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Many compounds from therapeutic plants have been studied as potential antiviral agents. To control the spread, phytochemicals are employed to decrease viral copy production. This evaluation will be helpful to the scientific community’s investigations into microbes and their infection. Other common viruses that are impacted by the phytochemicals of medicinal plants include herpes simplex, DNA viruses, poliovirus, cytomegalovirus, influenza, para-influenza type 3 and herpes simplex. The root of the plant is the most important and effective part for manufacturing strong phytochemicals. This review provides an overview of a number of phytochemicals, their synthesis and their medicinal qualities, which offer a wide range of therapeutic effects for the treatment of various viral infections. The phytochemical and pharmacological properties of these drugs are the subject of research aimed at identifying the essential chemical constituents and substantiating the efficacy and safety of these claims. Thus, there is promise for the future of medicinal plants because they have the potential to outperform chemical-based allopathic treatments.

Bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) DRB3 locus in healthy and mastitis affected cattle has been genotyped by a polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RLFP) using

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an organized cluster of tightly linked genes, present in all vertebrates, playing an important role in the immune system, except the jawless fish [1]. MHC was first identified during tissue transplantation studies in mice [2] and was first known for its role in histocompatibility. Consequently, the role of MHC was discovered in immune regulation [3] and several other functions [4,5]. The important function of the MHC is to code for specialized antigen-presenting receptor glycoproteins, also called as MHC molecules. The products of these genes are involved in the induction and regulation of immune response. These molecules bind processed peptide antigens and present them to T-lymphocytes, thereby triggering immune response.

Among different cattle types

Among different cattle types, Bos indicus are known for their ability to better resist the tropical microbial infections comparatively, wherein MHC molecules play a significant role. In this study allelic diversity at MHC locus, DQA of Bos indicus, Bos taurus and crossbred of taurine-indicus has been explored to understand the possible role of MHC region in differential immune response. Thirty nine different DQA alleles were identified, out of which 14 were novel, along with documentation of duplication of DQA alleles. Indicus cattle population presented diverse types of DQA alleles compared to crossbred and exotic. Translated amino acid sequence analysis indicated, codon 64 and 50 of peptide binding sites being highly polymorphic and most of the indicus cattle presented alanine and arginine amino acid at position 64 and 50. Within breed genetic variation found to be higher than between breeds. Because of their ability to bind and subsequently respond to a wide array of antigens, the newly identified DQA alleles with high diversity present in the form of duplicated haplotypes in different combinations in cattle populations provided significant insights into probable role of this MHC locus in better tropical disease combating ability and genetic fitness of indicus cattle.