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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find cephalometric association between various shapes of soft palate with different growth pattern and age groups in skeletal class I, II and III malocclusion. METHODOLOGY: The pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 382 patients was collected from the department of Orthodontics, Liaquat College of Medicine & Dentistry, Karachi. The study included 96 males and 286 females between the ages of 11 to 30 years. All the patients were divided according to skeletal classification of malocclusion. The type of skeletal malocclusion, growth pattern and the morphological variations of soft palate were assessed. The differences in the proportion of soft palate morphology among skeletal malocclusion and growth pattern were calculated. Variation of the soft palate morphology among the genders and different age groups were also determined. RESULTS: Subjects with Type 1 "leaf-shaped" soft palates were more prevalent (43.2%) whereas, The Type 4 "Straight-line" soft palate was least common (2.9%). Type 1 "leaf-shaped" soft palate was the most common in all skeletal malocclusion classes, growth pattern types and both genders. CONCLUSION: This study found significant association between soft palate morphology with type of skeletal malocclusion and gender. No significant association found between soft palate morphology and types of growth pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the different treatment predictors which help in the extraction and non-extraction decision of an end-on Class II malocclusion case. METHODOLOGY: The pretreatment records of 240 adult subjects aged 15-40 years with bilateral end-on Class II molar relationship were retrospectively selected and categorized under extraction (120) and non-extraction (120) treatment categories. The extraction cases were planned for different combinations of premolar extractions. The independent variables i.e., the cephalometric and orthodontic cast measurements were obtained from the recruited sample. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied using SPSS software. RESULTS: Increased upper and lower incisor inclinations (p < 0.001) and procumbent upper lip (p = 0.004) was statistically significant in the extraction group. According to the regression model, the odds of extraction treatment were 1.12 times greater than non-extraction treatment for every one degree increase in upper and lower incisor inclinations, respectively. The chances of extraction treatment were 1.6 times higher than non-extraction treatment for every 1 mm increase in the distance of upper lip to S-plane. CONCLUSIONS: The upper and lower incisors inclinations and upper lip position are the critical factors affecting the extraction decision in adult patients with end-on Class II molar relationships. Overjet, dental crowding and the vertical growth pattern were found to be clinically insignificant in opting for an extraction treatment plan for such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine correlation of the dental, skeletal and soft tissue characteristics with overbite and gender dimorphism. Lateral cephalographs were traced manually for 170 subjects who comprised of 80 males and 90 females. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the amount of overbite recorded on the subject's dental models. Various angles and measurements representing the dental, skeletal and soft tissue parameters were recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 for windows. Multivariate analysis of covariance and Pearson's correlation were applied to determine the difference and correlation of various skeletal, dental and soft tissues among the three overbite groups and gender of the subjects. A p value of =0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. Statistically significant difference was seen for the parameters like MxIH (p = .003), MxMH (p = .05), MnIH (p = .001) and MnMH (p = .001), angle ANB (p = .006), angle SNMP (p = .001), angle FMA (p = .001) and AFHR (p = .001), lip length (p = .003) and incisor stomion (p = .001) across the overbite groups. A negative weak but significant correlation was seen for FMA, SNMP, AFHR, MxMH, MnMH and lip length with overbite. The incisor stomion and ANB showed positive weak but significant correlation with the overbite. The study concluded that skeletal characteristics are significantly increased in open bite group as compared to deep bite and normal overbite. The maxillary and mandibular molars showed increased heights in the open bite group. The deep bite subjects indicated significantly decreased lip length as compared to normal overbite. The incisor stomion was significantly increased in deep bite group. All the values are significantly greater in males than females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Most of the orthodontic cases require a long period of retention which is usually carried out with the help of fixed retainers (FR). One of the downsides of FR is that these are prone to breakages. The aim of the present study was to identify the frequency and factors associated with failure of fixed spiral wire retainers. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using orthodontic files and dental casts of 126 patients from dental clinics of a tertiary care hospital. Descriptive statistics were applied to calculate the frequency and most common site of breakages. Chi-square test was applied to compare the frequency of breakages among age groups and different retainer spans. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean overbite in retainer breakage and retainer intact groups. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The frequency of retainer breakage was found to be 53.1%. Maxillary retainer breakages were found in 41.3% subjects whereas mandibular retainer failed in 22.2% subjects. The mean survival time of retainer was 8.91±4.57 months. The detachment of the retainer from the tooth surface was the most common occurrence (86%). The most common site of retainer breakage was maxillary canine (32.5%) and mandibular central incisor (12.7%). All the subjects who had retainers extending till maxillary molars encountered breakages. Conclusions: A longer retainer span is associated with a greater risk of breakage. Failure rate in the maxillary arch was higher than the mandibular arch. The most common sites were the maxillary canine and mandibular central incisor. The most common pattern was wire detachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of present study was to determine association of dental anomalies observed in various dental malocclusion patients visiting for Orthodontic treatment. Total of 600 patients (169 male, 431 female) having mean age 17.25±5.55 years were evaluated. This study showed that 61.2% of patients (n = 600) presented with at least one dental anomaly. Ectopic eruption was the most commonly found (46.8%), followed by Agenesis (missing tooth or teeth) 9.0%, canine impaction 4.0% and supernumerary teeth 1.3%. The frequency of theses dental anomalies were found higher in female than in males. Ectopic eruption (56% within malocclusions) was more frequent in patients with Class II div 1 malocclusion. No supernumerary tooth was found in Class II division 2 malocclusion rather more prevalent in class III malocclusion (2.5%). Impaction was associated with Class II div 2 malocclusion (11.1%), at a higher prevalence than other types of malocclusions. Agenesis was associated with Class II div 2 malocclusion and class III malocclusion (14.8). The correlations between dental anomalies and different types of malocclusion were found statistically significant. Within limitation of this study, Dental anomalies recorded frequently higher in females than male subjects, the reason may be the female patients being more esthetically conscious, visiting orthodontic treatment in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study was designed to identify skeletal analyses that best correlate with the parameter used to assess facial soft tissue profile. This may result in a soft tissue oriented approach for the diagnosis of the underlying sagittal skeletal discrepancy, which may subsequently lead to the development of a treatment plan that may give better soft tissue outcome. Methodology: A sample of 198 subjects (99 males and 99 females; mean age = 23.6 ± 4.6 years) was uniformly divided into Class I, II and III sagittal groups on the basis of soft tissue angle of convexity. Various sagittal parameters including ANB angle, AB plane angle, Downs angle of convexity, Wits appraisal, Beta angle and W angle were assessed on pretreatment lateral cephalograms. Correlation between various skeletal analyses and the soft tissue angle of convexity was determined using Spearman's correlation. Results: The ANB angle showed the highest correlation with the soft tissue angle of convexity (r = 0.907), whereas W angle showed the least correlation (r = 0.744). Amongst the sagittal groups, no significant correlation was present in Class I group. Downs angle of convexity showed a moderate positive correlation in Class II (r = 0.514) and Class III (r = 0.533) sagittal groups with the soft tissue parameter. Conclusion: ANB angle and Downs angle of convexity were found to be reliable skeletal indicators in assessing the facial soft tissue profile. Hence, the number of cephalometric analyses for evaluating the sagittal skeletal jaw discrepancy may be limited to fewer analyses of higher diagnostic performance, which are more reliably related to the overlying facial pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facial soft tissue thickness (FST) database forms the backbone of different facial reconstruction methods. Various studies have identified age, sex and ethnicity as the core factors affecting the FST of an individual. The aims of this study were to explore the changes in FST occurring during the adolescent growth period and to develop the FST database for Pakistani children. The lateral cephalograms of 231 children, aged 9–18 years, were analysed and FST was determined at the 11 midline points. Subjects were divided into five age groups (9–10, 11–12, 13–14, 15–16 and 17–18 years) to evaluate age-related variations in FST. To compare FST between males and females and among different age groups, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. Moreover, the FST of Pakistani children was compared with those of Japanese and Canadian-Caucasoid children. Significant age-related variations in FST were present at four landmarks in boys and at six landmarks in girls. Marked ethnic differences in FST (>2 mm) were also observed at five landmarks in some of the age groups. These age-related and ethnic variations in FST warrant the use of data of appropriate age groups for a specific population for reliable outcome of facial reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to evaluate the validity of Demirjian’s (1973), Nolla’s (1960) and Willem’s (2001) methods of dental age (DA) estimation in Pakistani orthodontic patients (8–16.9 years). It also addresses the validity of these methods in determining dental maturity across the gender and compares the difference between original Demirjian tables (based on French-Canadian standards) and Pakistani tables formulated by Sukhia et al. (2012). Orthopantomograms of 403 subjects (males = 176, females = 227) were examined for DA assessment by different methods. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-ranked tests were used to determine significant differences between mean dental and chronological age among different age groups. Correlation between DA and CA were assessed by the Spearman’s correlation (p = ≤0.05). Nolla’s method under-estimated the DA by 1.00 ± 1.54 in males and over-estimated by 0.21 ± 1.64 in females. DA was significantly advanced using Pakistani tables (males = 0.32 ± 1.17, females = 0.38 ± 1.33 years) and Willem’s method (males = 0.31 ± 1.09, females = 0.29 ± 0.48 years). DA correlated better with CA using Pakistani tables compared with the French-Canadian standards. Earlier dental maturation was reported in females compared with males using Demirjian’s and Nolla’s methods. Strong correlations were found between CA and DA according to all methods (p< 0.001). Overall, Willem’s method was identified as the most valid method for DA estimation in the Pakistani sample. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of present study was to determine association of dental anomalies observed in various dental malocclusion patients visiting for Orthodontic treatment. Total of 600 patients (169 male, 431 female) having mean age 17.25±5.55 years were evaluated. This study showed that 61.2% of patients (n = 600) presented with at least one dental anomaly. Ectopic eruption was the most commonly found (46.8%), followed by Agenesis (missing tooth or teeth) 9.0%, canine impaction 4.0% and supernumerary teeth 1.3%. The frequency of theses dental anomalies were found higher in female than in males. Ectopic eruption (56% within malocclusions) was more frequent in patients with Class II div 1 malocclusion. No supernumerary tooth was found in Class II division 2 malocclusion rather more prevalent in class III malocclusion (2.5%). Impaction was associated with Class II div 2 malocclusion (11.1%), at a higher prevalence than other types of malocclusions. Agenesis was associated with Class II div 2 malocclusion and class III malocclusion (14.8). The correlations between dental anomalies and different types of malocclusion were found statistically significant. Within limitation of this study, Dental anomalies recorded frequently higher in females than male subjects, the reason may be the female patients being more esthetically conscious, visiting orthodontic treatment in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palatal rugae are unique to an individual, highly resistant to environmental insults and have irreversible characteristics making them a potential identification marker. However, the possible variations in the morphology of palatal rugae after orthodontic treatment require further investigation. This study evaluates the stability of palatal rugae after three major types of orthodontic treatments i.e. non-extraction, extraction and maxillary expansion. The lengths and shapes of palatal rugae were evaluated on the pre-treatment and posttreatment dental casts of 168 subjects using Thomas and Kotze classification. Extraction treatment significantly reduced the lengths of the second and third rugae; whereas, the length of third rugae was significantly increased after palatal expansion. The shape of rugae remained consistent in all the study groups which may be used as a reliable forensic marker in subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment. However, the use of the lengths of palatal rugae in forensic odontology must be made with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The assessment of skeletal maturity is important for planning dentofacial orthopedics or orthognathic surgery for the treatment of different skeletal malocclusions. Cervical vertebral maturation is widely used method to evaluate skeletal maturity of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. In the past decade, another method is being proposed which is based on frontal sinus morphology. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between frontal sinus morphological variations and cervical vertebral maturation for the assessment of skeletal maturity. METHOD: Lateral cephalograms of 252 subjects aged 8-21 years were collected from the dental clinics of AKUH. The sample was divided into six groups based on cervical vertebral maturation stages. The frontal sinus index was calculated by dividing frontal sinus height and width and the cervical vertebral maturation stages were evaluated on the same radiograph. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 19). Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare frontal sinus index at different cervical stages and Post hoc Dunnett t3 test was applied to compare frontal sinus index between adjacent cervical stage intervals in males and females. A p-value of = 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: The frontal sinus height and width were significantly associated with the individual cervical vertebral maturation stages in males and females. However, frontal sinus index wasn't significantly associated with the individual cervical vertebral maturation stages in males and females. CONCLUSION: Frontal sinus index cannot differentiate between pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal adolescent growth stages therefore; it cannot be used as a reliable maturity indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]