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The urban development is not only reflected in scale expansion, but also in quality improvement. This paper, taking Ningbo as a sample, structures an indicator system based on ANP to evaluate the quality of Ningbo development. The system covers a set of quality measurements involving economy, society, ecology, urban and rural areas, and government service. The research reveals the obvious spatial differentiation taking place in urban quality development, with higher—level quality of downtown areas versus lower—level quality of non—central areas. Also, the factors affecting the development of urban quality are unbalanced and in disparity, with respective weakness appearing.

At present, the public service supply is facing such problems as government failure, market failure and social failure. A supply mode featuring pluralization, collaboration and synergy has yet to be established. Guided by synergy theory, the paper aims to construct a public-service collaborative supply mode which is scientifically standardized, highly efficient and sustainable, defines roles and functions between government, market and social organizations, and proposes a set of mechanisms involving participation, decision-making, coordination, incentive and evaluation, to ensure the effective operation of the mode. The paper is intended to offer some helpful reference for local governments to promote public service reform and build a service-oriented government

This study focuses on the investigation of the influence of human capital factors on the tax collection efficiency. Literature review indicated that although the efficiency evaluation of tax collection has been discussed in previous study, the influence of human capital factors on the tax collection efficiency has seldom been addressed. Hence, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method has been employed to address this issue in this study. The innovation of this study lays on that the human capital factors have been taken into account in the efficiency evaluation of tax collection. To measure performance of the human capital factors in the tax collection, a case study in Wuhan city, China has been carried out. The DEA analysis results demonstrate that the tax collection efficiency increases with the increase of the number and higher education level of the tax officers and the higher education level of the tax officers still has a large room to improve. Then, relative improvement strategies have been proposed to strengthen tax collection efficiency. Hence, the findings of this study contribute to the body of knowledge in the efficiency evaluation of tax collection and its improvement measurement, which can be referred by other cities over the world.

Regulation of neuronal NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is critical in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Protein kinase C (PKC) promotes NMDAR trafficking to the cell surface via interaction with NMDAR-associated proteins (NAPs). Little is known, however, about the NAPs that are critical to PKC-induced NMDAR trafficking. Here, we showed that calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) could be a NAP that mediates the potentiation of NMDAR trafficking by PKC. PKC activation promoted the level of autophosphorylated CaMKII and increased association with NMDARs, accompanied by functional NMDAR insertion, at postsynaptic sites. This potentiation, along with PKC-induced long term potentiation of the AMPA receptor-mediated response, was abolished by CaMKII antagonist or by disturbing the interaction between CaMKII and NR2A or NR2B. Further mutual occlusion experiments demonstrated that PKC and CaMKII share a common signaling pathway in the potentiation of NMDAR trafficking and long-term potentiation (LTP) induction. Our results revealed that PKC promotes NMDA receptor trafficking and induces synaptic plasticity through indirectly triggering CaMKII autophosphorylation and subsequent increased association with NMDARs.

Glycine in the hippocampus can exert its effect on both synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and extrasynaptic functional glycine receptors (GlyRs) via distinct binding sites. Previous studies have reported that glycine induces long-term potentiation (LTP) through the activation of synaptic NMDARs. However, little is known about the potential role of the activated GlyRs that are largely located in extrasynaptic regions. We report here that relatively high levels of glycine achieved either by exogenous glycine application or by the elevation of endogenous glycine accumulation with an antagonist of the glycine transporter induced long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. The co-application of glycine with the selective GlyR antagonist strychnine changed glycine-induced LTD (Gly-LTD) to LTP. Blocking the postsynaptic GlyR-gated net chloride flux by manipulating intracellular chloride concentrations failed to elicit any changes in EPSCs. These results suggest that GlyRs are involved in Gly-LTD. Furthermore, this new form of chemical LTD was accompanied by the internalization of postsynaptic AMPA receptors and required the activation of NMDARs. Therefore, our present findings reveal an important function of GlyR activation and modulation in gating the direction of synaptic plasticity.

Capacitive grating sensor can be used to measure the length, as its capacitance changes with the shift difference. There are several measuring systems consisting of capacitive sensor, but all their basic principles are capacitive differential sensing. The structure, principles and characteristics of capacitive sensors are introduced in this paper. Especially, we designed a high-resolution electronic length measuring system based on Capacitive Grating Sensor. And the measurement error of the system and the reason are analysed. For this system, the measuring range is from 0 to 500mm, the resolution is 1um, the indication error is 5um, the measuring speed is 1m/s. Accurate measurement on account of large displacement is achieved with the system.

A photoelectric hybrid coupling current transformer has a lot of obvious advantages over a traditional electromagnetic current transformer. It is very valuable in practical application for the electricity protection and signal measurement of power system. This paper will introduce the design of a new type of Rogowski coil, integral and filter circuit, the realization of A / D timing and Manchester decoding with CPLD. The test results have proven that the proposed system design can perform the expected functionality of photoelectric coupling current transformer. It can better meet the power system’s requirements in the high-speed data processing, large data quantity and complex operation. It also has merit of being simple in structure and easier for modification. It is worth of further investigation.

Acoustic temperature field reconstruction is an illposed problem. This means especially that their solution is unstable under data perturbations. Numerical methods that can cope with this problem are the so-called regularization methods. The choice of a regularization parameter has an important influence on reconstruction accuracy. In this paper, a 3D acoustic temperature field reconstruction algorithm is proposed. It uses a new criterion for choosing the regularization parameter, which makes a good compromise between de-noise and detail reconstruction of the temperature field. Reconstructions of a single-peak temperature field by using simulated travel-times corrupted with different level noises demonstrate that the new algorithm has high reconstruction accuracy and good anti-noise ability.

This paper analyses the effect of legislation environment on the relation between independent director and firm performance in China, and provides the Chinese market evidence for the international company governance study. We mainly focus on the effect of The Guidance of establishing independent director system in listed company on the relation between independent director and firm performance. Using the Mixed cross-sectional data of listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 1998 to 2005, we found a significant improvement of the proportion of independent director after publishing the guidance. The results conclude that the proportion of independent director is significantly negative related to the firm performance, however, the legislation did not seem to enhance or weaken the negative relationship between independent director and firm performance.

In vivo experience induces changes in synaptic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit components, which are correlated with subsequent modifications of synaptic plasticity. However, little is known about how these subunit changes regulate the induction threshold of subsequent plasticity. At hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses, we first examined whether a recent history of neuronal activity could affect subsequent synaptic plasticity through its actions on NMDAR subunit components. We found that prior activity history produced by priming stimulations (PSs) across a wide range of frequencies (1-100 Hz) could induce bidirectional changes in the NR2A/NR2B ratio, which governs the threshold for subsequent long-term potentiation/long-term depression (LTP/LTD). Manipulating the NR2A/NR2B ratio through partial NR2 subunit blockade mimicked the PS regulation of the LTP/LTD threshold. Our results demonstrate that activity-dependent changes in the NR2A/NR2B ratio can be critical factors in metaplastic regulation of the LTP/LTD threshold.

Although an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the plasticity of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie this neurologically important process. In a study of NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses in hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 synapses whose AMPA receptor (AMPAR) activity is totally blocked, we uncovered differences between the trafficking mechanisms that underlie the long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) that can be induced in these cells under these conditions. The LTP-producing protocol failed to induce a change in the amplitude of NMDAR-mediated postsynaptic currents (NMDAR EPSCs) in the first 5-10 min, but induced gradual enhancement of NMDAR EPSCs thereafter that soon reached a stable magnitude. This "slow" LTP of NMDAR EPSCs (LTP(NMDA)) was blocked by inhibiting exocytosis or actin polymerization in postsynaptic cells. By contrast, LTD of NMDAR EPSCs (LTD(NMDA)) was immediately inducible, and, although it was blocked by the actin stabilizer, it was unaffected by exocytosis or endocytosis inhibitors. Furthermore, concomitant changes in the decay time of NMDAR EPSCs suggested that differential switches in NR2 subunit composition accompanied LTP(NMDA) and LTD(NMDA), and these changes were blocked by the calcium buffer BAPTA or an mGluR antagonist. Our results suggest that LTP(NMDA) and LTD(NMDA) utilize different NMDAR trafficking pathways and express different ratios of NMDAR subunits on the postsynaptic surface.