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The present article is giving the information of onion cultivation. By using this method of cultivation, it is possible to get good production in the field. Under this given the information of preparation of field, Varieites, irrigation, storage information and pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite element (FE) simulations using Abaqus/Explicit are performed to study the deformation behavior of materials under impact loading. Various configurations including monolithic and multi-layered plate having combinations of ceramic, metal and composite material layers are investigated to determine the critical failure velocity V cf as a function of layer thickness and stacking. While cylindrical impactor is assumed to be rigid, Johnson-Cook (JC), Johnson-Holmquist (JH2) and Hashin 3D and Puck criteria is used to characterize damage/failure in metal (Al and steel), ceramic (SiC) and composite (carbon fiber/epoxy) layer respectively. Constitutive equations for composite material are supplied via user subroutine VUMAT. The results of FEM simulations reveal that Ceramic-Al-Carbon fiber/epoxy multilayer plate provides most desirable combination with higher critical failure velocity, lower average density, lower pressure and displacement at the back plate as compared to other material combinations considered in this work. Moreover, the analysis presented shows that the numerical approach developed can be used as a tool to predict the geometry and material combinations of a multilayer system to improve its resistance against impact loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colistin is associated with dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. N-acetylcycteine (NAC) may reduce the risk of concomitant acute kidney injury (AKI) due to its antioxidant properties. We report a retrospective cohort study evaluating the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the development of colistin (COL) associated nephrotoxicity. Methodology: A single centre retrospective cohort study was conducted in a university hospital between January 2014 and June 2015. Nephrotoxicity was defined and staged per the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease) criteria. We evaluated the association between NAC use and COL-related nephrotoxicity by comparing the incidence of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving colistin with or without adjunctive NAC. Results: Forty-six patients received intravenous (IV) COL and 46 patients received IV NAC+COL. The cumulative COL doses did not differ between the two groups (p = 0.802). The initial creatinine value doubled in 29 (63%) patients undergoing NAC+COL therapy and in 27 (58.7%) patients in the COL group (p = 0.669). The median doubling time of baseline creatinine was 6 and 7 days in the NAC+COL and COL groups, respectively. The mean hospital stay, potentially nephrotoxic agent use, and mortality rates were statistically higher for the patients receiving NAC+COL (p < 0.005). Conclusions: The present study was not able to reveal any beneficial effect of NAC for patients undergoing COL therapy. The NAC+COL group had a higher baseline risk for development of AKI. However, the incidence of AKI was comparable between the groups. The results of the study would not solely exhibit the protective effect of adjunctive NAC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to develop a traffic noise model under diverse traffic conditions in metropolitan cities. The model has been developed to calculate equivalent traffic noise based on four input variables i.e. equivalent traffic flow (Qe), equivalent vehicle speed (Se) and distance (d) and honking (h). The traffic data is collected and statistically analyzed in three different cases for 15-min during morning and evening rush hours. Case I represents congested traffic where equivalent vehicle speed is <30 km/h while case II represents free-flowing traffic where equivalent vehicle speed is >30 km/h and case III represents calm traffic where no honking is recorded. The noise model showed better results than earlier developed noise model for Indian traffic conditions. A comparative assessment between present and earlier developed noise model has also been presented in the study. The model is validated with measured noise levels and the correlation coefficients between measured and predicted noise levels were found to be 0.75, 0.83 and 0.86 for case I, II and III respectively. The noise model performs reasonably well under different traffic conditions and could be implemented for traffic noise prediction at other region as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) is a single number that expresses the overall water quality by integrating measurements of 14 different physicochemical, toxicological, and bacteriological water quality parameters. It provides a simple and concise method for water quality classification as, ‘Excellent’, ‘Acceptable’, ‘Slightly Polluted’, ‘Polluted’, and ‘Heavily Polluted’. OIP values range from 0 to 16. A high OIP value signals poor water quality, while a low value signals good water quality based on the classification scheme developed for India. In this paper, we present a computer-automated, user-friendly, and standalone Surface Water Quality Assessment Tool (SWQAT), which calculates OIP values and displays it on Google map. The software is developed in VB.Net and SQL database. The software application is demonstrated through water quality assessment of two rivers of India, namely Cauvery and Tungabhadra. OIP values are estimated at 10 sampling stations on the river Cauvery and at eight sampling stations on the river Tungabhadra. The Cauvery river OIP scores in the range 0.85–7.91 while for Tungabhadra river, it is in range 2.08 to 8.97. The results are useful to analyze the variations in the water quality of different sites at different times. SWQAT improves understanding of general water quality issues, communicates water quality status, and draws the need for and effectiveness of protection measures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rapid urban expansion drives significant land cover changes, which impacts land surface temperature (LST). Understanding the trends in LST is never more relevant in the warming world. In the present study, we obtained the land use and land cover (LULC) change information over the last two decades (2000–2020) and related it with the LST, especially in the vicinity of lakes and vegetation patches. Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Locally Estimated Scatter-plot Smoothing (LOESS) non-parametric regression analyses were fit to explain the LST with the predictor variables consisting of LULC ratios in the vicinity. Results infer that SVR and LOESS models fit the observed LST with the least errors at a correlation of 0.818 and 0.816 for lakes and 0.706 and 0.712 for vegetation patches, respectively. Further, Sobol sensitivity analysis reveals that vegetation cover in the lake buffer zones plays a significant role in LST in the vicinity. Whereas vegetation, barren, and agricultural cover affects LST in vegetation buffer zones as they modify albedo, evapotranspiration, and provide shade that affects LST. The findings provide a new dimension on the role of vegetation in lake buffer areas, which significantly contributes to lowering the LST. This emphasizes re-designing nature-based infrastructure and buffer areas to reap maximum cooling benefits in the warming world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander, fenugreek, nigella etc. are collectively known as seed spices. They are "High value and low volume crops" and considered cash crops for the growers of arid and semi-arid regions of India. Coriander, fenugreek and nigella are grown during the rabi season and take hardly 130–140 days to attain full maturity. In this context, farmers are not able to develop income from available arable land round the year, even though they have sufficient resources as well as manpower. Therefore, coriander, fenugreek and nigella-based cropping systems, four of each (total 12) were evaluated during 3 consecutive years (2019–20 to 2021–22) for their productivity, resource-use efficiency, economics and soil fertility. The results showed that among the seed spices-based cropping systems, maximum system productivity (5193 kg ha-1), production efficiency (18.81 kg ha-1 day-1), water-use efficiency (2.31 kg ha-1 mm-1), economic efficiency (11.85 US $ ha-1 day-1), net return (3270 US $ ha-1), benefit:cost ratio (3.27) and available N (165.6 kg ha-1) were observed under nigella-green coriander-mungbean cropping system. Hence, seed spices growers are recommended to adopt nigella-green coriander-mungbean cropping system in order to realize better productivity, resource-use efficiency, soil fertility and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation Mean Analysis was carried out using six basic generations in 3 different crosses of cowpea to determine suitable breeding methods. For most of the studied traits, additive, dominance, additive x additive, additive x dominance and dominance x dominance effects were significant. Additive effect significantly contributed for days to 1st flowering and seed yield per plant. Dominance effect was significant for the incidence of cowpea mosaic virus in family 1, while for pod maturity in family 2. Additive x dominance type of interaction contributed significantly for days to 1st flowering, days to pod maturity and seed yield per hectare. Duplicate type of epistasis was observed for days to 1st flowering and incidence of cowpea mosaic virus in family 1, number of pods per plant and pod length in family 2 and 3. The findings suggested that pureline, pedigree and recurrent selection could be followed in cowpea improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present case study was to quantify the physiological and metabolic impact of extreme weight cutting by an elite male mixed martial arts athlete. Throughout an 8-week period, we obtained regular assessments of body composition, resting metabolic rate, peak oxygen uptake, and blood clinical chemistry to assess endocrine status, lipid profiles, hydration, and kidney function. The athlete adhered to a "phased" weight loss plan consisting of 7 weeks of reduced energy (ranging from 1,300 to 1,900 kcal/day) intake (Phase 1), 5 days of water loading with 8 L/day for 4 days followed by 250 ml on Day 5 (Phase 2), 20 hr of fasting and dehydration (Phase 3), and 32 hr of rehydration and refueling prior to competition (Phase 4). Body mass declined by 18.1% (80.2 to 65.7 kg) corresponding to changes of 4.4, 2.8, and 7.3 kg in Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. We observed clear indices of relative energy deficiency, as evidenced by reduced resting metabolic rate (−331 kcal), inability to complete performance tests, alterations to endocrine hormones (testosterone: <3 nmol/L), and hypercholesterolemia (>6 mmol/L). Moreover, severe dehydration (reducing body mass by 9.3%) in the final 24 hr prior to weigh-in-induced hypernatremia (plasma sodium: 148 mmol/L) and acute kidney injury (serum creatinine: 177 μmol/L). These data, therefore, support publicized reports of the harmful (and potentially fatal) effects of extreme weight cutting in mixed martial arts athletes and represent a call for action to governing bodies to safeguard the welfare of mixed martial arts athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]