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How to safely and anonymously interact with fog nodes’ charging stations is a big deal for hybrid electric vehicles in fog-based vehicular networks. Although there exist key exchange protocols, which tried to cover this critical concern, most of them are certificate-based. In addition, they do not support key revocation option or cannot totally resist advanced cyber attacks such as key compromise impersonation attack. As a result, this paper, by means of Blockchain, proposes a highly-secure self-certified key exchange protocol with an exceptional level of privacy. By the proper employment of distributed ledger, the suggested protocol can also support the authentication token revocation and immutability. Formal security and performance analyses as well as comparison with top scholarly articles demonstrate the distinct security features and applicability of the proposed protocol.

In this article, we present a novel and decentralized authentication and key exchange protocol for device-to-device (D2D) communications in the Internet of Things (IoT). The existing lattice-based D2D authentication protocols suffer from efficiency, security and privacy including high storage cost, lack of strong anonymity, and high key revocation overheads. The proposed protocol is designed to overcome these challenges by using lattice-based cryptography, edge computing, and blockchain technology. Edge computing is used to reduce computation overhead on IoT devices, and blockchain is used to maintain public keys to simplify key revocation and interdomain authentication. We have analyzed thoroughly the security of the proposed protocol using both the informal and formal security methods. The proposed protocol is resilient to several known classical attacks, such as the ephemeral secret leakage attack and public-key quantum attack. We have also conducted a thorough performance analysis and compared it to several existing approaches. The results show that the proposed protocol decreases the device-side computation overhead by approximately 58% as compared to other approaches. In addition, the proposed protocol shows approximately 2% decrease in the communication overhead compared to just post-quantum protocols.