixed 6 inch line instead of hose for lean amine transfer. - Shutdown delays will be avoided. - Process contamination will be avoided. As the proposed location was within the hazardous area close to live Plant units, tank installation was required to be carried out within the shutdown period. This triggered the development of a novel approach for a modular fabrication of tank, transportation in parts and installation strategy, to maximize pre-shutdown activities and enable optimum use of shutdown duration for the installation. Accordingly, study addressed this concern through extensive interaction with tank fabricator and recommended suitable methods. Modular fabrication and installation of a new tank within live process units to ensure reliable and safe operations, is a novel approach to addressing the solvent storage issue. This approach will also avoid delays and extended shutdown duration.

Acute and chronic viral hepatitis are common public health problems in Pakistan, and associated with serious complications. The carrier rate of HBsAg is quoted to be around 10% in general population while the prevalence of HCV in blood donors is 4.8 %. Data regarding the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections among healthy blood donors is well established in Karachi, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Lahore and Abbotabad areas, but similar data is not available for Multan population. Data regarding the epidemiology of HIV infection among blood donors is not available at most of the blood transfusion centers. In this study six thousands (6000) consecutive young healthy voluntary blood donors (age 16-50 years) comprising of 5476 males and 524 females, belonging to Multan region were included from "Blood Transfusion Center Nishtar Hospital Multan" & "Fatmid Blood Transfusion Center Multan" and were tested for HbsAg, Anti-HCV and HIV. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C and HIV Infection was 3.37%, 0.27% and 0% respectively. The reported prevalence figures for HBsAg & Anti-HCV in other studies are quite variable, depending upon screening protocol, study groups selected and methodology of testing. If data from all the blood transfusion centers of Pakistan is collected and published, we can get representative prevalence values of HBV, HCV and HIV infection of the general population.

Antenatal Bartter syndrome is characterized by severe polyhydramnios in mother leading to premature delivery. Antenatal treatment has proven effective to prevent these problems. Postnatally newborns suffer from recurrent episodes of severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance which can lead to fatal outcome. These manifestations are likely to be overlooked and missed under the umbrella of diagnosis of prematurity. This premature newborn with antenatal polyhydramnios had severe manifestations of polyuria, recurrent dehydration, electrolyte derangements and metabolic alkalosis. She was managed accordingly but unfortunately could not survive beyond 4 weeks.