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Background: Threatened abortion (TA) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite the attention paidto the adverse outcomes of obstetrics, only a few studies have been conducted on the psychological status of womenwith threatened abortion. This study aimed to compare the symptoms of depression and anxiety in women with TAand those without threatened abortion.Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, 136 women with TA (the case group) and 136 women without TA(the control group), were matched with the case group in terms of gestational age, education level, age, and numberof pregnancies, were examined from Obstetric clinics of Babol University of Medical Sciences. Demographic informationand pregnancy history were obtained from all participants. Additionally, the women filled out the BSI-18questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 software.Results: The results showed that in women with threatened abortion, the likelihood of experiencing depressionsymptoms was 1.9 times higher [odds ratio (OR)=1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13-3.23, P=0.015], anxietysymptoms were 1.8 times higher (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.08-3.10, P=0.024), and somatization was 2.6 times higher(OR=2.65, 95% CI=1.61-4.37, P

Background: Prenatal and postnatal depression (PND) is associated with adverse outcomes for mother, fetus, andchild. The aim of study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and hospital-based survey of 2305 pregnant women and post-partumwomen (18-48 years) that was registered in the Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry (BPMHR) database from June2020 to March 2021. Two questionnaires, including demographics and depression, were analyzed in this study. Also, theEdinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess the depressive symptoms. Independent t test and theanalysis of variance were used to compare the means. Multiple logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors fordepressive symptoms.Results: According to the EPDS scale, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 19.8% in the pregnant womangroup in comparison with the postpartum period (11.6%). Risk factors for antenatal depressive symptoms were parity(women with parity ≥ 4 vs. 1 parity, ß=1.808, P=0.020), two groups of gestational age (gestational age ≤12 weeks vs.28 weeks, ß=1.562 P=0.030) as well as (gestational age 21-27 weeks vs. 28 weeks (ß=1.586, P=0.033), and high-riskpregnancy (high-risk vs. low-risk pregnancy, ß=1.457, P=0.003). For postnatal depressive symptoms, none of the factorswere a significant risk.Conclusion: Prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms should be screened, particularly for women in the first andsecond trimesters, with high parity, and those with a high-risk pregnancy, as recommended by the present study.

Background: A high percentage of pregnant women experience anxiety symptoms. A review of recent studies shows that current psychological interventions have not focused on pregnancy. Therefore, considering the importance of investigating anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the impact of these disorders on the mental health system, the evaluation of anxiety disorders should be considered in controlled clinical studies. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of computer-based cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (ECBT) on emotion regulation in pregnant women with anxiety. Method: This study was quasi-experimental. The studied population consists of pregnant women from 13 to 30 weeks pregnant, singletons, and suffering from anxiety disorders in Babol city. In a pre-test and post-test design, 84 pregnant women at 13-30 weeks of pregnancy were divided into two experimental groups (n = 42) and control (n = 42). The participants in both groups completed Garnevsky's (2002) cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire in two pre-test and post-test series. The data were analyzed using variance analysis of repeated measurements and SPSS 26 software. Results: The results of this study showed that ECBT is able to improve emotion regulation in pregnant women (p

Abstract Background Psychological distress (PD) is a significant issue during pregnancy and postpartum, adversely affecting both children and mothers. This study aims to determine PD's prevalence and risk factors in a large Iranian population sample during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry (located in the north of Iran) between June 2020 and March 2021. A total of 2305 women were included, with 1639 during pregnancy and 666 during postpartum. Psychological distress was assessed using the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI-18), and data were analyzed using independent t-tests and multiple logistic regressions. Results The prevalence of psychological distress, defined by a cut-off score of BSI ≥ 13, was 19% during pregnancy and 15% during postpartum. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that high-risk pregnancy was the leading risk factor for psychological distress during the antenatal period (β = 1.776, P

Background: Urinary stress incontinence occurs due to weakness of the urethral sphincter and/or weakness of the pelvic floor muscles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the complications of TOT surgery in the treatment of women with stress urinary February. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on women suffering from stress urinary incontinence who underwent TOT surgery in Rohani and Mehregan Hospitals of Babol between March 2010 and February 2019. In order to record early complications, the medical records available in the clinic were referred to for the examination of patients one week and two months after the operation. The late complications of the operation were also investigated at the time of entering the study. Also, satisfaction with the procedure was scored using a visual scale (score 0 to 100). SPSS version 26 software was used in this study. Also, the significance level is less than 0.05. Results: The study included 59 patients, the majority of whom were housewives (91.5%), had an education level below high school (74.6%), and were menopausal (71.2%). The average age of the participants is 54.92±9.40 years. The most common postoperative complications were Dyspareunia (20.3%), lower urinary symptoms (13.6%), and incontinency (10.2%). Also, the rarest complications were intraoperative injury to the urethra or bladder (1.7%), mild Vaginal erogenous (1.7%), pain at the operation site (3.4%), and need for adjuvant treatment (3.4%). In response to the question of whether you would recommend this surgery to others who have the same problem, 53 people (83.89%) responded positively. The average level of patients' satisfaction with the operation (on a scale of 0 to 100) was 88.64±23.44. According to the T-test, there is a statistically significant relationship between the incidence of postoperative complications and the level of patient satisfaction (P

Abstract Background Pregnant women with suspected fetal anomalies experience a great deal of stress following prenatal screening tests. The present study aimed to investigate women's worries about prenatal screening tests suspected of fetal anomalies. Methods Through the use of qualitative content analysis, the reports of women whose prenatal screening tests were suspected of fetal anomalies were analyzed and the results were interpreted. The participants were selected from four public and private maternity care clinics of Babol, Iran, from December 2021 to January 2022, using targeted convenience sampling. Data were collected from 20 women aged 24 to 41 years old, who underwent prenatal screening tests and were suspected of fetal anomalies, using semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Results The four main themes included the "causes of worries" (with sub-themes of challenge with spouse and relatives, medical diagnosis processes, previous unpleasant experiences, physical and mental problems, financial worries, and misinformation), "anxiety-coping styles" (with cognitive emotion-oriented, behavioral emotion-oriented, and problem-oriented sub-themes), "reactions to a possible diagnosis of anomaly" (with three sub-themes, namely concealment, extreme fear and worry, and denial), and "attribution of the cause of the anomaly" (with sub-themes of consanguine marriage, evil eyes, tendency to have a baby of a particular gender, a history of anomalies in the previous child, the spouse's medical illness, unplanned pregnancy, and high maternal anxiety). Conclusion Women with suspected fetal anomalies experience a great deal of stress, the most important reason for which is the "physician’s uncertainty". "Sharing worries with relatives" was the most common style of coping with worries. Establishing emotional support and empathetic communication between midwives and physicians with pregnant women suspected of fetal anomalies were important ways to reduce their worries.

Introduction: Anemia increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery and low birth weight. This study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between the severity of anemia with preterm delivery and low birth weight and the level of hemoglobin which causes these consequences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019-2020 on 737 pregnant women referred to Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol who underwent delivery. Demographic information, hemoglobin level of mothers, gestational age, type of delivery, weight, height, head circumference and Apgar of the newborn were recorded in the checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 25) and univariate ANOVA, t-test, Chi-square and correlation coefficient tests. Results: The prevalence of anemia in pregnant mothers was estimated at 24.15%. Gestational age, weight, height, head circumference, and Apgar of the newborn were significantly lower in the anemic group (p

Abstract Background and Aims Studies regarding the risk factors of prenatal anxiety disorders are inconclusive and sometimes contradictory. The current study aimed to define the prevalence and risk factors for anxiety disorders in women during pregnancy. Methods This is a cross‐sectional and hospital‐based survey of two public hospitals (Ayatollah Rohani and Yahyanejad) of inpatients/outpatients, obstetric wards/clinics, and four private outpatient obstetric clinics in the city of Babol. Convenience sampling was utilized to recruit 432 pregnant women. A trained clinical psychologist conducted the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐5 (SCID‐5) to diagnose anxiety disorders. In addition, the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI‐18) was completed by the participants to assess the severity of psychological distress. Results Of 432 pregnant women, 132 (30.5%) were diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders included 61 cases of pregnancy adjustment disorder (47.7%), 52 cases of generalized anxiety disorder (40.6%), and 15 cases of specific phobia (to delivery) (11.7%). The logistic regression results showed that the age, pregnancy, education, parity, and high‐risk pregnancy variables predicted 28% of the variance of anxiety disorders. Furthermore, as the age (β = 0.94, p = 0.003) and gestational age (β = 0.9, p

Abstract Background and Aims Although previous studies have reported some psychological factors to prevent the worry of vaccination against COVID‐19 in pregnant women, the role of psychological self‐care is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of psychological self‐care in pregnant women on the depressive symptoms, psychological distress, and worry of vaccination against COVID‐19. Methods The present cross‐sectional study was conducted during the peak of the Delta variant of COVID‐19 in Babol city (North, Iran) from August to November 2021. Two hundred pregnant women referring to three prenatal clinics completed five questionnaires including; demographic characteristics, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, psychological self‐care, brief symptom inventory 18, corona disease anxiety scale, and acceptance of vaccination‐3 inventory. Results Pregnant women were in relatively good condition based on psychological self‐care but were not significantly associated with demographic characteristics, such as age, gestational age, educational background, pregnancy, and risk of parity. It was psychological self‐care of pregnant women which negatively predicted the depressive symptoms (β = −0.311, p

Due to the increasing application of traditional and complementary medicine methods as well as medicinal herbs and given the drug interactions during surgery, the goal of this study was to determine the awareness, attitude and performance of surgical team regarding the use of herbs by surgical candidates. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, members of surgery and anesthesia team completed a data collection form, which included personal information and specialized questions (10 awareness, 9 attitudes, and 9 performance questions). The score for each awareness question was 0-2, which was 1-5 for attitude and performance questions, respectively. Quantitative data were reported with mean ±SD, and qualitative data were reported as frequency percentage. Quantitative variables were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and qualitative variables were assessed using Chi-square test. Among 185 participants, there were 99 women (53.6%). 31.4% of participants were specialists or assistants, 87.6% of them had moderate attitude, 82.3% showed poor performance and 82.2% poor awareness. The level of awareness was not significant in terms of specialization but that of attitude (p < 0.001) and performance (p < 0.019) was significant. Considering the growing trend of medicinal plants’ consumption in people, and given the moderate attitude, as well as poor awareness and performance of surgical team members toward medicinal plants, increasing knowledge level, prevention of drug interactions and potential side effects of medicinal plants together with training planning are essential for surgical team members to increase patient safety.

Abstract Purpose This study investigated the optimal cutoff points of three psychological tools for screening psychiatric disorders in women with high‐risk pregnancy. Design and Methods In this cross‐sectional study (N = 155), sensitivity/specificity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Brief Symptom Inventory 53‐items (BSI‐53), and the BSI‐18 were computed with respect to having a psychiatric diagnosis based on the clinical interview. Results The usual cutoffs (≥13 for EPDS, T‐score of 63 for BSI‐53) demonstrated poor diagnostic accuracy. The optimal thresholds were computed for EPDS cutoff of 6.5, GSI = 0.47 for BSI‐53, and GSI = 0.5 for BSI‐18. Practice Implications The use of psychological tools among pregnant women with high‐risk pregnancy may need to be modified in order to accurately identify psychiatric disorders.

Background: Psychiatric disorders are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes both for mother and child. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and related demographic risk factors of psychiatric symptoms among the pregnant women in Babol City. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in five private and public obstetrics clinics of Babol city. During routine appointments of prenatal care, 176 pregnant women filled in three questionnaires including; sociodemographic questionnaire, Edinburg Prenatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25). Wilcoxon test, Spearman correlation, and multivariate logistic regression tests were used to interpret the data. Results: The prevalence of depressive disorders was 15.4%% for Edinburg scores ≥13. The overall rate of maternal psychiatric symptoms (global severity index or GSI scores ≥ 1.75) was 48.5%. The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms was high; for 25% somatization, 258% anxiety, obsession-compulsion disorders or OCD 6.4%, 8.8% interpersonal sensitivity, 5.3% phobia, 7.6% paranoid ideation, and 1.2% psychoticism. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that pregnant women with history of abortion in previous pregnancy were at risk of depressive symptoms more (β=3.18, CI 1.28-7.93, p=0.01) than those without history of abortion. Also, the only demographic factor related to psychiatric symptoms was the age of pregnant women; younger age was associated with higher symptom levels for GSI ((r=-0.17). Conclusion: The high prevalence of psychiatric symptoms, especially depressive symptoms, in pregnant women highlights the need for continued research on screening, identifying the risk factors, and developing effective treatments for mental disorders in pregnant women.

Objectives: Miscarriage is a common pregnancy complication causing substantial psychiatric complications. This study was designed to investigate whether the administration of brief supportive psychotherapy (BSP) is effective on the management of women with miscarriage when conducted in the first 24 hours of hospitalization in order to prevent symptoms of anxiety, depression, and grief at four-months post-miscarriage. Methods: We conducted a randomized clinical trial on 79 women with miscarriage hospitalized in Ayatollah Rohani teaching hospital. The women were randomly assigned into two groups (39 in the experimental group and 40 in the control group). All interventions were implemented for two study groups during the first 24 hours of hospitalization in a private room in the hospital. The experimental group received a two-hour BSP. The objective outcomes were assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS), which has three subscales (active grief, difficulty coping, and despair) and were measured before the intervention and at four-months post-miscarriage. Results: The results of pre-tests in the follow-up of the trial suggested that the participants who received BSP reported significant reductions in the mean scores of active grief (-34.2±9.7 vs. 28.1±-6.9), difficulty coping (27.1±6.4 vs. 23.3±4.3), despair (28.0±8.4 vs. 22.8±5.2), and total PGS (89.6±23.1 vs. 74.4±15.3), in contrast to participants in the control group who did not report such results. Further, the results of generalized estimating equations models revealed that brief supportive psychotherapy caused a significant decrease in the level of factors including active grief, difficulty coping, despair, total perinatal grief, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms in subjects in the experimental group compared to those in the control group after miscarriage. Also, the frequency of anxiety symptoms (13.5% vs. 60.5%), depressive symptoms (32.4% vs. 71.1%), and grief symptoms (10.8% vs. 65.8%) was found to be significantly lower in the group receiving psychotherapy than in the control group at four-months follow-up. Conclusions: Administration of BSP session during the first 24 hours of hospitalization for women with miscarriage can be considered a reliable method to prevent anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and perinatal grief at four-months follow-up.

Background: Using oral glucose for glucose challenge test (GCT) and glucose tolerance test (GTT) is problematic, especially in early pregnancy when the pregnant woman is experiencing gastrointestinal complications. This research seeks to investigate the relationship between the ratio of Triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the risk of gestational diabetes and large for gestational age (LGA) fetus for suggesting a more appropriate index for diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Methods: The present cross-sectional study investigated pregnant women visiting the Perinatal Clinic of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol for prenatal care from September 2015-2016. The GCT was performed on these pregnant women at 24-28 weeks as a screening test and their lipid profile, including HDL-C and TG, was simultaneously assessed after eight to 14 hours of fasting. Results: Significant differences were observed between women with and without gestational diabetes in terms of mean triglyceride, HDL, LDL/HDL ratio, triglyceride/LDL ratio and triglyceride/HDL ratio. The cut-off point of TG/HDL in the GTT was 4.254 with a sensitivity of 79.07% and specificity of 78%. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, lipid profile can help predict the risk of gestational diabetes, especially TG/HDL ratio that has a high sensitivity to diagnose gestational diabetes, while, lipid indices could not predict birth of a LGA neonate. Keywords: Gestational Diabetes, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, Triglyceride/HDL Ratio, Risk

Background and purpose: Postoperative pain is a common problem after hysterectomy. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia on pain intensity and hemodynamic changes after abdominal hysterectomy. Materials and methods: This clinical trial was performed in 100 women, ASA class I and II, 35 to 70 years of age, and candidate for abdominal hysterectomy. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine and general anesthesia with isoflurane. The pain was assessed based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest, after coughing at the time of recovery admission, and at 6, 24 and 48 hours after surgery. Postoperative hemodynamic changes were assessed in recovery every 5 minutes for half an hour. Data analysis was done applying T-test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-Square tests. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean scores for pain in rest and coughing at the time of recovery admission in the spinal anesthesia group were 0.10±0.46 and 0.40 ± 1.12, and in the general anesthesia group were 3.44±1.40 and 5.88±1.79, respectively (P

Introduction: Hemorrhage and drop in hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) levels are the major complications of hysterectomy. This study was conducted to compare the effect of different anesthetic techniques on post-operative Hb and Hct levels following abdominal hysterectomy. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 100 women aged between 35 and 70 years old in 2013. They were classified as classes I and II according to the American Society of Anesthesiology physical status classification and were candidates for abdominal hysterectomy due to benign causes. The patients were assigned into two groups of spinal and general anesthesia (50 patients per group). The pre- and 24 h post-operative levels of Hb and Hct and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during surgery were recorded 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after the onset of general and spinal anesthesia. Data analysis was performed using t-test, Mann-Whitney U and Chi-squared tests by SPSS software, version 22. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no significant different regarding age, the duration of anesthesia and surgery, mean pre-operative levels of Hb and Hct (P>0.05). The mean post-operative levels of Hb were 9.64±1.12 mg/dl and 10.24±1.11 mg/dl with general and spinal anesthesia, respectively. Moreover, the post-operative levels of Hct were 29.83±3.21% and 32.45±3.05% with the spinal and general anesthesia, respectively (P=0.009 and P

Background: Shortening the interval between the onset of labor and delivery is useful for both mothers and fetuses. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dexamethasone on the augmentation and the duration of labor in prolonged latent phase of labor. Method: The design of the study was a randomized double-blind clinical trial design, which was conducted in delivery center of Rouhani hospital in Babol (Iran). A total 121 nulliparrous women with a singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation at 40–42 gestational weeks in prolonged latent phase were randomly assigned to receive 2 ml ampoule dexamethasone 4 mg/mL (the intervention group) and 2 ml ampoule of sterile water for injections (the control group), which were both intramuscularly administered. Then, the Then, the augmentation of labor with the use of intravenous oxytocin infusion (Caspian Tamin Company Iran) (2.5 m units/ per minute) began in both groups. The primary outcome was the duration of time between the onset of augmentation and the second stage of labor. Results: The duration of time between the onset of labor augmentation and the second stage of labor (hours) was 5.6±1.9 in the study group, whereas it was 7.7±1.5 in controls with a significant difference (p ≤

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is associated with psychiatric symptoms and poor psychiatric symptoms, this study investigates the 6-month trends of anxiety and birth outcomes. Considering the controversies surrounding the impact of anemia on psychiatric symptoms, this study investigates the 6-month trends of anxiety and depression in anemic pregnant women with threatened abortion (TA). Methods: A case-control retrospective cohort study conducted among 282 participants who enrolled in a registry of pregnant women with TA in Babol city from December 2022 to October 2023. Fifty individuals with anemia (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL) who were matched with 50 without anemia based on age, pregnancies, education, and gestational age, were included. The BSI-18 (Brief Symptom Inventory) was used to assess depression, anxiety, and psychological distress at the beginning, three and six-month follow-ups. Results: The prevalence of anemia among women diagnosed with TA was found to be 17.7%. At the beginning, compared to normal individuals, anemic women had higher rates of depression (32% vs. 14%), anxiety (34% vs. 22%), and psychological distress (66% vs. 48%). Moreover, at 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the frequency of psychiatric symptoms in anemic women was significantly higher. The Generalized Estimating Equations model showed that although both groups had a decreasing trend of frequency anemic women experience a slower rate of decrease in psychiatric symptoms compared to non-anemic women. Conclusion: Anemia in women with TA is associated with high rates of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress, as well as a slow recovery rate.

Background: Obtaining clinical methods in order to decrease the infectious morbidity of cesarean delivery is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution on post-caesarean infections. Methods: This study was conducted on 400 singleton term pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean delivery. The samples were randomized into two groups; experimental group, including women who received an additional preoperative vaginal cleansing with 10% povidone iodine; and a control group, including women who received only the standard abdominal preparation. All subjects received a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic and were investigated after cesarean delivery until the 6th postoperative weeks for postoperative fever, wound infection, or endometritis. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and the P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The groups were similar in age, education level, body mass index, and parity. The operation variables such as the postoperative fever, wound infection, and endometritis were observed in the two groups, and the overall for these were found to be 6.0 %, 6.3%, and 6.5%, respectively. A total of 7.5% of the participants in the control group and 5.5% of the participants in the experimental group developed postoperative endometritis; but it was not statistically significant (relative risk= 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 –1.21; P=0.417). Also, there was no significant difference in postoperative fever, wound infection between these women with and without preoperative vaginal cleansing with povidone. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that vaginal cleansing with povidone iodine immediately prior to elective cesarean delivery did not decrease the post-caesarean infection rates and the incidence of endometritis in low-risk women.

Background: Despite the fact that many studies have been published about the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus, its prevalence remains high. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the history of irregular menses and gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 51 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus in prenatal clinics of Ayatollah Rouhani hospital in Babol, Mazandaran, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015. At first, women with family history of diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus, previous gestational diabetes mellitus, age >35 years, weight >110 kg were excluded from the study. Then, one random control was systematically selected for each case, which was matched for age. All statistical analyses were performed through SPSS (Version 22). P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Irregular menses was not associated with gestational diabetes. The mean menarche at age was lower among the women with gestational diabetes (p=0.03). There was a significant association between menarche at age and gestational diabetes (OR, 6.74; 95% CI, 1.41-32.17). Dysmenorrhea did not differ between subjects with and without menstrual irregularities. Conclusion: We concluded that early menarche at age (

Background & objectives: This study was designed to compare the effect of general and spinal anesthesia on hemoglobin and hematocrit values in women following cesarean section. Methods: This clinical trial study performed on 88 ASA class 1 pregnant women who were candidate for elective cesarean. Forty six patients received general anesthesia with isoflorane 0.75, N2O 50% and O2 and also 42 patients received spinal anesthesia with 12 mg of bupivacaine. The patients with a systemic disease or other causes of intraoperative excessive bleeding were excluded. All the operations were performed by same surgeon. Pre- and post-operative Hb and HCT values and Apgar score were recorded in both groups. Results: Previous cesarean section history was the cause of surgery in 21 patients in group one and 22 patients in group two. Both groups were similar in age, weight, height and parity. The preoperative mean Hb or HCT values did not differ significantly between two groups. In both groups, postoperative mean Hb and HCT values were decreased significantly. Postoperative Hb and Hct reduction was significantly higher in general anesthesia group (p

Background: Acute abdominal pain is a medium or severe abdominal pain that can lead to a life threatening for pregnant women and frequently requires urgent investigation and management. The aim of this study was to assess the causes and the presentation of acute abdomen among pregnant women admitted at the gynecology and an obstetrics ward of the hospital. Methods: The present study was a cross sectional hospital based study among 118 pregnant women by face to face interview using a semi structured questionnaire. This study was conducted at the gynecology and an obstetrics ward of the hospital, Babol Iran, from April 2004 to February 2009. All analysis was performed with SPSS software. Results: Mean age of women was 29.1±6 years. The frequencies of the most common diagnosis of the patients were ectopic pregnancy (73.7%), appendicitis (10.2%), respectively. The study found that 55.1% of respondents complained their pain lasting more than 24 hours. Besides, 81.4% of respondents felt pain in the supra pubic followed by with nausea/ vomiting. A total of 103 (83.9%) underwent with Salpingostomy and 12 (10.1%) were treated with appendectomy. Conclusion: The study concludes that a large prospective study is needed in order to precise diagnosis of the acute abdomen in pregnant women by continual updating of availability of the gynecologists for the management of the acute gynecologic and obstetrics emergencies among pregnant women.

Background: The early postoperative feeding after caesarean section (C- section) has remained controversial. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of early versus delayed postcaesarean section oral feeding regarding gastrointestinal complications and patients postoperative satisfaction after C- section. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 200 pregnant women undergoing planned C-section under spinal anesthesia (Registration Number: IRCT: 138712211760N1). Women were randomly divided in two groups group A (early feeding group) comprised of 101 patients who were encouraged to take oral fluid. If they tolerated, they continue semi-solid and solid foods starting 2 h after caesarean section. Group B (delayed feeding group) comprised of 99 patients who were given oral fluid 8 h after surgery. After beginning of feeding the patients’ tolerance, first flatus, first defecation, beginning of regular diet, the length of hospital stay and also patient satisfaction level were evaluated in each group by visual scale analog (VAS). Results: The mean time of the first passage of flatus was 10.2±1.7 hours for the early oral feeding group versus 10.7±1.6 hours for the delayed feeding group and the difference was significant (P=0.03). Duration to first defecation and length of hospital stay as well as patient satisfaction level did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest early postcaesarean feeding. It is well tolerated and helps return normal feeding habits.

Introduction Parent-child interrelations comprise one of the important discussions in psychology as well as social sciences with parenting styles as one of the critical topics of the mentioned areas (Bagherpoor Kamachali, 2007: 34). Undoubtedly, family is the most important organization and the bedrock of physical, mental, and social growth and welfare for a child, and the leading factor for their (physical, mental and, social) balance. Socializing and fraternizing with cultural laws, rules and values occurs naturally within the family, setting the stage for the child to turn into a social being through practicing preliminary intra-family interactions (Moosavi, 2003). In other words, each of the parents has their own share of responsibilities in seeing their child off and into a full-grown person, with most of the weight pertaining to child nurturing and positive influence falling on the mother. Maternal mental, physical and, social health as well as a healthy, well-defined identity, therefore, is crucial in raising healthy children, with the mother being an ever-present guide ever since the primary stages of a child’s life. To this end, in this study, the relation between parenting styles and aspects of social identity pertaining to Ilam city’s mothers has been brought under investigation. First, previous studies related to the area were reviewed and Giddens’stheory was selected as the framework for the investigation. As a next step, a total of six hypotheses were presented based on a theory riding on Giddens’s opinions. Material and Methods In order to put said hypotheses to test, 400 Ilam city’s mothers were chosen through multistage random sampling. The investigative method through which the study has been carried out is one of survey and questionnaire. The produced results of ETA testing reveal a correlation between the two variables under study, namely ‘aspects of social identity’ and ‘parenting style’, with ‘maternal social identity’ and ‘authoritative parenting style’ being the most important among all other correlations. Discussion of results & Conclusions Also the produced results at the logistic regression level and parental statistics reveal that 71.6, 76.1, 80, 74 percent (respectively) of the variables pertaining to the ‘authoritative’, ‘authoritarian’, ‘easy going’ and ‘permissive’ styles seem to be correctly predicted and classified. The results of the investigation confirm that there has been a significant decrease in the implementation of both ‘authoritarian’ and ‘permissive’ styles, in which the child is overlooked altogether whereas the two methods ‘authoritative’ and ‘easy going’ have been increasingly brought into use. The results further depict that an upgrade in maternal social identity brings about the ‘authoritative’ as the ideal style of choice in parenting by mothers. In fact, mothers with consistent identities tend to have a better understanding of their own abilities which in turn leads to a successful observation of both the ‘control’ and ‘affection’ aspects of parenting dynamics. A healthy growth of identity in mothers helps them establish warm, amicable relationships among family members (Steinberg, 2001). Results from the studies by Monadi (2010), Khabaz (2010), Marcia (2002)andLomeo (1999) are in line with one conducted here. In fact mothers who have already established a consistent sexual, national, ethnic and group identity, have implemented the ‘authoritative’ style in raising their children which represents the healthiest in intra-family relationships. On the contrary, identity crisis has led a second group to implement the ‘permissive’ style as the least appropriate way to raise children. In the end, the results from this study depict the consolidation of identity in Ilam city’s mothers and consequently, their best choice of style in parenting.