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This case report describes the lingual orthodontic treatment of a 28-year-old female patient who presented with a bimaxillary protrusion malocclusion, a hyperdivergent facial pattern, mentalis strain, and a ‘gummy’ smile. To achieve favourable occlusal and facial results, the four first premolars were extracted, and micro-screws utilised to provide maximum anchorage. With the widespread application of three-dimensional technology, a digital goal-oriented treatment plan was applied for its predictability and precision. A fully customised lingual appliance system with preset torque in the anterior teeth combined with ribbon-wise arch wires was placed to prevent excessive lingual inclination of the incisors during retraction. As a result, an attractive facial profile and a well-aligned dentition with ideal intercuspation was obtained.

Allele frequencies for 12 X STR loci (DXS8378, DXS10159, DXS10162, DXS10164, DXS981, DXS6789, DXS7424, DXS101, DXS7133, GATA165B12, GATA31E08 and DXS7423) were obtained from a sample of 518 unrelated individuals from Shaanxi, China. We observed a total of 108 alleles in the group with the allelic frequency values ranging from less than 0.0014 to 0.6768. Our statistic analysis indicates that the 12 X STR conform to the Hardy-Weinberg's equilibrium. Heterozygosity among the studied 12 X STR loci showed a distribution of 42.33-86.20%. This is first report on allele frequencies of DXS10162 from Han population. The results may provide useful information for forensic sciences and population genetics studies. The present findings indicate that the 12 X STR loci are highly genetically polymorphic in the Han population of Shaanxi.

Multidrug resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1 or ABCC1), a membrane-bound energy-dependent efflux transporter, is overexpressed in several kinds of multidrug-resistant cell lines and related to multidrug-resistance (MDR) of various cancers. In this study, we investigated whether MRP1 was involved in the chemoresistance of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). We demonstrated that down-regulation of MRP1 in MC3/5FU, a drug-resistant MEC cell line, by RNA interference increased the drug sensitivity of the cells to 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, pharmorubicin, bleomycin-A5, cis-platinum and taxol. However, no significant quantitative difference of MRP1 mRNA and protein expression was found between MC3/5FU cells and its parental cell line (MC3) as determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Interestingly, MRP1 was translocated from the cytoplasmic membrane of the MC3 cells to the nuclei of MC3/5FU cells as revealed by indirect immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, MRP1 down-regulation mainly decreased the nuclear expression of MRP1 rather than the cytoplasmic membrane expression. Our results suggested that MRP1 was involved in the chemoresistance of MEC and MRP1 may confer drug-resistance by a mechanism associated with its nuclear translocation.

Prevotella intermedia, a major periodontal pathogen, plays important roles in the initiation and development of periodontitis by stimulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines, proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our previous study demonstrated that P. intermedia induced MMP-9 expression in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. In this study, we examined the effects of P. intermedia on other MMPs' expression. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis revealed that P. intermedia ATCC 25611 supernatant increased MMP-1 and MMP-8 mRNA expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot results confirmed the RT-PCR results at the protein level. Cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin significantly attenuated the upregulatory effects of P. intermedia on MMP-1 and MMP-8 expression. Extracellular signal-related kinase inhibitor PD98059 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 considerably decreased the upregulated level of MMP-1, whereas p38 inhibitor SB203580 markedly inhibited MMP-8 expression, suggesting that prostaglandin E(2) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways are involved in P. intermedia-induced MMP-1 and MMP-8 upregulation. Our results indicate that P. intermedia might contribute to periodontal connective tissue and bone matrix destruction through upregulating MMP production.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play pivotal roles in inflammatory diseases including chronic periodontitis. The effects of Prevotella intermedia, a major periodontal pathogen, on MMP-9 production in primary human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells were examined in the present study. MMP-9 mRNA expression was measured by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and its protein secretion was assayed by gelatin zymography. Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 supernatant time and dose-dependently induced MMP-9 expression. In contrast, Porphyromanas gingivalis ATCC 33277 supernatants, Escherichia coli lipopolysacchride and IL-1β exhibited no stimulatory effects on MMP-9 production in hPDL cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPK, including extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38] inhibitors exerted no effect on the P. intermedia-induced MMP-9 production, indicating that P. intermedia induced MMP-9 production through an MAPK-independent pathway. Our results demonstrated that P. intermedia may contribute to periodontal tissue destruction during chronic periodontitis by inducing MMP-9 production in hPDL cells.

In order to find out the characteristics of genetic mutations in 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci, 3734 parentage cases were analyzed using AmpFlSTR Sinofiler kit. The allele source, mutation rate, and mutation rule of the STR loci were determined. Seventy mutations were observed in all cases for paternity testing. Among 15 STR loci, the highest mutation rate was observed in D12S391 (0.21 %), but the D5S818 gene mutation rate was relatively low (0.02 %). One-step mutation cases accounted for 95.7 % of all of the cases monitored. And the mutations in this study mainly showed paternal mutation (64/70). The research results are of great significance for identification and paternity tests and for the improvement of genetic studies on Chinese population in the future.

Background Some inflammatory factors play an important role in recurrent oral ulceration (ROU). The genetics mechanism of expression level of inflammatory factors is not clear in ROU, but from genetics the expression level of inflammatory factors at least partly depend on the gene polymorphisms. Therfore, we decided to investigate inflammatory factors gene polymorphism and its association with the susceptibility of recurrent oral ulceration in Chinese. Methods Genomic DNA was obtained from 42 subjects with recurrent oral ulceration, 86 subjects of healthy control individuals.Genotypes and alleles of 10 genes and 17 polymorphisms sites were analyzed by Mass-ARRAY Analyzer method. Then, the differences in distribution of each genotype and allele were compared. Results The statistical differences in distribution of TNF-α (rs1800629 and rs1800630) genotype and allele were observed among the groups with recurrent oral ulceration and healthy control individuals (P

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common autoimmune inflammatory disorder that is difficult to cure, and its pathogenesis is still largely unknown. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator (CIITA) gene has been reported to be an important candidate in some classical autoimmune diseases, and certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CIITA have been confirmed to be associated with susceptibility to some autoimmune diseases. We conducted this research to investigate the existence of any correlation between OLP and SNPs in CIITA. A case-control study was performed to genotype 15 SNPs in the CIITA gene from 42 patients with OLP and from 86 controls; this was carried out by the PCR and then by a locus-specific single-base extension reaction. Allele detection was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The SNP rs4774 variant in exon 11 (+1614G/C, Gly500Ala) of CIITA is significantly associated with OLP in healthy persons, both in genotype frequency and in allele frequency. Another intronic SNP, rs6498122, showed significant differences only in allele frequency. In conclusion, our data show that the two SNPs rs4774 and rs6498122 are associated with OLP and could also indicate the autoimmune characteristics of OLP.

BACKGROUND: MtDNA haplogroups could have important implication for understanding of the relationship between the mutations of the mitochondrial genome and diseases. Distribution of a variety of diseases among these haplogroups showed that some of the mitochondrial haplogroups are predisposed to disease. To examine the susceptibility of mtDNA haplogroups to ROU, we sequenced the mtDNA HV1, HV2 and HV3 in Chinese ROU. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: MtDNA haplogroups were analyzed in the 249 cases of ROU patients and the 237 cases of healthy controls respectively by means of primer extension analysis and DNA sequencing. Haplogroups G1 and H were found significantly more abundant in ROU patients than in healthy persons, while haplogroups D5 and R showed a trend toward a higher frequency in control as compared to those in patients. The distribution of C-stretch sequences polymorphism in mtDNA HV1, HV2 and HV3 regions was found in diversity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: For the first time, the relationship of mtDNA haplogroups and ROU in Chinese was investigated. Our results indicated that mtDNA haplogroups G1 and H might constitute a risk factor for ROU, which possibly increasing the susceptibility of ROU. Meanwhile, haplogroups D5 and R were indicated as protective factors for ROU. The polymorphisms of C-stretch sequences might being unstable and influence the mtDNA replication fidelity.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play pivotal roles in inflammatory diseases including chronic periodontitis. The effects of Prevotella intermedia, a major periodontal pathogen, on MMP-9 production in primary human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells were examined in the present study. MMP-9 mRNA expression was measured by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and its protein secretion was assayed by gelatin zymography. Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 supernatant time and dose-dependently induced MMP-9 expression. In contrast, Porphyromanas gingivalis ATCC 33277 supernatants, Escherichia coli lipopolysacchride and IL-1beta exhibited no stimulatory effects on MMP-9 production in hPDL cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPK, including extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38] inhibitors exerted no effect on the P. intermedia-induced MMP-9 production, indicating that P. intermedia induced MMP-9 production through an MAPK-independent pathway. Our results demonstrated that P. intermedia may contribute to periodontal tissue destruction during chronic periodontitis by inducing MMP-9 production in hPDL cells.

To study the effects of 17 beta-estradiol on the adhesion, invasion and motility potential of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma Mc3 cells.The effects of 17 beta-estradiol on adhesion, invasion and motility potential of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma Mc3 cells were investigated with cell attachment assay on fibronectin (FN), wound assay, chemotaxis assay, and gelatin-incorporated SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The expression of estrogen receptor in Mc3 cells was determined by immunohistochemistry assay.Attachment rates of Mc3 cells treated with E2 at 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6) mol/L were 38.3%, 50.4%, 69.2% and 91.1% respectively, and the rate in control was 25.0%. When exposed to 17 beta-estradiol at 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) and 10(-6) mol/L for 48 h, motility of Mc3 cells on FN increased by 16.9%, 40.9%, 36.4% and 38.8% respectively. When at 10(-6) mol/l, 17 beta-estradiol increased chemotaxis potential of Mc3 cells to FN by 60.3%. The activity of 68 000 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) of Mc3 cells was enhanced at different levels by 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6) mol/L of 17 beta-estradiol, and estrogen receptor was also detected in nucleus of Mc3 cells by immunohistochemistry assay.17 beta-estradiol at physiological concentration may enhance the adhesion, invasion and motility potential of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma Mc3 cells.