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In this study, we propose a polarization-separated external cavity feedback structure based on a volume Bragg grating (VBG) that folds the optical path of a free-running diode laser into a non-straight direction for linewidth narrowing and central wavelength locking. By employing diode laser polarization splitting technology and external cavity feedback technology, a similar output power and narrow linewidth but a smaller current drift coefficient of central wavelength are demonstrated by comparing with the standard straight external cavity feedback structure. Experimental results show that the current drift coefficient of central wavelength reduce to 1/5 that of the traditional method. According to our research, this is the first report on folding the extended external cavity feedback optical path in a non-straight direction basing on polarization splitting technology, providing a new method for external cavity feedback based on the VBG. • A polarization-separated external cavity feedback structure based on a VBG for linewidth narrowing and central wavelength locking is proposed. • A similar output power and narrow linewidth but a smaller current drift coefficient of central wavelength are demonstrated. • The locked central wavelength as a function of operating current shifts at a rate of approximately 2.625 pm/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical surface stress is important in nanomaterials because of their large surface-to-volume ratios, which lead to unique mechanical and electrocatalytic properties, but directly measuring this quantity has been challenging. Here we report on experimental determination of the surface stress, and associated electrochemical processes of a single gold nanowire with an optical imaging technique. We show that surface stress changes linearly and reversibly with the potential between 0 and 0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl, but abruptly with large hysteresis, associated with the oxidation and reduction of the nanowire, between 0.8 and 1.5 V. The potential derivative of the surface stress closely resembles the cyclic voltammograms. We described the observations in terms of anion adsorption and surface oxidation/reduction. This work demonstrates a new approach to study electrochemical processes and the associated surface stress changes of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical surface stress is important in nanomaterials because of their large surface-to-volume ratios, which lead to unique mechanical and electrocatalytic properties, but directly measuring this quantity has been challenging. Here we report on experimental determination of the surface stress, and associated electrochemical processes of a single gold nanowire with an optical imaging technique. We show that surface stress changes linearly and reversibly with the potential between 0 and 0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl, but abruptly with large hysteresis, associated with the oxidation and reduction of the nanowire, between 0.8 and 1.5 V. The potential derivative of the surface stress closely resembles the cyclic voltammograms. We described the observations in terms of anion adsorption and surface oxidation/reduction. This work demonstrates a new approach to study electrochemical processes and the associated surface stress changes of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonics based electrochemical microscopy (PECM) has been introduced to image local electrochemical reactions optically. The algorithm used to convert the plasmonic signal to current, however, is not applicable to thin-layer electrochemistry, which is important for microfluidic detection and biosensing applications. Here we introduce a PECM algorithm for both semi-infinite and thin-layer electrochemical geometries. The new algorithm expresses plasmonic signal as local concentration of redox species on the electrode surface, which, together with the diffusion and Nernst equations, determines the current. We validate the algorithm experimentally by fabricating a thin-layer electrochemical cell, consisting of two-parallel electrodes separated with various distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic properties of nanoparticles depend on their size, shape and composition. These properties are typically probed by measuring the total electrocatalytic reaction current of a large number of nanoparticles, but this approach is time-consuming and can only measure the average catalytic activity of the nanoparticles under study. However, the identification of new catalysts requires the ability to rapidly measure the properties of nanoparticles synthesized under various conditions and, ideally, to measure the electrocatalytic activity of individual nanoparticles. Here, we show that a plasmonic-based electrochemical current-imaging technique can simultaneously image and quantify the electrocatalytic reactions of an array of 1.6 × 105 platinum nanoparticles printed on an electrode surface, which could facilitate high-throughput screening of the catalytic activities of nanoparticles. We also show that the approach can be used to image the electrocatalytic reaction current and measure the cyclic voltammograms of single nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrated a method to accurately measure the zeta potentials and surface charges of individual particles by surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM). The principle is based on the sensitive dependence of surface plasmons in a metal surface on the distance between a particle and the surface. By applying a periodic (ac) electric field to the metal surface, the charged particle oscillates, which is measured with SPRM, from which the zeta potential and the surface charge of the particle can be determined. The ac method reduces the electro-osmotic effect and noises induced by Brownian motions and allows for the rapid determination of the zeta potentials of individual particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A super-sensitive carbon nanofiber aggregate (SSCNFA) sensor with 0.05% CNFs content has been developed. • The sensor's sensitivity is enhanced due to a well-defined conductive path between CNFs and steel mesh. • SSCNFA can detect forces as low as 0.28 N, making it suitable for stress/strain sensing and damage detection. • The sensor has a wide dynamic range, with any frequency from 1 Hz to 500 kHz available for various applications. A carbon nanofiber aggregate of exceptional sensitivity is developed. Our approach involves the development and utilization of a novel nanobrush structure of carbon nanofiber within the mortar matrix. The high number of nanostructures in the nanobrush, particularly near the electrodes, results in a greater number of nanogaps, leading to a substantial improvement in sensitivity. We are able to detect forces as small as 1 N using this sensor. The carbon nanofiber brush (CNFB) provides a well-defined conductive path for the piezoresistive functioning of the super-sensitive carbon nanofiber aggregate (SSCNFA) with significantly reduced cost. The influence of scanning frequency in impedance is rigorously investigated with alternating current (AC) based on two methods. SSCNFAs are tested in uniaxial compression to determine the highly sensitive face of cube sensor. An SSCNFA (0.05 % CNFs, dense electrodes) and a CNFA (0.5 % CNFs, wide-spaced electrodes) were tested in a sweep-frequency test under parallel compression to compare the super-sensitive performance of the new sensor. The gauge factors at various frequencies were determined. The electrical impedance measured at various frequencies provides versatility to the SSCNFA for stress monitoring. Four fixed-frequency tests were conducted to determine the resolution under uniaxial compression and examine repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A high efficiency spectral linewidth narrowing structure is proposed. • A blue diode laser with 444.36 nm central wavelength and 0.18 nm spectral linewidth is achieved. • The 40 W class narrow-linewidth blue diode laser is the highest reported to date. An external cavity feedback structure based on volume Bragg grating is introduced to realise spectral stabilisation and linewidth narrowing of a blue diode laser, with a central wavelength of 444.36 nm and a spectral linewidth of 0.18 nm. Using spatial beam combining technology and fibre coupling technology, a blue diode laser source producing 40.3 W power from an output fibre (core diameter: 105 µm, numerical aperture: 0.22) is achieved at an operating current of 3 A. The external cavity feedback and fibre coupling efficiencies exceeded 101.8 % and 88 %, respectively. Such high-power narrow-linewidth blue diode lasers show potential applications in second-harmonic generation, high-resolution spectroscopy, medical treatment, and industrial processing. To the best of our knowledge, the 40 W class output power with the narrow-linewidth of a fibre-coupled blue diode laser is the highest reported to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel beam homogenisation system based on a micro-lens array and beam expansion structure is proposed to convert a Gaussian-distributed circular beam to a flat-top-distributed square beam of size 2–5 mm and a homogeneity degree exceeding 95%. The novel micro-lens array based on a cylindrical lens element can potentially be widely applied in practice because of the absence of the preparative limitations of size and focal length. By employing this beam homogenisation system, laser shock processing experiments were performed on 7050 titanium alloy. The laser shock processing parameters were optimised. When the laser repetition frequency was 1 Hz, pulse width was 15 ns, and laser energy was 20 J, a residual stress of > 400 MPa was achieved on the titanium alloy. The experimental results demonstrate the ability of this beam-homogenisation system to perform laser shock processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials have been widely used in energy and sensing applications because of their unique chemical and physical properties, especially their surface reactions. Measuring the local reactions of individual nanomaterials, however, has been an experimental challenge. Here we report on plasmonic imaging of surface electrochemical reactions of individual gold nanowires (AuNWs). We coated a gold thin film (plasmonic sensing layer) with a dielectric layer (Cytop) with refractive index close to that of water, and then a graphene layer for electrical contact. This design removed the interference from the sensing layer while preserving sharp surface plasmon resonance, which allowed us to obtain cyclic voltammograms of surface electrochemistry of individual AuNWs for the first time. We also investigated the difference in the electrochemical reactions of AuNWs and Au surfaces, and local distribution of electrochemical activities within a single AuNW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diode-pumped alkali metal vapor laser (DPAL) combines the advantages of a solid laser and a gas laser. DPAL is useful in the industrial, medical, aerospace and military fields and can yield high output power while maintaining excellent beam quality. However, applications in many fields are limited due to the narrow absorption spectrum of the alkali metal vapor laser. In this study, a novel linewidth narrowing structure of the high-power diode laser based on volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) is proposed to match the absorption spectrum of the alkali metal vapor laser. With the combination of fast-axis collimating lens, beam transformation systems, slow-axis collimating lens, VBGs and metal ceramic heaters, the divergence angles of both fast and slow axis are compressed within 10 mrad. A high-power narrow linewidth diode laser source with a central wavelength of 780.044 nm, a spectral width of 0.138 nm, and an output power of 1090 W is achieved at an operating current of 50 A. Experimental results show that the effect of external cavity feedback based on VBG is improved and the multi-channel spectral linewidth is narrowed effectively by such a structure. The diode laser source based on this structure can be applied for pumping the rubidium alkali metal vapor laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Magnesium rechargeable batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their -high safety, low material cost, and earthabundant materials. Many redox-active polymers have recently been reported to show excellent cycling stability with decent Mg-storage performance. However, compared to their Li counterparts, these polymers exhibit lower Mg-storage capacity, resulting in a low ratio of materials utilization (η Mg/ η Li) for the same polymer in two electrolyte systems (i.e., Mg vs. Li electrolytes). Herein, we present a sulfur-linked porous polymer, poly(hexaazatrinaphthalene sulfide) (PSHATN), which sets a record for material utilization of 98% among all polymer electrodes and delivers a reversible capacity of 196 mAh g−1 in Mg electrolytes. Based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and operando optical microscopy, we discover a strong correlation between specific capacity and degree of electrochemical swelling of polymers in both electrolytes. Importantly, the high ratio (η Mg/ η Li) of PSHATN is ascribed to sufficient electrochemical swelling due to its large pore volume and flexible polymer nature, in contrast to linear polymers and rigid covalent organic frameworks that swell less effectively. This work highlights the critical need for polymer swelling in promoting ion transport in redox polymers for high material utilization and offers important polymer structural design insights for multivalent ion-based energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying the interactions of bacteria with external ligands is fundamental to the understanding of pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, immune evasion, and mechanism of antimicrobial action. Due to inherent cell-to-cell heterogeneity in a microbial population, each bacterium interacts differently with its environment. This large variability is washed out in bulk assays, and there is a need of techniques that can quantify interactions of bacteria with ligands at the single bacterium level. In this work, we present a label-free and real-time plasmonic imaging technique to measure the binding kinetics of ligand interactions with single bacteria, and perform statistical analysis of the heterogeneity. Using the technique, we have studied interactions of antibodies with single Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells and demonstrated a capability of determining the binding kinetic constants of single live bacteria with ligands, and quantify heterogeneity in a microbial population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrollable dendrite growth is closely related to non‐uniform reaction environments. However, there is a lack of understanding and analysis methods to probe the localized electrochemical environment (LEE). Here the effects of the LEE are investigated, including localized ion concentrations, current density, and electric potential, on metal plating/stripping dynamics and dendrite minimization. A novel in situ 3D microscopy technique is developed to image the morphology dynamics and deposition rate of Zn plating/stripping processes on 3D Zn–Mn anodes. Using the in situ 3D microscope, the electrode morphology changes during the reactions are directly imaged and Zn deposition rate maps at different time points are obtained. It is found that reaction kinetics are highly correlated to LEE and electrode morphology. To further quantify the LEE effects, the digital twin technique is employed that allows the accurate calculation of the electrochemical environments, such as localized ion concentrations, current density, and electric potential, which cannot be directly measured from experiments. It is found that the curvature of the 3D electrode surface determines the LEE and significantly influences reaction kinetics. This provides a new strategy to minimize the dendrite formation by designing and optimizing the 3D geometry of the electrode to control the LEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: ZnO and graphene composites (ZnO/GR) were prepared by a simple and repeatable thermal evaporation process, and both the reduction of graphene oxide and the loading of ZnO were achieved. The structural and optical properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. In the PL spectra, when the mass ratio of graphene to ZnO increased, a series of fluorescence quenching were found, and a regularly blue shift of the ultraviolet (UV) peak were also found, which might be attributed to the Burstein–Moss effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The electrochemical reaction of hydroquinone–benzoquinone (HQ–BQ) system in acetonitrile was studied by a flow-through Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance (EC-SPR) technique. The semiquinone radical anion (BQ•−) was detected as a large negative SPR shift for the first time by the hyphenated technique. The real time SPR signal shows the entire reaction process of the BQ•− including generation, transformation and disappearance. The lifetime of the BQ•− in the reaction was extracted by comparing the SPR signals along the flow stream. The study demonstrates that the flow-through EC-SPR is a powerful tool for monitoring not only surface bindings, but also solution phase chemical reactions. In addition, it is especially suitable for detecting unstable intermediate reaction products, which are difficult to measure using conventional analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, high-k LaAlO3 is proposed as tunnel dielectric for p-channel flash memory device application. The program/erase (P/E) injection current characteristic of p-channel flash memory cells with LaAlO3 tunnel dielectric is investigated compared to the cells with SiO2 tunnel dielectric by two-dimensional (2-D) device simulation, which shows that the bit line bias can be lowered from −5V to −3V during both P/E operations of flash memory cells with LaAlO3 tunnel dielectric, meanwhile retains the fast P/E speed and high injection efficiency. Our work also shows that drain disturb, one of the main issues for p-channel flash memory, is alleviated dramatically due to the lower P/E voltage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Ultra-high-performance carbon nanofiber aggreagate is proposed and developed. • The relationship between electrical response and stress–strain response are obtained. • The influence of scaning frequency and loading orientation are investigated. • The proposed sensor has compressive strength of 138 MPa to fit UHPC strength. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is rapidly implemented to build robust, durable, and sustainable structures. This study presents the development of a robust self-sensing sensor with the motivation to monitor structures with high-performance construction material, such as UHPC. The ultra-high-performance carbon nanofiber aggregates (UHPCNFAs) are carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and UHPC-based smart aggregates. The newly developed UHPCNFAs are experimentally investigated in uniaxial compression. Sweep-frequency and fixed-frequency tests are adopted in alternating current measurements for determining the electrical behavior of the UHPCNFAs. UHPCNFAs are compressed in parallel and perpendicular loading orientations to understand the difference in the sensor's electrical sensitivity and mechanical behavior in each case. In addition, the robustness of the UHPCFNA is examined to the point of failure in both orientations. The relationship between stress, strain, and electrical impedance variation is established for eight different frequencies. Furthermore, the UHPCNFAs are compressed at a fixed frequency to verify the repeatable behavior. This paper examines the effect of loading orientations on electrical and mechanical response, robustness, and sensitivity of UHPCNFA in a wide range of frequency spectrum to check its suitability in real-time structural health monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A comprehensive report of large-scale field tests for metamaterial-based barriers. • T -Rex mobile shaker at UT Austin is used to generate excitation. • Significant response reduction was observed for cases with metamaterial-based barriers. • Various excitations result in similar results of frequency response function. Seismic isolation systems protect structures and act as decoupling systems with the structure, which aims to uncouple the motion of the structure from incoming waves by reducing the kinetic energy of vibration transferred to structures. This research aims to study a non-invasive vibration isolation system using periodic barriers. A comprehensive field test program is completed to evaluate the wave isolation performance of empty trench and periodic barriers. The precast one-dimensional (1D) periodic barriers are arranged to form one long barrier and one short thick barrier to examine the influence of barrier length and the number of unit cells on the vibration isolation performance. The test program reported in this study is the P0 case (without periodic foundation), which serves as a reference group compared to previous test case P 1 (with periodic barrier and reinforced concrete foundation) and test case P 2 (with a combination of periodic barrier and periodic foundation). The triaxial (T -Rex) shaker truck generates excitation in three axis and the wave form include sine wave, sweep frequency and seismic waves. Each geophone sensor position records the triaxial soil response. The responses of soil along the direction of wave transfer, the normalized responses, and the frequency response function (FRF) are all provided and discussed. Various excitation inputs are comparable. It is found that the excitation directions influence the periodic barrier's effectiveness because of the dominant waveform. When FRF is compared between benchmark case and test cases, the periodic barriers' screening effectiveness can be determined in the attenuation zones. These attenuation zones are expected to be the frequency band gaps of the periodic barrier. When the incoming wave frequency falls in this frequency band gap, the periodic barrier can isolate the vibration propagating towards the protected region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conformational fluctuations play a central role in the electron transfer reactions of molecules. Because the fluctuations can be extremely fast in kinetics and small in amplitude, a technique with fast temporal resolution and high conformational sensitivity is needed to follow the transient electron transfer processes. Here we report on an electrochemically controlled plasmonic detection technique capable of monitoring conformational changes in redox molecules with ns response time. Using the technique, we study the electron transfer reaction and the associated conformational gating of a redox protein (cytochrome c). The study reveals that the conformational gating takes place over a broad range of time scales, from microsecond to millisecond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-longitudinal-mode end-emitting laser with 10 periods of metal slots at around 956 nm has been fabricated. 100 μm wide broad-stripe and ten periods of 9.5 μm periodicity metal slots are defined by i-line lithography and dry etching. Experimentally, continuous-wave power of 213 mW has achieved, at a slope efficiency of 520 mW/A, having a 3 dB spectrum width of less than 0.04 nm at 900 mA, and operating in a stable single longitudinal mode with the side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 42 dB. We prove that metal slots introduce sufficient loss into the cavity to filter out the wanted mode, and is more efficient on our chip structure than traditional slot laser. This paper provides a new method for the realizing high power broad-stripe (~100 μm) laser and array with single longitudinal mode operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that is involved in many basic cellular processes and diseases, but is difficult to detect in real time with existing technologies. A label-free detection of phosphorylation is reported in real time with self-assembled nano-oscillators. Each nano-oscillator consists of a gold nanoparticle tethered to a gold surface with a molecular linker. When the nanoparticle is charged, the nano-oscillator can be driven into oscillation with an electric field and detected with a plasmonic imaging approach. The nano-oscillators measure charge change associated with phosphorylation of peptides attached onto a single nanoparticle, allowing us to study the dynamic process of phosphorylation in real time without antibodies down to a few molecules, from which Michaelis and catalytic rate constants are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that is involved in many basic cellular processes and diseases, but is difficult to detect in real time with existing technologies. A label-free detection of phosphorylation is reported in real time with self-assembled nano-oscillators. Each nano-oscillator consists of a gold nanoparticle tethered to a gold surface with a molecular linker. When the nanoparticle is charged, the nano-oscillator can be driven into oscillation with an electric field and detected with a plasmonic imaging approach. The nano-oscillators measure charge change associated with phosphorylation of peptides attached onto a single nanoparticle, allowing us to study the dynamic process of phosphorylation in real time without antibodies down to a few molecules, from which Michaelis and catalytic rate constants are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ni atom is difficult to occupy the Ti or Al site in TiAl, it exists in the form of NiTi phase at the grain boundary of TiAl alloy, which is detrimental to the ductility of the TiAl alloy. The Fe and Co atoms preferentially occupy the Al sites and can improve the electronic structures and elastic properties of TiAl, leading to the improvement of the ductility of TiAl alloy. With the addition of 3 at.% Fe and Co, the tested average fracture strain of TiAl alloy increases from 17.3% to 19.1% and 18.0%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterial additives have been broadly used in cement and concrete-based sensors to measure the stress and strain in the structure. Most of the studies focused on measuring the resistivity of sensors with Direct Current (DC) or relatively low-frequency. In this work, the impedance responses of enhanced Carbon Nano-Fiber Aggregates (CNFAs) at different frequencies are rigorously studied and utilized as a tool for real-time structural health monitoring (SHM). The CNFA impedance measurements at different measurement frequencies provide an extra dimension (frequency dimension) to allow the characterization of different phenomena and multimodal measurements simultaneously. First, a comprehensive physical model is established to understand the frequency responses of the CNFA impedance. Second, COMSOL Multiphysics is used to simulate the frequency responses of the CNFA impedance, which provides more insights into the electric field and current density distribution. The impedance of CNFAs decreased with the increased dosage of carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Third, experimental studies are reported in detail. The electrical impedance variation (EZV) of the CNFA in parallel orientation is 151% higher than that of perpendicular orientation at the frequency of 2612 Hz and uniaxial compression stress of 4.65 MPa. The strain-EZV curve obtained from the response spectrum is linear for frequencies ranging from 98 Hz to 463.9 kHz. The strain-EZV curve for 5625 Hz has a linear fit with the gauge factor of 147.78. At 1000 Hz, the CNFA exhibited a repeatable behavior up to 9.35 MPa and detection limit up to the stress of 18.62 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Well aligned ZnO nails with small heads and rods arrays have been grown on indium tin oxides (ITO) substrates by a simple hydrothermal method without any metal catalyst or additives. The optical properties of the as-grown ZnO microstructures were investigated by room-temperature and temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra. From the PL spectra measured in the range of 80–300K, the origins of near-band-gap UV lines have been identified in terms of bound exciton complexes and the phonon replicas. We also estimated that the activation energy of the temperature quenching for ZnO nails is higher than that of rods, indicating less nonradiative recombination contributes to the emission process in ZnO nails, which was further testified by the time-resolved PL results. Thus, the relative emission intensity ratio between UV and deep level emission in room-temperature PL spectra for nails is 2.3-times higher than that of rods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A series of ZnO and graphene composites (ZnO/GRs) was synthesized by a simple and nontoxic hydrothermal reaction route. The TEM, AFM, FTIR, Raman and current–voltage (I–V) results demonstrated that the ZnO particles were coated by the graphene sheets, confirming the formation of ZnO/GRs composites. During the photocatalytic test, in comparison with ZnO and P25, the ZnO/GRs exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance for degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye since the graphene sheets could prevent the photoinduced hole–electron pairs of ZnO from recombination by transferring the photoinduced electron to the MB. When the mass ratio of ZnO to graphene was 50:1, the ZnO/GR showed the best photocatalytic performance. Moreover the photocorrosion of ZnO was inhibited to a large extent, which could be attributed to the formation of ZnO and graphene composite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel vertical channel dual-nitride-trapping-layer ROM (VDNROM) flash memory with oxide–nitride–oxide–nitride–oxide (ONONO) dielectrics stack is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Compared with the conventional planar NROM cell, since the cell area of the proposed vertical structure is independent of the gate length, the VDNROM structure can relax the limitation of the gate length scaling, and can have high capability of cell area shrinking. The fabrication process of this VDNROM device is basically compatible with planar CMOS technology. The VDNROM cell can be programmed and erased by the hot carrier injection to the localized trapping dual-nitride layers, so it can achieve a four-physical-bits storage capability each cell. The reliability behaviors including the cycling endurance and the bake retention at 150°C have also been investigated and show the acceptable characteristics. The experiment results verify the VDNROM cell as a good candidate for high density applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We design a novel semiconductor/superlattice AlAs/(GaAs/AlAs) distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), and the reflection spectrum is calculated by employing transfer matrix method. In experiment, this kind of DBR is grown on GaAs (100) substrate. From the measured reflection spectrum, the central wavelength is about 810nm with high reflectivity, and the reflection bandwidth is about 100nm. By adjusting the thickness of AlAs layer and the period of superlattice GaAs/AlAs, the DBR with center wavelength at 1.3μm is also investigated theoretically. The calculated results show that the central wavelength is about 1.3μm, and the peak reflectivity is up to 99.5% with 30 pair. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]