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Flexible CZTSSe thin film solar cells were prepared on Ti foil substrate. With adding a Ge buffer layer between the Ti foil substrate and the Mo back contact, CZTSSe thin film showed a better crystallization and less secondary phases. It was confirmed that Ge diffused into CZTSSe layer and had a promoting effect on Sn +4 state formation and stress release. The flexible CZTSSe solar cell with Ge buffer layer showed a conversion efficiency of 2.00%, which presented a 200% enhancement comparing to the solar cell without Ge buffer layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuZnSnS (CZTS) thin films were fabricated by a low-cost nanoparticle ink method. The eco-friendly hydrophilic CZTS nanoparticles were mixed with low-cost n-propanol to form nanoparticle ink. To improve crystallinity and remove oxygen element, the CZTS thin films were sulfurized further. The effects of sulfurization temperature on the structure, morphologies, and photovoltaic performances of CZTS thin films were investigated. The results showed that the crystallinity of CZTS thin film was improved with increasing sulfurization temperature. The surface morphology studies demonstrated the formation of compact and homogenous CZTS thin film at a sulfurization temperature of 600 °C. By optimizing thickness of CZTS thin film, the CZTS thin-film solar cell with an optimal efficiency of 2.1% was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CZTSSe thin films based on three-layer precursors with Cu-poor and Zn-rich in top and bottom layer while stoichiometric in middle layer were prepared. Compared with CZTSSe thin film obtained from a stoichiometric single layer precursor, the crystallization of thin film from a three-layer precursor got enhanced. Element distribution and growth nuclei position in precursor played an important role on CZTSSe thin film formation and solar cell performance. The conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cell from a three-layer precursor attained an increase of 3.54% over that from a single layer precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]