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The aim of social entrepreneurship is to provide solutions to challenging problems experienced by the communities. Scalable and sustainable approaches -catalytic innovations- present 'good enough' solutions to resolve social problems that are not addressed by enterprises using traditional approaches. Passionate and creative social entrepreneurs acquire and recombine existing resources - bricolage- to provide good enough solutions to problems and bringing social change that benefit their communities. Financial support and sustainability are the biggest reported challenges facing social enterprises in Pakistan. The paper proposes conceptual model which can be used to conduct empirical study in the social entrepreneurship sector. Themodeling is developed on the basis of empirical study and concepts related to Passion, creativity, entrepreneurial bricolage, catalytic innovation and moderating influence of innovation ecology that can be used to increase the performance of social enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social performance (CSP) has become a widely applied concept, discussed in most large firm's corporate reports and the academic literature alike that remains largely unexplored, particularly in the Pakistani setting. The present study aims at finding out the direct impact of management commitment of ethics (MCE) on corporate social performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The study also investigates the mediating role of employee's corporate social responsibility perception in the relationship of MCE and CSP and OCB. A survey questionnaire has been used to collect the data from top 10 "CSR excellence award" winning organizations of Pakistan. Using the regression & correlation analysis, it was found that management commitment to ethics is a dominant driver of corporate social performance and also interacts positively with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Further, results of Sobel test also confirms that the association between management commitment to ethics and organizational citizenship behavior is significantly mediated by employee perception of CSR. Managerial implications and future research directions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) also known as malignant hepatoma, accounts for most of the liver cancers. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) has been undoubtedly widely used as a marker for the detection and monitoring of HCC. This study aimed to find the correlation of serum alpha fetoprotein and tumor size in HCC in the tertiary care hospital. Study Design: This cross sectional descriptive study. Setting: Pathology Department of Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore (AIMC). Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 45 HCC patients (13 females and 32 males) came to Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Five ml of venous blood was drawn aseptically from anterior cubital vein of patients and added into plain vial to clot. The samples were centrifuged, to get the plasma separated from blood cells. Serum AFP was measured by using Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay technique (ELISA). Results: There were 10 (22.2%), 19 (42.2%), 16 (35.6) cases in AFP group 1,2,3 respectively. While 10 (22.2%), 13 (28.8%), 22 (48.8%) cases in tumor size groups A, B, C. Group C with large tumor size got 48.8% raised AFP levels as compared to group B (28.8%) and group A (10%). Conclusion: This study shows there is significant correlation between serum AFP and tumor size in HCC (r=0.668). Serum AFP progressively increases with tumor size especially in larger size. Although AFP have suboptimal sensitivity but it is still proves a beneficial in early diagnosis and screening of HCC, when used in combination of USG/Imaging technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]