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Background:Epidural hematoma (EDH) is accumulation of blood between the inner table of the skull and thedural membrane due to trauma and predominantly consists of venous blood in case ofchildren.Children with extradural hematoma (EDH) present differently than adults and outcome would also be different. Methods and Materials: This is a prospective interventional study done in the Department of Neurosurgery, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital (DMCH) in between period of January 2016 to December 2019. Children of both sex below 12 years of age with EDH were included after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Follow up period was 1 month after surgery. Results: Among 90 patients, 73.3% were male and 26.7% were female. Age 5 - 12 years is most commonly affected among all age groups, attributing to 58.9%, fall from height was the most common cause (58.9%) followed by road traffic accident (32.2%), fall of heavy object over head (7.8%) etc. The most common symptom was vomiting which was present in 85.6% of patients followed by altered consciousness in 72.2%, headache in 60% and scalp swelling in 25.6% of patients. The follow-up of our patients was 1 month after surgery. Most of our patients made good recovery. Among them 73 patients (81.1%) were neurologically intact (GOS 5), 10 (11.1%) patients had some deficit but could do their daily activity independently (GOS 4), 03 patients (3.3%) was dependant on other for daily activity with cognitive deficit (GOS 3) and 4 patients (4.4%) died. Conclusion:EDH in children can be managed by surgery with good outcomes. Even in the presence of poor initial clinical and radiologic conditions, timely intervention can lead to a good recovery. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 865-874

Background: Stereotactic neurosurgery involves mapping the brain in a three-dimensional coordinate system. With the help of MRI and CT scans and 3D computer workstations, neurosurgeons are able to accurately target any area of the brain especially deep seated and brain stem. Objectives: Stereotactic brain biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure that uses this technology to obtain samples of brain tissue for diagnostic purpose of multiple brain disorder where start to any medication was impossible or no response to any medical management for long term. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients underwent stereotactic biopsy of brain lesions using“KOMAI” Stereotactic frame system and were enrolled. Results: Of the 25 cases, positive tissue biopsy was found in 20 cases. In 5 patients, biopsy showed gliotic brain tissue or normal brain tissue. There was no post-operative new deficits or mortality seen. Conclusion: Stereotaxy is minimally invasive procedure having no complication. So, before starting any medication blindly stereotactic tissue diagnosis can help a lot in many medical and surgical diseases. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2021; 39(1): 24-35

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is an increasingly common neurological disease in daily neurosurgical practice. Despite the wide prevalence of CSDH, there remains a lack of consensus regarding numerous aspects of its surgical management. The diagnosis and treatment are well established but there are different surgical procedures and outcome related to these procedures are not completely understood.Methods: The study conducted was conducted in department of neurosurgery at Ibrahim cardiac hospital and research institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh between January 2019 to July 2020, 105 patients were treated for chronic subdural haematoma This study evaluated the clinical features, radiological findings and surgical outcome by mini craniotomy assessed by modified Rankin scale (mRS) score and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score in a large series of patients treated at single institution.Results: At 6 months follow up, only one patient died (0.95%) because of co-morbidities and not directly related to the chronic subdural haematoma, 15 patients (14.3%) improved to mRS 0, 33.33% showed only mild symptoms without any significant disability-mRS 1, slight disability was observed in 28.5% patients, moderate disability was observed in 17.14% patients-mRS 3, moderately severe disability was observed in 5.7%-mRS 4.Conclusions: GOS score at 6 months follow up which shows majority of the patient improved to GOS score 4 (45.71%) and 5 (38.09%). Based on these results, among various method of surgical management, mini craniotomy provides better outcome.

This chapter focuses on international law in Bangladesh. Neither the Constitution of Bangladesh nor any statute contains any specific provision on domestic application of international law rules. However, it is well settled by various judicial decisions that in respect of domestic application of international treaties, Bangladesh is a dualist country. In order to be applied by national courts, it is necessary for the treaty to be incorporated into Bangladesh’s legal system by an act of incorporation. In respect of customary international law, there is no clear judicial decision on whether customary law automatically forms part of Bangladesh law or whether, like treaties, such law is required to be made a part of Bangladesh law by a legislative, judicial, or other measure. It is likely that Bangladesh courts will adhere to the English and common law tradition of treating customary international law as automatically forming part of Bangladesh law as long as there is no inconsistent domestic legal provision.

There is a considerable body of GATT-WTO dispute settlement practice which stands for the principle that legislation mandating a violation of WTO obligations can be WTO-incompatible, whereas legislation that merely gives the executive a discretion to violate those obligations cannot, by itself, be WTO-incompatible. However, in US -- Section 301 the Panel in effect held that under certain circumstances discretionary legislation can violate WTO obligations. As a result, considering the significance of the distinction between mandatory and discretionary legislation in the WTO context may be a useful exercise. This paper examines the GATT-WTO case law on mandatory-discretionary legislation and explains why discretionary legislation may sometimes be WTO-inconsistent. It then discusses the implications of subjecting at least some discretionary laws to WTO discipline. However, requiring WTO-consistency of all discretionary laws may not be realistic. Accordingly, the paper also explores ways in which panels may, where appropriate, defer to discretionary legislation of Members. It concludes by noting that the distinction will continue to be relevant under the WTO given that legislation mandating a WTO-inconsistency will undoubtedly be regarded as WTO-incompatible. However, the WTO-compatibility of discretionary legislation will have to be addressed by the panels on a case-by-case basis. Copyright Oxford University Press 2002, Oxford University Press.

This chapter talks about an interview with Kamal Hossain to provide an introduction to the rich and varied life of a statesman, a drafter of his country's constitution, and a lawyer using all opportunities to redress injustice. His role during 1972-75 as the Minister of Law and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the newly independent Bangladesh exposed him to the real world of international law early in his career. That career now extends over more than half a century, ranging far and wide over the great issues of the day. Keywords: Bangladesh; international law; Kamal Hossain

This book examines how national law is treated in WTO law, both in the WTO treaty and dispute settlement cases. The WTO treaty contains a set of far-reaching obligations establishing a systemic and constitutional framework of interaction between WTO law and national law. WTO dispute settlement operates as an international layer of judicial review of national laws and administrative, judicial or quasi-judicial measures. Consequently, much of the WTO dispute settlement decisions and rulings relate in different ways to Members' national laws. Yet, up until the publication of this book, there was no systematic analysis of this vastly important subject. This book provides a thorough map of an increasingly complex field. In doing so, it extends the enquiry beyond well-known formulas and combines practical analysis with principled discussion of how the treatment of national law in international law can and should ensure effectiveness of international rules and promote good governance within nation-states.