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A carbohydrate based fat replacer is the most important constituent used in a large range of bakery products. It exactly minimizes the role of butter, margarine and fat. It also plays a major role in the reduction of obesity. Carbohydrate based fat replacers also effect in terms of physical and chemical properties. The present study was designed to reveal the combined potential of pectin and banana powder as carbohydrate based fat replacers in cookies. The flour was characterized for a proximate analysis (moisture, fat, fiber, protein, ash and NFE). Moreover, carbohydrate based fat replacers (pectin and banana powder) were mixed with flour at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Fat replacers of different flour containing levels were studied for rheological properties (farinographic) and were used in baked products such as cookies for enhancing their quality characteristics. Moreover, physical and chemical analyses were carried out. Furthermore, the sensory evaluation of cookies was also carried out. The obtained data from each parameter were subjected to an appropriate statistical analysis for determining the level of significance. The results showed that the content of crude fat was 29.82% in the controlled cookies. The fat content was reduced from 29.82% to 17.07% for T3 by using carbohydrate based fat replacers. The current study revealed that the treatment with T3 better attributes to physical, chemical and rheological properties. The results further affirmed that the cookies prepared from wheat flour from 15% supplementation of carbohydrate based fat replacers showed better attributes regarding color and texture and were declared the best by the panelists

Razieh Taghizadeh,1 Zahra Taghipour,2 Akbar Karimi,1 Ali Shamsizadeh,3 Mohammad Mohsen Taghavi,2 Mahdi Shariati,2 Ahmad Shabanizadeh,2 Hamid Reza Jafari Naveh,2 Reza Bidaki,4 Fariba Aminzadeh51Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran; 2Department of Anatomy, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; 3Department of Physiology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; 4Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 5Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranObjective: Approximately 10% of pregnant women suffer from pregnancy-associated depression. Fluoxetine, as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is being employed as a therapy for depressive disorders. The present study aimed to determine the effects of fluoxetine on neonatal lung development.Methods: Thirty pregnant Wistar rats (weighing 200–250 g) were treated daily with 7 mg/kg fluoxetine from gestation day 0 to gestation day 21, via gavage. The control group received a similar volume of distilled water only. Following delivery, the newborns and their lungs were immediately weighed in both of the groups. The right lung was fixed for histological assessments while the left lung was used for evaluation of the expression of SPC and HoxB5 by the real-time polymerase chain reaction method.Results: Results have indicated that even though the body weight and the number of neonatal rats in both groups were the same, the lung weight of neonates exposed to fluoxetine was significantly different compared to the control group (P

Background and Objective: Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide. , which inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Diazinon on pituitary-gonadal axis and histological alteration of seminferous tubules in adult rat testis. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham and experimental 1, 2 and 3. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon for 28 days, orally, respectively. Animals in control group did not receive any substance. Animals in sham group were received an equivalent amount of normal saline. The animals were euthanized after 28 days and a blood sample was collected via heart puncture and testes were removed for histological studies. Results: Diazinon significantly reduced serum testosterone concentration, sertoli cell, leydig cell count, primary spermatocyte and spermatid (P

"nBackground and Aims: Considering the application of recycled metallic brackets in orthodontic treatments and probably more resultant metal ion release, which can cause cytotoxic side effects, this study was set up to assess the effect of recycling process of orthodontic brackets on metal ion release."nMaterials and Methods: In this experimental study, 80 Discovery direct bond brackets (Dentarum, Germany) were divided into 2 groups, new and recycled brackets (n = 40), then each group was divided into two subgroups (one-week and 6-months subgroups) (n=20). The specimens were maintained in buffered solution of NaNHNo3"n(pH=7) at 37°C in an incubator. After periods of one week and 6 months immersion, 0.5 mL of each solution was analyzed by spectrophotometry for the quantity of released Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), and Cobalt (Co) ions. The data were analyzed using two way ANOVA analysis."nResults: After one week, the quantity of Ni, Cr, and Co ions released from new brackets were 0.65, 1.4, and 0.75 (ppb), respectively. The values for recycled brackets were 142, 2.61, and, 1.43 (ppb). These findings indicated significant difference between two groups (P

Objective(s): To translate and to test reliability and validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Iran. Material & Methods: Using standard "backward - forward "translation procedure, the English• Ianguage version of the questionnaire was translated in to Persian (Iranian language). Then, a sample of 748 young people aged 18 to 25 years old completed the questionnaire. ln addition, a short questionnaire containing demographic questions and a single measure of global quality of life (ranging from extremely poor to excellent) was administered. Results: The mean age of respondents was 21.1 (sd= 2.1) years and most were female (76%), single (84%), and college/ university student (51%). Employing the recommended method of scoring (ranging from O to 12), the mean GHQ score was found to be 3.7 (sd= 3.5). However, the single measure of global quality of life indicated that many (28%) experiencing neither good nor bad and 31 % moderately good quality of life. To test reliability, the internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach s alpha coefficient and it was found to be 0.87. Validity was performed using known groups comparison analysis, The results of the ANOVA of GHQ score with global quality of life status (as the grouping variable) indicated that there were significant differences between groups in the expected direction, Those with a better global quality of life scored lower on the GHQ and those with an extremely poor or poor global quality of life reported more psychological problems (F=58.6, P

This study provides a comprehensive exploration of the utilization of scrap tires in geotechnical engineering, focusing on their applications, mechanical behavior, environmental impact, and potential challenges. The utilization of waste tires in engineering applications is of paramount importance, offering a sustainable solution to the escalating challenge of waste tire management. The accumulation of discarded tires poses significant environmental and economic concerns globally, with traditional disposal methods often leading to environmental degradation, fire hazards, and increased land use. By harnessing the inherent properties of scrap tires, such as their durability and energy-absorbing characteristics, geotechnical engineering presents a promising path for repurposing these materials. This review examines how integrating scrap tires into geotechnical projects, such as retaining walls, slopes, and drainage systems, can offer sustainable alternatives while addressing environmental concerns. The paper extensively analyzes the mechanical behavior of sand-rubber mixtures through laboratory investigations. Factors including rubber proportions, aspect ratios, and interaction mechanisms are dissected to understand their influence on shear strength, deformation behavior, and modulus properties. These insights pave the way for optimizing the performance of sand-rubber mixtures in engineering applications. Additionally, the article delves into modeling approaches that simulate the intricate behavior of these mixtures, facilitating better design and analysis. The economic feasibility of incorporating scrap tires is investigated, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness achieved through reduced material costs and enhanced infrastructure durability. The environmental benefits of diverting rubber waste from landfills are discussed, highlighting the alignment with sustainability goals and regulations. Despite the advantages, engineering challenges associated with rubber particles' behavior are acknowledged, and potential solutions are explored. Through a comprehensive synthesis of research findings and practical implications, this review aims to provide a deep understanding of the potential of scrap tires in geotechnical engineering. It concludes by advocating for further research and innovation to harness the full potential of scrap tires, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and resilient built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]