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7. Pixels to Prose: Understanding the art of Image Captioning

Author

Singh, Hrishikesh, Sharma, Aarti, and Pant, Millie

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

In the era of evolving artificial intelligence, machines are increasingly emulating human-like capabilities, including visual perception and linguistic expression. Image captioning stands at the intersection of these domains, enabling machines to interpret visual content and generate descriptive text. This paper provides a thorough review of image captioning techniques, catering to individuals entering the field of machine learning who seek a comprehensive understanding of available options, from foundational methods to state-of-the-art approaches. Beginning with an exploration of primitive architectures, the review traces the evolution of image captioning models to the latest cutting-edge solutions. By dissecting the components of these architectures, readers gain insights into the underlying mechanisms and can select suitable approaches tailored to specific problem requirements without duplicating efforts. The paper also delves into the application of image captioning in the medical domain, illuminating its significance in various real-world scenarios. Furthermore, the review offers guidance on evaluating the performance of image captioning systems, highlighting key metrics for assessment. By synthesizing theoretical concepts with practical application, this paper equips readers with the knowledge needed to navigate the complex landscape of image captioning and harness its potential for diverse applications in machine learning and beyond.

Published
2024

19. Awake Supraglottic Airway Placement in Pediatric Patients for Airway Obstruction or Difficult Intubation: Insights From an International Airway Registry (PeDI)

Author

Longacre, Mckenna, Park, Raymond S., Staffa, Steven J., Rowland, Matthew J., Meserve, Jonathan, Lord, Charles, Templeton, T. Wesley, Garcia-Marcinkiewicz, Annery G., Peyton, James M., Fiadjoe, John E., Kovatsis, Pete G., Stein, Mary Lyn, Bruins, Benjamin B., Stricker, Paul, Laverriere, Elizabeth K., Lockman, Justin L., Struyk, Brian, Ward, Christopher, Nishisaki, Akira, Kodavatiganti, Ramesh, Guris, Rodrigo J. Daly, Sequera-Ramos, Luis, Teen, Mark S., Oke, Ayodele, Hsu, Grace, Lingappan, Arul, Egbuta, Chinyere, Flynn, Stephen, Sarmiento, Lina, Battles, Rhae, Bocanegra, Ashley D., Goldfarb, Tally, Kiss, Edgar E., Olomu, Patrick N., Szmuk, Peter, Mireles, Sam, Murray, Andrea, Whyte, Simon, Jain, Ranu, Khan, Sabina A., Matuszczak, Maria, Hunyady, Agnes, Holmes, Christopher, McCann, Alexander, Sabato, Stefano, Matava, Clyde, Dalesio, Nicholas, Greenberg, Robert, Lucero, Angela, Desai, Sapna, Tennessee, Nashville, Rosander, Sondra, Samba, Sindhu, Schrock, Charles, Nykiel-Bailey, Sydney, Marsh, Jennifer, Brooks Peterson, Melissa, Johnson Lee, Amy Colleen, Bhattacharya, Somaletha, Burjek, Nicholas E., Jagannathan, Narasimhan, Lardner, David, Crockett, Christy, Robertson, Sara, Sathyamoorthy, Madhankumar, Chiao, Franklin, Patel, Jasmine, Sharma, Aarti, Echeverry Marin, Piedad, Pérez-Pradilla, Carolina, Singh, Neeta, Taicher, Brad, von Ungern-Sternberg, Britta S., Sommerfield, David, Hauser, Neil, Hesselink, Emily, Lewkowitz-Shpuntoff, Hilana, Castro, Pilar, Riveros Perez, N. Ricardo, Leite, Fernanda, Vega, Eduardo, González, Alejandro, Ostermann, Paola, Rubin, Kasia, Lee, Angela, Valairucha, Songyos, Dalal, Priti, Tran, Thanh, Anspach, Taylor, Lee, Lisa K., Ayad, Ihab, Rehman, Mohamed, Fernandez, Allison, Zamora, Lillian, Ravula, Niroop, Shaik, Sadiq, Szolnoki, Judit, Mathew, Preethy J., Yaddanapudi, Sandhya, Sen, Indu, Gupta, Aakriti, Handlogten, Kathryn, Sroka, J. Michael, Caldeira Quintao, Vinicius, and Vieira Carlos, Ricardo

Published
2024
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21. Difficult or impossible facemask ventilation in children with difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective analysis of the PeDI registry

Author

Garcia-Marcinkiewicz, Annery G, Lee, Lisa K, Haydar, Bishr, Fiadjoe, John E, Matava, Clyde T, Kovatsis, Pete G, Peyton, James, Stein, Mary L, Park, Raymond, Taicher, Brad M, Templeton, Thomas W, Collaborative, on behalf of the PeDI, Bruins, Benjamin B, Stricker, Paul, Laverriere, Elizabeth K, Lockman, Justin L, Struyk, Brian, Ward, Christopher, Nishisaki, Akira, Kodavatiganti, Ramesh, Guris, Rodrigo J Daly, Sequera-Ramos, Luis, Teen, Mark S, Oke, Ayodele, Hsu, Grace, Lingappan, Arul, Egbuta, Chinyere, Flynn, Stephen, Sarmiento, Lina, Goldfarb, Tally, Kiss, Edgar E, Olomu, Patrick N, Szmuk, Peter, Mireles, Sam, Murray, Andrea, Whyte, Simon, Jain, Ranu, Matuszczak, Maria, Hunyady, Agnes, Bosenberg, Adrian, Tham, See, Low, Daniel, Holmes, Christopher, Sabato, Stefan, Dalesio, Nicholas, Greenberg, Robert, Lucero, Angela, Reynolds, Paul, Lewis, Ian, Schrock, Charles, Nykiel-Bailey, Sydney, Starker, Elizabeth, Szolnoki, Judit, Brooks-Peterson, Melissa, Bhattacharya, Somaletha, Burjek, Nicholas E, Jagannathan, Narasimhan, Lardner, David, Watkins, Scott, Crockett, Christy, Moore, John, Robertson, Sara, Sathyamoorthy, Madhankumar, Chiao, Franklin, Patel, Jasmine, Sharma, Aarti, Marin, Piedad Echeverry, Pérez-Pradilla, Carolina, Singh, Neeta, von Ungern-Sternberg, Britta S, Sommerfield, David, Bilen-Rosas, Guelay, Lewkowitz-Shpuntoff, Hilana, Castro, Pilar, Perez, N Ricardo Riveros, de Graaff, Jurgen C, Vega, Eduardo, González, Alejandro, Ostermann, Paola, Rubin, Kasia, Lord, Charles, Lee, Angela, Heitmiller, Eugenie, Valairucha, Songyos, Dalal, Priti, Tran, Thanh, Ayad, Ihab, Rehman, Mohamed, Fernandez, Allison, Zamora, Lillian, Ravula, Niroop, and Shaik, Sadiq

Subjects
Rare Diseases, Lung, Assistive Technology, Bioengineering, Infant, Humans, Child, Masks, Intubation, Intratracheal, Retrospective Studies, Respiration, Laryngeal Masks, Airway Management, complications, difficult airway, difficult facemask ventilation, impossible facemask ventilation, paediatrics, supraglottic airway, PeDI Collaborative, Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology
Abstract

BackgroundDifficult facemask ventilation is perilous in children whose tracheas are difficult to intubate. We hypothesised that certain physical characteristics and anaesthetic factors are associated with difficult mask ventilation in paediatric patients who also had difficult tracheal intubation.MethodsWe queried a multicentre registry for children who experienced "difficult" or "impossible" facemask ventilation. Patient and case factors known before mask ventilation attempt were included for consideration in this regularised multivariable regression analysis. Incidence of complications, and frequency and efficacy of rescue placement of a supraglottic airway device were also tabulated. Changes in quality of mask ventilation after injection of a neuromuscular blocking agent were assessed.ResultsThe incidence of difficult mask ventilation was 9% (483 of 5453 patients). Infants and patients having increased weight, being less than 5th percentile in weight for age, or having Treacher-Collins syndrome, glossoptosis, or limited mouth opening were more likely to have difficult mask ventilation. Anaesthetic induction using facemask and opioids was associated with decreased risk of difficult mask ventilation. The incidence of complications was significantly higher in patients with "difficult" mask ventilation than in patients without. Rescue placement of a supraglottic airway improved ventilation in 71% (96 of 135) of cases. Administration of neuromuscular blocking agents was more frequently associated with improvement or no change in quality of ventilation than with worsening.ConclusionsCertain abnormalities on physical examination should increase suspicion of possible difficult facemask ventilation. Rescue use of a supraglottic airway device in children with difficult or impossible mask ventilation should be strongly considered.

Published
2023

23. Chlor-Alkali Waste in the Production of Wall Tiles: A Sustainable Approach

Author

Tyagi, Charu, Gupta, Tejendra K., Khurana, Parul, Sharma, Aarti, Singh, Arvind, Thatai, Sheenam, Ghosh, Arindam, Series Editor, Chua, Daniel, Series Editor, de Souza, Flavio Leandro, Series Editor, Aktas, Oral Cenk, Series Editor, Han, Yafang, Series Editor, Gong, Jianghong, Series Editor, Jawaid, Mohammad, Series Editor, Rattan, Sunita, editor, Gupta, Bhuvanesh, editor, Jeyaseelan, Christine, editor, and Gupta, Anita, editor

Published
2024
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24. Multi-agent-Based Load Balancing in Mobile Edge Computing

Author

Sharma, Aarti, Diwaker, Chander, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Marriwala, Nikhil Kumar, editor, Dhingra, Sunil, editor, Jain, Shruti, editor, and Kumar, Dinesh, editor

Published
2024
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26. Pattern Recognition: An Outline of Literature Review that Taps into Machine Learning to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals

Author

Sharma, Aarti Mehta, Arumugam, Senthil Kumar, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Kumar, Sandeep, editor, K., Balachandran, editor, Kim, Joong Hoon, editor, and Bansal, Jagdish Chand, editor

Published
2024
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29. Study to Assess Attitudes towards Statistics of Business School Students: An Application of the SATS-36 in India

Author

Sharma, Aarti Mehta and Srivastav, Anshu

Abstract

Student's attitudes towards Statistics are pivotal to their learning process as positive attitudes lead to highly satisfactory course achievement and lead to positive outcomes outside class as well. In this paper we are exploring the perception of students of management apropos Statistics, familiarity with which is imperative in today's world of Analytics. The quantitative approach was used to compare attitudes of the students using the two versions of the "SATS-36" instrument validated and copyrighted by Candace Schau. A Google form was used to collect responses and was sent to all the students who were enrolled in the Business Statistics course. 172 students responded for the pre-test study while 71 students responded for the post-test study. Data was analysed to see if gender, specialisation choices and previous math experiences accounted for differences in perceptions towards Statistics. It was found that students' overall perception of statistics is positive and surprisingly they were more positive towards the beginning of the semester. These results are important as they can lead towards understanding of business student's attitudes towards statistics and a way to refine the teaching learning process so that students are in a strong position to exploit the supply demand gap in the Analytics domain and deliver value to organisations.

Published
2021

31. Risk-prediction models in postmenopausal patients with symptoms of suspected ovarian cancer in the UK (ROCkeTS): a multicentre, prospective diagnostic accuracy study

Author

Kent, Robert, Rosello, Natalia, Malhotra, Vivek, Jermy, Karen, Duncan, Tim, Ames, Victoria, Sharma, Aarti, Sinha, Anju, Tarang, Majmudar, Ciara, Mackenzie, Hebblethwaite, Neil, Exley, Kendra, Macdonald, Robert, Harmer, Marianne, Hughes, Tracey, Parker, Rob, Darwish, Ahmed, Abedin, Parveen, Balogun, Moji, Ramsay, Bruce, Moshy, Roger, Roberts, Mark, Russell, Michelle, Sayasneh, Ahmad, Abdelbar, Ahmed, Abdi, Shahram, Palmer, Julia, Gajjar, Ketankumar, Blake, Dominic, Naskretski, Adam, Ghazal, Fateh, Rai, Harinder, Keating, Patrick, Wood, Nicholas, Gnanachandran, Chellappah, Alawad, Hafez, Kaushik, Sonali, Baron, Sonali, Vita, Lavanya, Nagar, Hans, Manchanda, Ranjit, Sundar, Sudha, Agarwal, Ridhi, Davenport, Clare, Scandrett, Katie, Johnson, Susanne, Sengupta, Partha, Selvi-Vikram, Radhika, Kwong, Fong Lien, Mallett, Sue, Rick, Caroline, Kehoe, Sean, Timmerman, Dirk, Bourne, Tom, Van Calster, Ben, Stobart, Hilary, Neal, Richard D, Menon, Usha, Gentry-Maharaj, Alex, Sturdy, Lauren, Ottridge, Ryan, and Deeks, Jon

Published
2024
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38. India

Author

Krishnamurti, Lata, primary and Sharma, Aarti, additional

Published
2023
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45. Radiotherapy Versus Inguinofemoral Lymphadenectomy as Treatment for Vulvar Cancer Patients With Micrometastases in the Sentinel Node: Results of GROINSS-V II

Author

Oonk, Maaike HM, Slomovitz, Brian, Baldwin, Peter JW, van Doorn, Helena C, van der Velden, Jacobus, de Hullu, Joanne A, Gaarenstroom, Katja N, Slangen, Brigitte FM, Vergote, Ignace, Brännström, Mats, van Dorst, Eleonora BL, van Driel, Willemien J, Hermans, Ralph H, Nunns, David, Widschwendter, Martin, Nugent, David, Holland, Cathrine M, Sharma, Aarti, DiSilvestro, Paul A, Mannel, Robert, Boll, Dorry, Cibula, David, Covens, Al, Provencher, Diane, Runnebaum, Ingo B, Luesley, David, Ellis, Patricia, Duncan, Timothy J, Tjiong, Ming Y, Cruickshank, Derek J, Kjølhede, Preben, Levenback, Charles F, Bouda, Jiri, Kieser, Katharina E, Palle, Connie, Spirtos, Nicola M, O'Malley, David M, Leitao, Mario M, Geller, Melissa A, Dhar, Kalyan, Asher, Viren, Tamussino, Karl, Tobias, Daniel H, Borgfeldt, Christer, Lea, Jayanthi S, Bailey, Jo, Lood, Margareta, Eyjolfsdottir, Brynhildur, Attard-Montalto, Stephen, Tewari, Krishnansu S, Manchanda, Ranjit, Jensen, Pernille T, Persson, Par, Van Le, Linda, Putter, Hein, de Bock, Geertruida H, Monk, Bradley J, Creutzberg, Carien L, and van der Zee, Ate GJ

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Clinical Research, Cancer, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.5 Radiotherapy and other non-invasive therapies, Aged, Female, Humans, Lymph Node Excision, Lymphatic Metastasis, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Micrometastasis, Neoplasm Staging, Prospective Studies, Radiation Dosage, Sentinel Lymph Node, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Vulvar Neoplasms, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

PurposeThe Groningen International Study on Sentinel nodes in Vulvar cancer (GROINSS-V)-II investigated whether inguinofemoral radiotherapy is a safe alternative to inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (IFL) in vulvar cancer patients with a metastatic sentinel node (SN).MethodsGROINSS-V-II was a prospective multicenter phase-II single-arm treatment trial, including patients with early-stage vulvar cancer (diameter < 4 cm) without signs of lymph node involvement at imaging, who had primary surgical treatment (local excision with SN biopsy). Where the SN was involved (metastasis of any size), inguinofemoral radiotherapy was given (50 Gy). The primary end point was isolated groin recurrence rate at 24 months. Stopping rules were defined for the occurrence of groin recurrences.ResultsFrom December 2005 until October 2016, 1,535 eligible patients were registered. The SN showed metastasis in 322 (21.0%) patients. In June 2010, with 91 SN-positive patients included, the stopping rule was activated because the isolated groin recurrence rate in this group went above our predefined threshold. Among 10 patients with an isolated groin recurrence, nine had SN metastases > 2 mm and/or extracapsular spread. The protocol was amended so that those with SN macrometastases (> 2 mm) underwent standard of care (IFL), whereas patients with SN micrometastases (≤ 2 mm) continued to receive inguinofemoral radiotherapy. Among 160 patients with SN micrometastases, 126 received inguinofemoral radiotherapy, with an ipsilateral isolated groin recurrence rate at 2 years of 1.6%. Among 162 patients with SN macrometastases, the isolated groin recurrence rate at 2 years was 22% in those who underwent radiotherapy, and 6.9% in those who underwent IFL (P = .011). Treatment-related morbidity after radiotherapy was less frequent compared with IFL.ConclusionInguinofemoral radiotherapy is a safe alternative for IFL in patients with SN micrometastases, with minimal morbidity. For patients with SN macrometastasis, radiotherapy with a total dose of 50 Gy resulted in more isolated groin recurrences compared with IFL.

Published
2021

46. Airway management in the paediatric difficult intubation registry: a propensity score matched analysis of outcomes over time

Author

Bruins, Benjamin, Stricker, Paul, Laverriere, Elizabeth, Lockman, Justin L., Struyk, Brian, Ward, Christopher, Nishisaki, Akira, Kodavatiganti, Ramesh, Guris, Rodrigo Daly, Sequera-Ramos, Luis, Teen, Mark, Oke, Ayodele, Hsu, Grace, Lingappan, Arul, Battles, Rhae, Bocanegra, Ashley, Goldfarb, Tally, Kiss, Edgar, Szmuk, Peter, Mireles, Sam, Murray, Andrea, Whyte, Simon, Jain, Ranu, Matuszczak, Maria, Holmes, Christopher, McCann, Alexander, Matava, Clyde, Dalesio, Nicholas, Greenberg, Robert, Lucero, Angela, Desai, Sapna, Rosander, Sondra, Samba, Sindhu, Schrock, Charles, Nykiel-Bailey, Sydney, Marsh, Jennifer, Peterson, Melissa Brooks, Lee, Amy, Bhattacharya, Somaletha, Burjek, Nicholas, Jagannathan, Narasimhan, Lardner, David, Crockett, Christy, Robetson, Sara, Patel, Jasmine, Sharma, Aarti, Templeton, Thomas, Marín, Piedad Echeverry, Pérez-Pradilla, Carolina, Singh, Neeta, Sommerfield, David, Hauser, Neil, Hesselink, Emily, Lewkowitz-Shpuntoff, Hilana, Castro, Pilar, Riveros Perez, N. Ricardo, Vega, Eduardo, González, Alejandro, Ostermann, Paola, Rubin, Kasia, Meserve, Jonathan, Lord, Charles, Lee, Angela, Valairucha, Songyos, Dalal, Priti, Tran, Thanh, Anspach, Taylor, Lee, Lisa K., Ayad, Ihab, Rehman, Mohamed, Fernandez, Allison, Zamora, Lillian, Ravula, Niroop, Shaik, Sadiq, Szolnoki, Judit, Mathew, Preethy, Yaddanapudi, Sandhya, Sen, Indu, Gupta, Aakriti, Handlogten, Kathryn, Sroka, J. Michael, Quintão, Vinícius Caldeira, Carlos, Ricardo Vieira, Leite, Fernanda, Stein, Mary Lyn, Sarmiento Argüello, Lina Andrea, Staffa, Steven J., Heunis, Julia, Egbuta, Chinyere, Flynn, Stephen G., Khan, Sabina A., Sabato, Stefano, Taicher, Brad M., Chiao, Franklin, Bosenberg, Adrian, Lee, Angela C., Adams, H. Daniel, von Ungern-Sternberg, Britta S., Park, Raymond S., Peyton, James M., Olomu, Patrick N., Hunyady, Agnes I., Garcia-Marcinkiewicz, Annery, Fiadjoe, John E., and Kovatsis, Pete G.

Published
2024
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