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[Display omitted] • Metals are crucial element in terms of biological, environmental, and/or industrial point of view. • Discussed greater than 150 rhodamine probes considering structure, ions, medium & detection limit. • Rhodamine probes for fabrication of AI-ML based model as lab-at-home. • This review is a reference with a wide range of dataset and AI-ML programming for future modelling. Rhodamine based probes are well documented in literature as a host for detection of several guest analytes including metal ions. Metals are crucial elements in terms of biological, environmental, and/or industrial point of view- an optimum value of it within the media is thus necessary to maintain. Deficiency could lead to multiple disorders whereas excess could end up by malfunctioning the system. The detection of metal ions in various concentrations by rhodamine probes followed multiple mechanisms, one common pathway is opening the spirolactam ring within the rhodamine scaffold which leads to colorimetric and fluorometric signals. Rhodamine itself is less emissive and less colorful when the spirolactam ring is present within the framework and would become strongly emissive with versatile coloring range (red, orange or purple etc) once the ring is opened. To understand how the sensing occurs by the rhodamine probes in presence of metal ions, we have discussed more than 150 important rhodamine probes with almost all possible metal ions, pointing out several issues i.e., role of solvent, role of rhodamine moieties itself, role of side arm etc. Although scanty in daily life, we believe rhodamine probes could be an easy-instant-economic strategy for PoCT application to diagnose multiple diseases and could be operational without any trained personnel to establish lab-at-home. We want to use the available dataset based on rhodamine probes for fabrication of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI-ML) based model that could be useful in future. We believe the review would support the researchers in this field as a ready reference by providing a wide range of datasets (structure, ions detected, medium, detection limit etc) along with fundamental AI-ML programming for future modelling purposes as AI-ML based models are being used by several researchers, towards protein engineering, cell penetrating peptide designing etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is the second leading infectious killer after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Standard antitubercular drugs exhibit various limitations like toxicity, long treatment regimens, and lack of effect against dormant and drug-resistant organisms. Here, we report that all- trans -retinoic acid (ATRA) improves Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance in mice during treatment with the antitubercular drug isoniazid. Interestingly, ATRA promoted activities of lysosomes and mitochondria, and production of various inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Furthermore, ATRA upregulated the expression of genes of lipid metabolism pathways in macrophages. We demonstrated that ATRA activated the MEK/ERK pathway in macrophages in vitro and MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK pathways in mice. Finally, ATRA induced both Th1 and Th17 responses in lungs and spleens of M. tuberculosis -infected mice. Together, these data indicate that ATRA provides beneficial adjunct therapeutic value by modulating MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK pathways and thus warrants further testing for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of tuberculosis, is acquiring drug resistance at a faster rate than the discovery of new antibiotics. Therefore, alternate therapies that can limit the drug resistance and disease recurrence are urgently needed. Emerging evidence indicates that combined treatment with antibiotics and an immunomodulator provides superior treatment efficacy. Clofazimine (CFZ) enhances the generation of T central memory (TCM) cells by blocking the Kv1.3+ potassium channels. Rapamycin (RAPA) facilitates M. tuberculosis clearance by inducing autophagy. In this study, we observed that cotreatment with CFZ and RAPA potently eliminates both multiple and extensively drug-resistant (MDR and XDR) clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis in a mouse model by inducing robust T-cell memory and polyfunctional TCM responses. Furthermore, cotreatment reduces the expression of latency-associated genes of M. tuberculosis in human macrophages. Therefore, CFZ and RAPA cotherapy holds promise for treating patients infected with MDR and XDR strains of M. tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]